Psychodynamic Psychiatrists in Clementon, NJ

Photo of Shannon Bucciarelli, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Clementon, NJ
Shannon Bucciarelli
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP, B-C
Verified Verified
Clementon, NJ 08021
My ideal client would understand that the journey to wellness and recovery requires time, effort, and patience. They would be receptive to treatment suggestions which may include psychotherapy, behavioral interventions, and medication options. My patients would take an active role in their care, and engage in open and honest communication with their provider.
My ideal client would understand that the journey to wellness and recovery requires time, effort, and patience. They would be receptive to treatment suggestions which may include psychotherapy, behavioral interventions, and medication options. My patients would take an active role in their care, and engage in open and honest communication with their provider.
(856) 666-7861 View (856) 666-7861
Photo of Dr. Allen Masry, Psychiatrist in Clementon, NJ
Dr. Allen Masry
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Clementon, NJ 08021
I am Board Certified in Adult Psychiatry and have been practicing since 2005. I completed my residency from Tufts University in Boston, Massachusetts and my Fellowship in Addictions from the Robert Johnson Wood Foundation. In 2014, I was featured in SJ Magazine as one of New Jersey’s top psychiatrists. I have experience working with adults as well as adolescents suffering from both psychiatric diagnosis and substance use disorders and have extensive experience working in both out-patient and in-patient settings.
I am Board Certified in Adult Psychiatry and have been practicing since 2005. I completed my residency from Tufts University in Boston, Massachusetts and my Fellowship in Addictions from the Robert Johnson Wood Foundation. In 2014, I was featured in SJ Magazine as one of New Jersey’s top psychiatrists. I have experience working with adults as well as adolescents suffering from both psychiatric diagnosis and substance use disorders and have extensive experience working in both out-patient and in-patient settings.
(856) 481-7947 View (856) 481-7947
Photo of Dr. Bradford Bobrin, Psychiatrist in Clementon, NJ
Dr. Bradford Bobrin
Psychiatrist, MD, FASAM, FACLP
Verified Verified
Clementon, NJ 08021
I don't have an ideal client, except that they are open to change. I will see anyone who asks for help, but I expect they are or will be willing to change. I attempt to understand the patient as a whole, from birth to the present, from a medical, psychological, familial, and neurological perspective. I am focused on practical solutions and removing emotional blocks to making progress. I speak directly and am primarily concerned about the relationship with my patients. I am an avid advocate for my patients.
I don't have an ideal client, except that they are open to change. I will see anyone who asks for help, but I expect they are or will be willing to change. I attempt to understand the patient as a whole, from birth to the present, from a medical, psychological, familial, and neurological perspective. I am focused on practical solutions and removing emotional blocks to making progress. I speak directly and am primarily concerned about the relationship with my patients. I am an avid advocate for my patients.
(856) 579-6475 View (856) 579-6475
Photo of Dr. Andrea Papa-Molter, Psychiatrist in Clementon, NJ
Dr. Andrea Papa-Molter
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Clementon, NJ 08021
I am double board-certified in Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine. I believe in using both medication when indicated as well as therapy. I was trained in CBT and was given the Excellence in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy during my residency program. I use supportive therapy with each client I see. During my residency I served as Chief Resident and was awarded the Overall Excellence in Psychiatry Award as well as the Clinical Excellence Award.
I am double board-certified in Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine. I believe in using both medication when indicated as well as therapy. I was trained in CBT and was given the Excellence in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy during my residency program. I use supportive therapy with each client I see. During my residency I served as Chief Resident and was awarded the Overall Excellence in Psychiatry Award as well as the Clinical Excellence Award.
(856) 373-4892 View (856) 373-4892

More Psychiatrists Nearby

Photo of Chris Winfrey, Psychiatrist in Clementon, NJ
Chris Winfrey
Psychiatrist, MD
Not Verified Not Verified
1 Endorsed
Marlton, NJ 08053
In addition to psychiatric evaluations and an extended medical evaluation, I am also able to provide a range of psychotherapeutic treatments ranging from brief interventions and supportive psychotherapy to psychoanalytic/psychodynamic psychotherapy.
I regard my role as a physician as one trusted by the community and public to provide a service that honors patient's whole being. It is a privilege to work with matters that people regard as sacred-issues of their heart and mind. Through New Image Wellness, I work to evaluate concerns that involve medical, psychological, and social issues. The interface of these three domains are best served when balanced. At times, one or more become strained and deserve more attention. When simple solutions and advice doesn't work, it is often helpful to seek medical management and talk therapy.
In addition to psychiatric evaluations and an extended medical evaluation, I am also able to provide a range of psychotherapeutic treatments ranging from brief interventions and supportive psychotherapy to psychoanalytic/psychodynamic psychotherapy.
I regard my role as a physician as one trusted by the community and public to provide a service that honors patient's whole being. It is a privilege to work with matters that people regard as sacred-issues of their heart and mind. Through New Image Wellness, I work to evaluate concerns that involve medical, psychological, and social issues. The interface of these three domains are best served when balanced. At times, one or more become strained and deserve more attention. When simple solutions and advice doesn't work, it is often helpful to seek medical management and talk therapy.
(856) 878-2140 View (856) 878-2140
Photo of The Executive Center for Psychological Medicine, Psychiatrist in Clementon, NJ
The Executive Center for Psychological Medicine
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Voorhees, NJ 08043
Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Solution Focused Approach Supportive Therapy Medication Management Motivational Interviewing Psychodynamic Trans Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) (coming soon) .
Dr. Adetunji is Board Certified in General Adult Psychiatry, Forensic Psychiatry, Addiction Medicine and Psychological Medicine. He was trained in Psychiatry in England (At the prestigious Guys and St Thomas’s Hospital, London) as well as in USA (Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia). He completed fellowship training in Forensic Psychiatry at the New York University Medical Center. Dr Adetunji is well versed in addiction medicine and child and adolescent psychiatry. He is certified to prescribe Buprenorphine (Suboxone) for opioid addiction.
Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Solution Focused Approach Supportive Therapy Medication Management Motivational Interviewing Psychodynamic Trans Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) (coming soon) .
Dr. Adetunji is Board Certified in General Adult Psychiatry, Forensic Psychiatry, Addiction Medicine and Psychological Medicine. He was trained in Psychiatry in England (At the prestigious Guys and St Thomas’s Hospital, London) as well as in USA (Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia). He completed fellowship training in Forensic Psychiatry at the New York University Medical Center. Dr Adetunji is well versed in addiction medicine and child and adolescent psychiatry. He is certified to prescribe Buprenorphine (Suboxone) for opioid addiction.
(856) 619-8540 View (856) 619-8540
Photo of Dr. Emily Liberatore-Maguire, Psychiatrist in Clementon, NJ
Dr. Emily Liberatore-Maguire
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Haddonfield, NJ 08033
Maguire utilizes multiple therapeutic modalities with specialized training in psychodynamic psychotherapy from the Psychoanalytic Center of Philadelphia.
Dr. Maguire is a Board Certified Adult Psychiatrist at Haddonfield Psychiatry & Therapy, licensed to practice in both New Jersey and Pennsylvania. She obtained her medical degree from the University of Nebraska College of Medicine and completed her adult psychiatry residency at Temple University Hospital in Philadelphia.
Maguire utilizes multiple therapeutic modalities with specialized training in psychodynamic psychotherapy from the Psychoanalytic Center of Philadelphia.
Dr. Maguire is a Board Certified Adult Psychiatrist at Haddonfield Psychiatry & Therapy, licensed to practice in both New Jersey and Pennsylvania. She obtained her medical degree from the University of Nebraska College of Medicine and completed her adult psychiatry residency at Temple University Hospital in Philadelphia.
(609) 245-5107 View (609) 245-5107
Photo of Michael J Canino, Psychiatrist in Clementon, NJ
Michael J Canino
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cherry Hill, NJ 08034
Having undergone advanced training in both psychodynamic psychotherapy as well as psychopharmacology, I use the two to assess and treat a wide range of mental health conditions from major depression to generalized anxiety to post-traumatic stress.
Adjustments can often be challenging. Whether it may be a shift in career, end to a relationship, or change in phase of life, these transitions can frequently disrupt our usual patterns of thinking and behavior. My professional experience has found that having an interested, empathetic, and active listener as a psychotherapist can be extremely beneficial in assisting not only with these difficult times, but also with unforeseen situations bound to occur in the future.
Having undergone advanced training in both psychodynamic psychotherapy as well as psychopharmacology, I use the two to assess and treat a wide range of mental health conditions from major depression to generalized anxiety to post-traumatic stress.
Adjustments can often be challenging. Whether it may be a shift in career, end to a relationship, or change in phase of life, these transitions can frequently disrupt our usual patterns of thinking and behavior. My professional experience has found that having an interested, empathetic, and active listener as a psychotherapist can be extremely beneficial in assisting not only with these difficult times, but also with unforeseen situations bound to occur in the future.
(215) 874-4485 View (215) 874-4485
Photo of Najmun Riyaz, Psychiatrist in Clementon, NJ
Najmun Riyaz
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Mount Laurel, NJ 08054  (Online Only)
I use a Holistic approach incorporating mindfulness, EI, and psychodynamic skills.
As Human beings, life throws various challenges at us. Many times we use our support system, and our coping skills to handle them. At, other times these strategies are not enough. Maybe chronic stress, trauma, or even an underlying genetic cause is leading us to develop symptoms suggestive of a mental health condition like Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar depression or PTSD, etc. Whatever the reason, it's ok to struggle. Ok not to have it all together at all times and to seek help. Seeking help is a sign of courage and not weakness. Please visit my website to know more about my practice and what I offer.
I use a Holistic approach incorporating mindfulness, EI, and psychodynamic skills.
As Human beings, life throws various challenges at us. Many times we use our support system, and our coping skills to handle them. At, other times these strategies are not enough. Maybe chronic stress, trauma, or even an underlying genetic cause is leading us to develop symptoms suggestive of a mental health condition like Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar depression or PTSD, etc. Whatever the reason, it's ok to struggle. Ok not to have it all together at all times and to seek help. Seeking help is a sign of courage and not weakness. Please visit my website to know more about my practice and what I offer.
(856) 212-1623 View (856) 212-1623
Photo of Justin Pereira, Psychiatrist in Clementon, NJ
Justin Pereira
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Marlton, NJ 08053  (Online Only)
He uses medication management along with cognitive behavioral therapy, exposure and response prevention, psychodynamic psychotherapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, and supportive therapy as needed.
This provider currently serves NY, CT and NJ. Dr. Pereira is a board-certified adult psychiatrist who is dedicated to providing compassionate care for a wide range of mental health concerns. He received his Bachelor of Arts from Harvard University and his medical degree from The Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, where he graduated with the Department of Psychiatry's award of distinction. He went on to complete his psychiatric residency training at Northwell Health's Zucker Hillside Hospital, with a specialization in the assessment and treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and related conditions.
He uses medication management along with cognitive behavioral therapy, exposure and response prevention, psychodynamic psychotherapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, and supportive therapy as needed.
This provider currently serves NY, CT and NJ. Dr. Pereira is a board-certified adult psychiatrist who is dedicated to providing compassionate care for a wide range of mental health concerns. He received his Bachelor of Arts from Harvard University and his medical degree from The Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, where he graduated with the Department of Psychiatry's award of distinction. He went on to complete his psychiatric residency training at Northwell Health's Zucker Hillside Hospital, with a specialization in the assessment and treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and related conditions.
(929) 581-8137 View (929) 581-8137
Photo of Caring Counselors, Inc. (Heather Wilmore, APN), Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Clementon, NJ
Caring Counselors, Inc. (Heather Wilmore, APN)
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, APN
Verified Verified
Mount Laurel, NJ 08054
My name is Heather Wilmore, APN and I am the Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner at Caring Counselors, Inc. For some, obtaining psychiatric medication management services may feel like a daunting task. When individuals come to my office, my goal is to provide a safe and nurturing environment where they feel comfortable and heard. I recognize that my patients are the experts when it comes to how they are feeling. So, it’s important for me to really listen to them. I believe it’s my job to help my patients through medication and/or psycho-education to live their best life.
My name is Heather Wilmore, APN and I am the Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner at Caring Counselors, Inc. For some, obtaining psychiatric medication management services may feel like a daunting task. When individuals come to my office, my goal is to provide a safe and nurturing environment where they feel comfortable and heard. I recognize that my patients are the experts when it comes to how they are feeling. So, it’s important for me to really listen to them. I believe it’s my job to help my patients through medication and/or psycho-education to live their best life.
(856) 421-5405 View (856) 421-5405
Photo of Gerald J Margolis, Psychiatrist in Clementon, NJ
Gerald J Margolis
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Haddonfield, NJ 08033
I work with people who are suffering with anxiety, fears, depressive feelings, self-esteem problems, and relationship problems. My patients benefit from the opportunity to express themselves freely to me in a strictly confidential setting. I help the patient recognize, and gain deeper insight into the internal mental conflicts that have originated in childhood, evolved over their lifetime, and sit at the roots of their current problems. Understanding these unconscious connections in psychoanalytic psychotherapy allows the patient to experience relief of symptoms. This kind of treatment is only done by a psychoanalyst.
I work with people who are suffering with anxiety, fears, depressive feelings, self-esteem problems, and relationship problems. My patients benefit from the opportunity to express themselves freely to me in a strictly confidential setting. I help the patient recognize, and gain deeper insight into the internal mental conflicts that have originated in childhood, evolved over their lifetime, and sit at the roots of their current problems. Understanding these unconscious connections in psychoanalytic psychotherapy allows the patient to experience relief of symptoms. This kind of treatment is only done by a psychoanalyst.
(856) 672-3715 View (856) 672-3715
Photo of KAL Behavioral Health Inc, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Clementon, NJ
KAL Behavioral Health Inc
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, APN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Cherry Hill, NJ 08002
I am Dr Obinna Ezealor, DNP, PMHNP-BC, owner/founder of KAL Behavioral Health Inc. I have an extensive psychiatric experience, having worked for over 12 years in one of the NJ state-established long-term psychiatric hospital and experience in General and Addiction Psychiatry. I also have experience working both in inpatient and outpatient psychiatric settings, and treating clients from various ethnic and cultural groups. I am a highly motivated and organized individual passionate about caring for the mental health and addiction population, and my philosophy is to tailor each client’s care to their need.
I am Dr Obinna Ezealor, DNP, PMHNP-BC, owner/founder of KAL Behavioral Health Inc. I have an extensive psychiatric experience, having worked for over 12 years in one of the NJ state-established long-term psychiatric hospital and experience in General and Addiction Psychiatry. I also have experience working both in inpatient and outpatient psychiatric settings, and treating clients from various ethnic and cultural groups. I am a highly motivated and organized individual passionate about caring for the mental health and addiction population, and my philosophy is to tailor each client’s care to their need.
(856) 644-1897 View (856) 644-1897
Photo of Dr. Tony Issac, Psychiatrist in Clementon, NJ
Dr. Tony Issac
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Camden, NJ 08101
Dr. Issac is an experienced addiction and general psychiatrist with eight years of experience. He has helped many overcome their mental health challenges. Issac evaluates, diagnoses, and treats people based on their medical pathology, nutritional, and hormonal health. People suffering from addictions, or with other mental health challenges, such as anxiety, and depression, can recover with the correct diagnosis and treatment. Combining medications with psychotherapy, Dr. Issac considers various medical factors to treat his patients; he plans comprehensive treatments. His warmth and compassion are welcoming and supportive.
Dr. Issac is an experienced addiction and general psychiatrist with eight years of experience. He has helped many overcome their mental health challenges. Issac evaluates, diagnoses, and treats people based on their medical pathology, nutritional, and hormonal health. People suffering from addictions, or with other mental health challenges, such as anxiety, and depression, can recover with the correct diagnosis and treatment. Combining medications with psychotherapy, Dr. Issac considers various medical factors to treat his patients; he plans comprehensive treatments. His warmth and compassion are welcoming and supportive.
(973) 564-0829 View (973) 564-0829
Photo of Robert Kirk, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Clementon, NJ
Robert Kirk
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Voorhees, NJ 08043
My client's issues may include academic issues, relationships, job stress, grieving, and alcohol/substance use. They would need help managing pronounced symptoms/episodes of difficulty with focus, attention, and staying organized; anxiety or depression; hyper-vigilance/arousal, poor/low frustration tolerance, and/or exhibit behaviors of avoidance; mood dysregulation; alcohol/substance withdrawal; or difficulty with sleep. Their overall goal would be to experience, at minimum, a significant reduction in frequency, intensity, and duration of pronounced symptoms, and perhaps with some of the symptoms, elimination of them.
My client's issues may include academic issues, relationships, job stress, grieving, and alcohol/substance use. They would need help managing pronounced symptoms/episodes of difficulty with focus, attention, and staying organized; anxiety or depression; hyper-vigilance/arousal, poor/low frustration tolerance, and/or exhibit behaviors of avoidance; mood dysregulation; alcohol/substance withdrawal; or difficulty with sleep. Their overall goal would be to experience, at minimum, a significant reduction in frequency, intensity, and duration of pronounced symptoms, and perhaps with some of the symptoms, elimination of them.
(856) 733-5219 View (856) 733-5219
Photo of Alaukik Bhasin, Psychiatrist in Clementon, NJ
Alaukik Bhasin
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
Marlton, NJ 08053
Every person is multidimensional, and we believe healthcare should reflect the uniqueness of each individual. At Nurture Psychiatry we do not see you within the limitations of a diagnosis. Instead, we make an effort to understand your thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and how you interpret and interact with the world. We utilize a holistic and collaborative approach, incorporating other members of your healthcare team as needed. We aim to provide support and guidance to help people to retrain their minds and in turn reframe their lives.
Every person is multidimensional, and we believe healthcare should reflect the uniqueness of each individual. At Nurture Psychiatry we do not see you within the limitations of a diagnosis. Instead, we make an effort to understand your thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and how you interpret and interact with the world. We utilize a holistic and collaborative approach, incorporating other members of your healthcare team as needed. We aim to provide support and guidance to help people to retrain their minds and in turn reframe their lives.
(609) 469-3399 View (609) 469-3399
Photo of Zachariah Pranckun, Psychiatrist in Clementon, NJ
Zachariah Pranckun
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cherry Hill, NJ 08002  (Online Only)
I am a board-certified, academically oriented child, adolescent, and adult psychiatrist who provides psychotherapy and medication management services to clients located in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. I use a comprehensive, collaborative, and holistic approach. Please note that I am only providing services through telemedicine and I am not in-network with any insurance providers.
I am a board-certified, academically oriented child, adolescent, and adult psychiatrist who provides psychotherapy and medication management services to clients located in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. I use a comprehensive, collaborative, and holistic approach. Please note that I am only providing services through telemedicine and I am not in-network with any insurance providers.
(610) 590-9062 View (610) 590-9062
Photo of Angela Davis, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Clementon, NJ
Angela Davis
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, APN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Barrington, NJ 08007
Ideally my patient is invested in their treatment as much a I am. I offer medication management, as well therapy. My patients want to feel heard and seek treatment that is evidenced based that meets ones specific needs.
Ideally my patient is invested in their treatment as much a I am. I offer medication management, as well therapy. My patients want to feel heard and seek treatment that is evidenced based that meets ones specific needs.
(609) 710-7817 View (609) 710-7817
Photo of Dr. Allen Masry, Psychiatrist in Clementon, NJ
Dr. Allen Masry
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Voorhees, NJ 08043
I am Board Certified in Adult Psychiatry and have been practicing since 2005. I completed my residency from Tufts University in Boston, Massachusetts and my Fellowship in Addictions from the Robert Johnson Wood Foundation. In 2014, I was featured in SJ Magazine as one of New Jersey’s top psychiatrists. I have experience working with adults as well as adolescents suffering from both psychiatric diagnosis and substance use disorders and have extensive experience working in both out-patient and in-patient settings.
I am Board Certified in Adult Psychiatry and have been practicing since 2005. I completed my residency from Tufts University in Boston, Massachusetts and my Fellowship in Addictions from the Robert Johnson Wood Foundation. In 2014, I was featured in SJ Magazine as one of New Jersey’s top psychiatrists. I have experience working with adults as well as adolescents suffering from both psychiatric diagnosis and substance use disorders and have extensive experience working in both out-patient and in-patient settings.
(856) 677-5895 View (856) 677-5895
Photo of Dr. Tony Issac, Psychiatrist in Clementon, NJ
Dr. Tony Issac
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cherry Hill, NJ 08034
Dr. Issac is an experienced addiction and general psychiatrist with eight years of experience. He has helped many overcome their mental health challenges. Issac evaluates, diagnoses, and treats people based on their medical pathology, nutritional, and hormonal health. People suffering from addictions, or with other mental health challenges, such as anxiety, and depression, can recover with the correct diagnosis and treatment. Combining medications with psychotherapy, Dr. Issac considers various medical factors to treat his patients; he plans comprehensive treatments. His warmth and compassion are welcoming and supportive.
Dr. Issac is an experienced addiction and general psychiatrist with eight years of experience. He has helped many overcome their mental health challenges. Issac evaluates, diagnoses, and treats people based on their medical pathology, nutritional, and hormonal health. People suffering from addictions, or with other mental health challenges, such as anxiety, and depression, can recover with the correct diagnosis and treatment. Combining medications with psychotherapy, Dr. Issac considers various medical factors to treat his patients; he plans comprehensive treatments. His warmth and compassion are welcoming and supportive.
(609) 834-3507 View (609) 834-3507

Psychodynamic Psychiatrists

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.