Psychodynamic Psychiatrists in Massachusetts

Photo of Samuel Sheffield, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Samuel Sheffield
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brookline, MA 02446
I work with a broad range of adults but have special expertise in psychopharmacology, psychodynamic psychotherapy, college mental health, and LGBTQ populations.
If your mental health challenges are hindering your personal, academic, or professional life, and you are ready to ask for help, you have taken a significant step by starting your search. I would like to help you find a path to greater well-being. My approach begins with a consultation to discuss your concerns and treatment options.
I work with a broad range of adults but have special expertise in psychopharmacology, psychodynamic psychotherapy, college mental health, and LGBTQ populations.
If your mental health challenges are hindering your personal, academic, or professional life, and you are ready to ask for help, you have taken a significant step by starting your search. I would like to help you find a path to greater well-being. My approach begins with a consultation to discuss your concerns and treatment options.
(617) 440-3579 View (617) 440-3579
Photo of Janet M Witte, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Janet M Witte
Psychiatrist, MD, MPH
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brookline, MA 02446
I see patients for psychotherapy, medication management, or combined treatment; my primary therapy orientation is psychodynamic.
People often come to treatment seeking relief and support. Many are curious about patterns in their lives, and want to develop a deeper, more useful understanding of how and why things are unfolding as they are. Some have ideas about changes they want to make; others feel stymied in their pursuit of a vibrant, creative life. Good therapy provides the opportunity to engage with these and other deeply personal concerns in an environment of warmth and trust.
I see patients for psychotherapy, medication management, or combined treatment; my primary therapy orientation is psychodynamic.
People often come to treatment seeking relief and support. Many are curious about patterns in their lives, and want to develop a deeper, more useful understanding of how and why things are unfolding as they are. Some have ideas about changes they want to make; others feel stymied in their pursuit of a vibrant, creative life. Good therapy provides the opportunity to engage with these and other deeply personal concerns in an environment of warmth and trust.
(617) 663-8318 View (617) 663-8318
Photo of Deborah M Moran, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Deborah M Moran
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138
I integrate a biological and psychodynamic perspective in my work.
It's hard to see a psychiatrist! I see people in distress due to a crisis,a loss, a trauma or a major life change. This distress manifests as depression,mood swings,anxiety, racing thoughts,paranoia,insomnia etc.People are complicated. I do a comprehensive evaluation listening for various psychological, emotional and biologic "clues". This is an interactive and iterative process. "Our" formulation guides the treatment. I practice both psychotherapy and psychopharmacology. I often consult for colleagues in psychology and social work regarding the use of medications.I then manage the medications as part of the treatment team.
I integrate a biological and psychodynamic perspective in my work.
It's hard to see a psychiatrist! I see people in distress due to a crisis,a loss, a trauma or a major life change. This distress manifests as depression,mood swings,anxiety, racing thoughts,paranoia,insomnia etc.People are complicated. I do a comprehensive evaluation listening for various psychological, emotional and biologic "clues". This is an interactive and iterative process. "Our" formulation guides the treatment. I practice both psychotherapy and psychopharmacology. I often consult for colleagues in psychology and social work regarding the use of medications.I then manage the medications as part of the treatment team.
(617) 300-0452 View (617) 300-0452
Photo of Howard M Katz, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Howard M Katz
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02446
Over 35 years of practice, I have understood that first and foremost, a therapy relationship must provide trust and safety. In such a setting, close and active listening helps to illuminate a person’s inner world and establish a dialog that deepens self-understanding and acceptance. An expanded narrative of the self and discovery of new modes of thinking leads toward more positive feeling and action. I am pragmatic: People want help with pressing problems in living and we go with what works – choosing from a range of psychodynamic approaches those best tailored to a person’s specific needs.
Over 35 years of practice, I have understood that first and foremost, a therapy relationship must provide trust and safety. In such a setting, close and active listening helps to illuminate a person’s inner world and establish a dialog that deepens self-understanding and acceptance. An expanded narrative of the self and discovery of new modes of thinking leads toward more positive feeling and action. I am pragmatic: People want help with pressing problems in living and we go with what works – choosing from a range of psychodynamic approaches those best tailored to a person’s specific needs.
(617) 500-2605 View (617) 500-2605
Photo of Jonathan DeWeese, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Massachusetts
Jonathan DeWeese
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116
I am a psychotherapist and psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner based in Cambridge, MA, offering both psychotherapy (talk therapy), ketamine-assisted psychotherapy, and psychiatric medication management. As a post-graduate fellow at the Psychotherapy Institute of Back Bay (PIBB), I see individual and couples psychotherapy clients at our office in Copley Square, Boston. I also see clients in my private practice in Central Square, Cambridge. My interests include psychodynamic psychotherapy, relationship issues, men's issues, spiritual/existential issues, ketamine-assisted psychotherapy (KAP), and psychedelic integration work.
I am a psychotherapist and psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner based in Cambridge, MA, offering both psychotherapy (talk therapy), ketamine-assisted psychotherapy, and psychiatric medication management. As a post-graduate fellow at the Psychotherapy Institute of Back Bay (PIBB), I see individual and couples psychotherapy clients at our office in Copley Square, Boston. I also see clients in my private practice in Central Square, Cambridge. My interests include psychodynamic psychotherapy, relationship issues, men's issues, spiritual/existential issues, ketamine-assisted psychotherapy (KAP), and psychedelic integration work.
(857) 597-3105 View (857) 597-3105
Photo of Dr. Barbara Burton, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Dr. Barbara Burton
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Brookline, MA 02446
I offer both medication management and therapy, with a specialization in psychodynamic therapy.
When mental health symptoms interfere with everyday life, finding the right clinician can be daunting. I am excited to get to know you and hopefully make your journey a little easier. You deserve an approach that is personalized to your unique story, with a psychiatrist who is attentive and flexible. Together, we will collaborate to design a treatment plan that best fits your individual wellness goals. I have a clinical focus on working with patients from high-stress professions, addressing issues such as burnout, moral injury, relationships, self-esteem, and identity.
I offer both medication management and therapy, with a specialization in psychodynamic therapy.
When mental health symptoms interfere with everyday life, finding the right clinician can be daunting. I am excited to get to know you and hopefully make your journey a little easier. You deserve an approach that is personalized to your unique story, with a psychiatrist who is attentive and flexible. Together, we will collaborate to design a treatment plan that best fits your individual wellness goals. I have a clinical focus on working with patients from high-stress professions, addressing issues such as burnout, moral injury, relationships, self-esteem, and identity.
(857) 382-2901 View (857) 382-2901
Photo of Menekse Alpay, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Menekse Alpay
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138
I am well-versed in different psychotherapies including psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy, dialectical-behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based therapy and interpersonal therapy.
I work with individuals who have anxiety, depression, mood disorders, insomnia, relationship problems, trauma history, medical illness, neurological illness, and/or individuals who are helping family members with these problems. My experience over the last 25 years in psychiatry has shown that medications are helpful but do not take care of all problems in life. I offer combined psychiatric treatment. I received my psychiatric residency training from Georgetown University Hospital and fellowship in Psychosomatic Medicine from Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School.
I am well-versed in different psychotherapies including psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy, dialectical-behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based therapy and interpersonal therapy.
I work with individuals who have anxiety, depression, mood disorders, insomnia, relationship problems, trauma history, medical illness, neurological illness, and/or individuals who are helping family members with these problems. My experience over the last 25 years in psychiatry has shown that medications are helpful but do not take care of all problems in life. I offer combined psychiatric treatment. I received my psychiatric residency training from Georgetown University Hospital and fellowship in Psychosomatic Medicine from Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School.
(617) 231-9618 View (617) 231-9618
Photo of Fredric Schiffer, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Fredric Schiffer
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02461
I offer a novel approach that posits that trauma is more associated with one brain hemisphere (left or right) and needs to become the focus of an empathic, psychodynamic understanding and assistance.
I am the founder of the Dual-Brain Psychology Institute for the treatment of anxiety, depression, PTSD, addiction, and psychological wellbeing. (www.dual-brainpsychologyinstitute) and the author of Of Two Mind: Dual Brain Psychology (on Amazon) and the recipient of a successful, published NIH funded clinical trial on opioid cravings. My primary focus is the understanding and treatment of one's inner emotional distress and its impact on one's everyday life.
I offer a novel approach that posits that trauma is more associated with one brain hemisphere (left or right) and needs to become the focus of an empathic, psychodynamic understanding and assistance.
I am the founder of the Dual-Brain Psychology Institute for the treatment of anxiety, depression, PTSD, addiction, and psychological wellbeing. (www.dual-brainpsychologyinstitute) and the author of Of Two Mind: Dual Brain Psychology (on Amazon) and the recipient of a successful, published NIH funded clinical trial on opioid cravings. My primary focus is the understanding and treatment of one's inner emotional distress and its impact on one's everyday life.
(617) 409-2786 View (617) 409-2786
Photo of Nhi-Ha T Trinh, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Nhi-Ha T Trinh
Psychiatrist
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139  (Online Only)
My goal is to work collaboratively with you to identify, understand, and tailor treatment to best address your concerns, using a compassionate, holistic, strengths-based perspective. I provide telehealth consultation, culturally responsive psychiatry, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and psychiatric medication management.
My goal is to work collaboratively with you to identify, understand, and tailor treatment to best address your concerns, using a compassionate, holistic, strengths-based perspective. I provide telehealth consultation, culturally responsive psychiatry, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and psychiatric medication management.
(617) 906-7330 View (617) 906-7330
Photo of Dr. James H. Powers, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Dr. James H. Powers
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02111
I offer individual psychotherapy (primarily psychodynamic psychotherapy, but I also incorporate CBT, DBT, ERP, and mindfulness therapy) as well as medication management - some patients benefit from a combined approach.
Harvard-trained and MGH-affiliated psychiatrist who offers psychotherapy +/- medication management for a variety of emotional challenges including but not limited to depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and more. I enjoy maintaining a small private practice, which allows me to get to know my patients very well and to provide highly tailored and individualized care. Our first session entails an in-depth psychiatric evaluation, after which we will collaboratively consider treatment options.
I offer individual psychotherapy (primarily psychodynamic psychotherapy, but I also incorporate CBT, DBT, ERP, and mindfulness therapy) as well as medication management - some patients benefit from a combined approach.
Harvard-trained and MGH-affiliated psychiatrist who offers psychotherapy +/- medication management for a variety of emotional challenges including but not limited to depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and more. I enjoy maintaining a small private practice, which allows me to get to know my patients very well and to provide highly tailored and individualized care. Our first session entails an in-depth psychiatric evaluation, after which we will collaboratively consider treatment options.
(339) 229-6238 View (339) 229-6238
Photo of Anthony Marfeo, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Anthony Marfeo
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02420  (Online Only)
I am experienced in treating a wide range of motivated adult patients. I graduated Yale Medical School in 2010, completed four years of psychiatry training in 2014 at the Harvard Longwood Psychiatry Residency Training program, and am board-certified in psychiatry. I’ve also spent several years pursuing advanced training in insight-oriented psychodynamic therapy. My approach to mental health is comprehensive, taking into account the entire multidimensional person and the context of their lives.
I am experienced in treating a wide range of motivated adult patients. I graduated Yale Medical School in 2010, completed four years of psychiatry training in 2014 at the Harvard Longwood Psychiatry Residency Training program, and am board-certified in psychiatry. I’ve also spent several years pursuing advanced training in insight-oriented psychodynamic therapy. My approach to mental health is comprehensive, taking into account the entire multidimensional person and the context of their lives.
(617) 804-5133 View (617) 804-5133
Photo of Tyrone J Williams, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Tyrone J Williams
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138
I have experience in psychodynamic psychotherapy, CBT, and family therapy and use an eclectic approach that makes sense based on an individual's needs.
I am a psychiatrist in private practice in Cambridge, Massachusetts with board certification in adult and child & adolescent psychiatry. I have 15 years of experience in practice and most commonly treat ADHD, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, and substance use. I specialize in individual therapy and provide guidance to parents and families. I normally emphasize diet, exercise, and sleeping habits as essential elements to therapy. If I think it makes sense, I will prescribe medications, collaborating with my patients and their healthcare providers to make safe and appropriate medication choices.
I have experience in psychodynamic psychotherapy, CBT, and family therapy and use an eclectic approach that makes sense based on an individual's needs.
I am a psychiatrist in private practice in Cambridge, Massachusetts with board certification in adult and child & adolescent psychiatry. I have 15 years of experience in practice and most commonly treat ADHD, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, and substance use. I specialize in individual therapy and provide guidance to parents and families. I normally emphasize diet, exercise, and sleeping habits as essential elements to therapy. If I think it makes sense, I will prescribe medications, collaborating with my patients and their healthcare providers to make safe and appropriate medication choices.
(617) 941-4632 View (617) 941-4632
Photo of Amber Frank, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Amber Frank
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02110
This may include supportive, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and dialectical behavior therapy strategies, depending on a patient’s individual needs.
Dr. Amber Frank is board certified in Adult Psychiatry. She received her medical degree from Harvard Medical School and completed her residency training at the Cambridge Health Alliance/Harvard Medical School Adult Psychiatry Training Program. Dr. Frank believes in a holistic approach to patient care. She strives to understand and treat every patient using a framework that includes not just the biological (medical), but also the psychological, social, environmental, and cultural elements that may contribute to an individual person’s experience of mental health and wellness.
This may include supportive, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and dialectical behavior therapy strategies, depending on a patient’s individual needs.
Dr. Amber Frank is board certified in Adult Psychiatry. She received her medical degree from Harvard Medical School and completed her residency training at the Cambridge Health Alliance/Harvard Medical School Adult Psychiatry Training Program. Dr. Frank believes in a holistic approach to patient care. She strives to understand and treat every patient using a framework that includes not just the biological (medical), but also the psychological, social, environmental, and cultural elements that may contribute to an individual person’s experience of mental health and wellness.
(617) 812-8845 View (617) 812-8845
Photo of Kaloyan Tanev, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Kaloyan Tanev
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02114
I help clients resolve psychological or psychiatric problems that keep them from fully experiencing their lives. I also work with people to help them achieve their life goals. Because no two people are the same, treatment for every person should be individually tailored. I do therapy, and use medications when they are needed. Some of the therapies I use are hypnotherapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, couples and family therapy. I help with anxiety, mood problems, habit problems, co-morbid medical and psychiatric problems, relationship and family problems.
I help clients resolve psychological or psychiatric problems that keep them from fully experiencing their lives. I also work with people to help them achieve their life goals. Because no two people are the same, treatment for every person should be individually tailored. I do therapy, and use medications when they are needed. Some of the therapies I use are hypnotherapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, couples and family therapy. I help with anxiety, mood problems, habit problems, co-morbid medical and psychiatric problems, relationship and family problems.
(617) 206-3425 View (617) 206-3425
Photo of Joshua W Zollman, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Joshua W Zollman
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02114
I approach psychotherapy with training in a variety of modalities ranging from psychodynamic to behaviorally-oriented therapies, tailored to the need of each patient and their goals.
Practical & individualized psychotherapy and medication management.
I approach psychotherapy with training in a variety of modalities ranging from psychodynamic to behaviorally-oriented therapies, tailored to the need of each patient and their goals.
Practical & individualized psychotherapy and medication management.
(617) 826-8970 View (617) 826-8970
Photo of Philip Sullivan, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Philip Sullivan
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02110  (Online Only)
Doctor Phillip Sullivan is a staff psychiatrist at Talkiatry. He is board certified in both adult psychiatry and child and adolescent psychiatry. His interest in psychiatric treatment was originally triggered by the humanistic writings of Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May. As he earned his medical degree and started post-graduate psychiatric training, he went on to learn psycho-pharmacological, cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic treatment approaches.
Doctor Phillip Sullivan is a staff psychiatrist at Talkiatry. He is board certified in both adult psychiatry and child and adolescent psychiatry. His interest in psychiatric treatment was originally triggered by the humanistic writings of Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May. As he earned his medical degree and started post-graduate psychiatric training, he went on to learn psycho-pharmacological, cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic treatment approaches.
(617) 397-7728 View (617) 397-7728
Cynthia Telingator
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02139
My career has focused on humanistic and relational approaches to taking care of children, adolescents, adults and families. Shame, stigma and loss impact development in a multitude of ways, and can deter people from reaching their personal and professional goals. Disruption due to trauma, loss, medical and mental health issues can have long lasting effects. I practice psychodynamic psychotherapy and focus on supporting one's resilience and strengths while exploring experiences and feelings which may interfere with forward movement.
My career has focused on humanistic and relational approaches to taking care of children, adolescents, adults and families. Shame, stigma and loss impact development in a multitude of ways, and can deter people from reaching their personal and professional goals. Disruption due to trauma, loss, medical and mental health issues can have long lasting effects. I practice psychodynamic psychotherapy and focus on supporting one's resilience and strengths while exploring experiences and feelings which may interfere with forward movement.
(617) 553-9082 View (617) 553-9082
Photo of Devin Gibbs, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Devin Gibbs
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02421
I provide therapy using a psychodynamic framework and integrate techniques from mindfulness, CBT, and DBT.
Most people at some point in their lives find themselves feeling stuck, unable to break out of old patterns or achieve their goals. Many of the individuals I work with are outwardly functioning well in many areas of their lives, but struggling with depression, anxiety, or navigating life transitions. Talk therapy can be a powerful tool to help people move past these roadblocks and build a more meaningful and full life.
I provide therapy using a psychodynamic framework and integrate techniques from mindfulness, CBT, and DBT.
Most people at some point in their lives find themselves feeling stuck, unable to break out of old patterns or achieve their goals. Many of the individuals I work with are outwardly functioning well in many areas of their lives, but struggling with depression, anxiety, or navigating life transitions. Talk therapy can be a powerful tool to help people move past these roadblocks and build a more meaningful and full life.
(339) 331-1566 View (339) 331-1566
Photo of Jennifer Neuwalder, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Jennifer Neuwalder
Psychiatrist, MD, MArch
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02139
I practice creatively within psychodynamic and psychoanalytic frameworks, and I am familiar with DBT and CBT.
It's not necessarily easy to start (or restart) therapy. I am committed to honoring and transforming suffering through a compassionate, trauma-sensitive, eclectic approach. I welcome your complexity and curiosity as well as your suffering. We can discover together what can help you heal. I trained in psychiatry at UMass, and in child and adolescent psychiatry at Cambridge Health Alliance. My undergraduate and graduate education at Harvard, in visual art and architecture respectively, has provided a foundation for my comfort in exploring the unexpected and unknown. I bring this openness, creativity, and wonder to my therapeutic work.
I practice creatively within psychodynamic and psychoanalytic frameworks, and I am familiar with DBT and CBT.
It's not necessarily easy to start (or restart) therapy. I am committed to honoring and transforming suffering through a compassionate, trauma-sensitive, eclectic approach. I welcome your complexity and curiosity as well as your suffering. We can discover together what can help you heal. I trained in psychiatry at UMass, and in child and adolescent psychiatry at Cambridge Health Alliance. My undergraduate and graduate education at Harvard, in visual art and architecture respectively, has provided a foundation for my comfort in exploring the unexpected and unknown. I bring this openness, creativity, and wonder to my therapeutic work.
(617) 544-8290 View (617) 544-8290
Photo of Laura Warren, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Laura Warren
Psychiatrist, M D
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138
My style is holistic and draws from mindfulness, psychodynamic, self-compassion, CBT, and mind-body approaches.
Life can be intensely challenging, with great suffering and pain. It can be overwhelming to figure out how to jumpstart the healing process. It takes courage to pursue psychotherapy. Often if you trust the process and stay curious, therapy can facilitate powerful insight and personal growth. I help create an environment that is safe and supportive so you can develop reflective self-awareness and positive coping skills. This can help you live more fully and with resilience, catalyzing your healing. Currently I am also a part-time lecturer at Harvard, and senior faculty at the CHA Center for Mindfulness and Compassion.
My style is holistic and draws from mindfulness, psychodynamic, self-compassion, CBT, and mind-body approaches.
Life can be intensely challenging, with great suffering and pain. It can be overwhelming to figure out how to jumpstart the healing process. It takes courage to pursue psychotherapy. Often if you trust the process and stay curious, therapy can facilitate powerful insight and personal growth. I help create an environment that is safe and supportive so you can develop reflective self-awareness and positive coping skills. This can help you live more fully and with resilience, catalyzing your healing. Currently I am also a part-time lecturer at Harvard, and senior faculty at the CHA Center for Mindfulness and Compassion.
(617) 944-5562 View (617) 944-5562

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Psychodynamic Psychiatrists

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.