Photo of Dr. Joan M Burns, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Florida
Dr. Joan M Burns
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, APRN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Winter Park, FL 32789  (Online Only)
I provide care to patients (14 and older) with a wide range of mental health concerns, specializing in mood disorders such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder, as well as psychotic, neurocognitive and neurodevelopmental disorders, ADHD, and OCD. I also provide prenatal, perinatal, and postpartum psychiatric care.
I provide care to patients (14 and older) with a wide range of mental health concerns, specializing in mood disorders such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder, as well as psychotic, neurocognitive and neurodevelopmental disorders, ADHD, and OCD. I also provide prenatal, perinatal, and postpartum psychiatric care.
(321) 450-8172 View (321) 450-8172
Photo of Shannan Victorino, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Florida
Shannan Victorino
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, ARNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Everyone wants to be understood and reach their true potential. I intend on empowering patients to manage the full spectrum of emotions that a beautiful life has to offer. We facilitate your own inner healing intelligence by providing you with empowering resources because YOU know better than anyone else exactly what it is that you need to take the next step… and in this process you will evolve with a greater sense of purpose and fortitude. We will use the most common-sense, compassionate, evidence-based methods to help you achieve transformation toward your own personal evolution.
Everyone wants to be understood and reach their true potential. I intend on empowering patients to manage the full spectrum of emotions that a beautiful life has to offer. We facilitate your own inner healing intelligence by providing you with empowering resources because YOU know better than anyone else exactly what it is that you need to take the next step… and in this process you will evolve with a greater sense of purpose and fortitude. We will use the most common-sense, compassionate, evidence-based methods to help you achieve transformation toward your own personal evolution.
(954) 780-8492 View (954) 780-8492
Photo of Zachary Zimko, Psychiatrist in Florida
Zachary Zimko
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
Largo, FL 33771
Dr. Zimko is a Board Certified Psychiatrist in the Tampa Bay Area. He graduated Cum Laude from the University of Delaware in 2012 with a B.S. in Neuroscience and Minors in Medical Humanities, Medical Diagnostics, and Biology. He graduated from Rowan School of Osteopathic Medicine in 2016 with a Doctorate in Osteopathic Medicine. He graduated his Psychiatry Residency at Largo Medical Center in 2020 and was Chief Resident in his final year. He serves as part of the the Medical Executive Committee of Suncoast Behavioral Health Center. His hobbies include cooking, home-brewing and spending time with his Wife, Daughter, & Corgi (Luna)
Dr. Zimko is a Board Certified Psychiatrist in the Tampa Bay Area. He graduated Cum Laude from the University of Delaware in 2012 with a B.S. in Neuroscience and Minors in Medical Humanities, Medical Diagnostics, and Biology. He graduated from Rowan School of Osteopathic Medicine in 2016 with a Doctorate in Osteopathic Medicine. He graduated his Psychiatry Residency at Largo Medical Center in 2020 and was Chief Resident in his final year. He serves as part of the the Medical Executive Committee of Suncoast Behavioral Health Center. His hobbies include cooking, home-brewing and spending time with his Wife, Daughter, & Corgi (Luna)
(727) 335-6749 View (727) 335-6749
Photo of Dr. Teron Verma, Psychiatrist in Florida
Dr. Teron Verma
Psychiatrist, MD, MS
Verified Verified
Kissimmee, FL 34741
Dr. Teron Verma is a Psychiatrist with Boston Neurobehavioral Associates (BNBA) with a focus on dealing with various mental health pathologies. He is dedicated on helping his clients deal with the myriad of complexities that come with mental health pathologies, and alleviate stigmas in pursuing care. He provides personalized pharmacotherapy as well as psychotherapy to help his clients deal with depression, anxiety, mood disorders, psychotic disorders or any other behavioral disturbances, which the client needs help with during their visit.
Dr. Teron Verma is a Psychiatrist with Boston Neurobehavioral Associates (BNBA) with a focus on dealing with various mental health pathologies. He is dedicated on helping his clients deal with the myriad of complexities that come with mental health pathologies, and alleviate stigmas in pursuing care. He provides personalized pharmacotherapy as well as psychotherapy to help his clients deal with depression, anxiety, mood disorders, psychotic disorders or any other behavioral disturbances, which the client needs help with during their visit.
(321) 339-3075 View (321) 339-3075
Photo of Raisha Massari Ortiz, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Florida
Raisha Massari Ortiz
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Hollywood, FL 33021  (Online Only)
Ms. Massari is a Board-certified Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner originally from Puerto Rico, where she attended The University of Puerto Rico for her undergraduate degree, Bachelor of Science in Nursing. In her last year of college, she volunteered for The Outreach Needle & Syringe Exchange program. Besides providing harm reduction supplies, she provided patient care for the underserved population. After completing the undergraduate program, she relocated to Florida and worked as Nurse Case Manager for patients with Intellectual and Developmental disabilities for two years which solidified her decision to become a PMHNP.
Ms. Massari is a Board-certified Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner originally from Puerto Rico, where she attended The University of Puerto Rico for her undergraduate degree, Bachelor of Science in Nursing. In her last year of college, she volunteered for The Outreach Needle & Syringe Exchange program. Besides providing harm reduction supplies, she provided patient care for the underserved population. After completing the undergraduate program, she relocated to Florida and worked as Nurse Case Manager for patients with Intellectual and Developmental disabilities for two years which solidified her decision to become a PMHNP.
(929) 276-1696 x1 View (929) 276-1696 x1
Photo of Boby Ukken APRN, A & B Medical Integrated Care INC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Florida
Boby Ukken APRN, A & B Medical Integrated Care INC
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, Boby, Ukken, APRN
Verified Verified
Coral Springs, FL 33071
My clinical expertise is in adult psychiatry, primary care and addiction medicine. I got training as a general physician from India in acute care settings from 2006 soon after my medical graduation. Since 2014 I am working in the United States as a Nurse practitioner in sleep disorders, pulmonary & internal diseases management, then started working in crisis stabilization as a psychiatric nurse practitioner in 2017. Boby Ukken APRN, FNP-BC, PMHNP-BC. Address: A & B Medical Integrated Care Inc Address: 1500 N. University Dr, Ste 202 Coral Springs, FL 33071, Email: aandbmedical@gmail.com Phone: 9544065220 Fax: 7544843904
My clinical expertise is in adult psychiatry, primary care and addiction medicine. I got training as a general physician from India in acute care settings from 2006 soon after my medical graduation. Since 2014 I am working in the United States as a Nurse practitioner in sleep disorders, pulmonary & internal diseases management, then started working in crisis stabilization as a psychiatric nurse practitioner in 2017. Boby Ukken APRN, FNP-BC, PMHNP-BC. Address: A & B Medical Integrated Care Inc Address: 1500 N. University Dr, Ste 202 Coral Springs, FL 33071, Email: aandbmedical@gmail.com Phone: 9544065220 Fax: 7544843904
(754) 704-6630 View (754) 704-6630
Photo of Hope Mental Health, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Florida
Hope Mental Health
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHCNS, APRN
Verified Verified
Delray Beach, FL 33444
Hi, am the owner/ head Clinician at Hope Mental Health. When you come see me, you will get 2 providers in your care. Myself and one of my fabulous student/interns. The latter will take your medical/psych history and then I will come on and join to create the treatment plan and prescribe meds when evaluation is complete. On subsequent visits, you will see the student/intern and he/she will bring me on when needed when a change is needed to meds or the treatment plan. Our practice is integrative/functional in nature, meaning that we combine traditional psych meds with supplements, including vitamins to treat the root problem.
Hi, am the owner/ head Clinician at Hope Mental Health. When you come see me, you will get 2 providers in your care. Myself and one of my fabulous student/interns. The latter will take your medical/psych history and then I will come on and join to create the treatment plan and prescribe meds when evaluation is complete. On subsequent visits, you will see the student/intern and he/she will bring me on when needed when a change is needed to meds or the treatment plan. Our practice is integrative/functional in nature, meaning that we combine traditional psych meds with supplements, including vitamins to treat the root problem.
(561) 872-2982 View (561) 872-2982
Photo of Sunshine Psychiatric Care, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Florida
Sunshine Psychiatric Care
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, APRN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Palm Coast, FL 32137  (Online Only)
My name is Rhonda, I am a board-certified psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner committed to providing individualized care through a holistic and person-centered approach. I believe each person is unique and aim to preserve that uniqueness by formulating a treatment plan that best fits the individual. I pride myself in providing my patients with a treatment approach that is warm and compassionate, with a goal of delivering individualized, holistic, and evidence-based psychiatric care for clients in Florida who are feeling stressed, overwhelmed, down, or with anxiety, depression, eating disorders, ADHD, OCD, PTSD.
My name is Rhonda, I am a board-certified psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner committed to providing individualized care through a holistic and person-centered approach. I believe each person is unique and aim to preserve that uniqueness by formulating a treatment plan that best fits the individual. I pride myself in providing my patients with a treatment approach that is warm and compassionate, with a goal of delivering individualized, holistic, and evidence-based psychiatric care for clients in Florida who are feeling stressed, overwhelmed, down, or with anxiety, depression, eating disorders, ADHD, OCD, PTSD.
(386) 230-9534 View (386) 230-9534
Photo of Harmony United Psychiatric Care, Psychiatrist in Florida
Harmony United Psychiatric Care
Psychiatrist
Verified Verified
Accepting New Clients. Appointments are typically available within 7 days. We offer Medication Management, Counseling/Psychotherapy, and Neuropsychological Testing in our network of clinics and online via our Telepsychiatry Services throughout Florida. Our team of experienced mental health professionals includes Psychiatrists, Psychologists, Board-Certified Psychiatric Nurse Practitioners, Certified Physician Assistants, and Licensed Therapists. We care for adults, adolescents, and children, ages 5 and above. We accept most insurance plans including Medicare.
Accepting New Clients. Appointments are typically available within 7 days. We offer Medication Management, Counseling/Psychotherapy, and Neuropsychological Testing in our network of clinics and online via our Telepsychiatry Services throughout Florida. Our team of experienced mental health professionals includes Psychiatrists, Psychologists, Board-Certified Psychiatric Nurse Practitioners, Certified Physician Assistants, and Licensed Therapists. We care for adults, adolescents, and children, ages 5 and above. We accept most insurance plans including Medicare.
(352) 329-8874 View (352) 329-8874
Photo of Rachel Christian, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Florida
Rachel Christian
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, APRN
Verified Verified
Royal Palm Beach, FL 33411  (Online Only)
I am a Board Certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC); I bring over 20 years of quality care of nursing with the benefit of specialized education in psychiatry and medication management. I am non judgmental and treat all my patients with respect. I empower my patients to be able to manage their mental health, either through medication alone, with therapy or with different modalities, including diet and exercise. I feel it is essential to form a partnership based in trust and compassion and always with the patient’s wishes and goals in mind.
I am a Board Certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC); I bring over 20 years of quality care of nursing with the benefit of specialized education in psychiatry and medication management. I am non judgmental and treat all my patients with respect. I empower my patients to be able to manage their mental health, either through medication alone, with therapy or with different modalities, including diet and exercise. I feel it is essential to form a partnership based in trust and compassion and always with the patient’s wishes and goals in mind.
(561) 933-7761 View (561) 933-7761
Photo of Magnolia Behavioral Wellness, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Florida
Magnolia Behavioral Wellness
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, BC
Verified Verified
I like to spend time getting to know a client. Listening is important to me. My focus is to help ensure we can get you to be your best self through optimizing ways in your daily life to find solutions. I look at sleep, nutrition, and movement, then talk about stressors and goals. Together we can come up with a plan to best fit your needs and get you to where you want to go. I use a combination of holistic approaches, medicine, and lifestyle changes to complement what you feel most comfortable doing and then work to get you there.
I like to spend time getting to know a client. Listening is important to me. My focus is to help ensure we can get you to be your best self through optimizing ways in your daily life to find solutions. I look at sleep, nutrition, and movement, then talk about stressors and goals. Together we can come up with a plan to best fit your needs and get you to where you want to go. I use a combination of holistic approaches, medicine, and lifestyle changes to complement what you feel most comfortable doing and then work to get you there.
(904) 877-4216 View (904) 877-4216
Photo of Kimberly Danielle, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Florida
Kimberly Danielle
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP-C, FNP-C
Verified Verified
West Palm Beach, FL 33401  (Online Only)
Welcome to Klarity Wellness! My name is Kimberly Danielle, PMHNP- BC, FNP-C. As a double board-certified provider in Psychiatry and Family Medicine, with additional education in functional and integrative medicine, I bring a unique and comprehensive perspective to mental and physical health care. My expertise allows me to offer an integrated approach to a wide range of conditions, including anxiety, depression, bipolar & mood disorders, PTSD, ADHD, and more. With extensive experience in psychiatry and hospital based medicine, I have developed an expertise in addressing the relationship between mental and physical well-being.
Welcome to Klarity Wellness! My name is Kimberly Danielle, PMHNP- BC, FNP-C. As a double board-certified provider in Psychiatry and Family Medicine, with additional education in functional and integrative medicine, I bring a unique and comprehensive perspective to mental and physical health care. My expertise allows me to offer an integrated approach to a wide range of conditions, including anxiety, depression, bipolar & mood disorders, PTSD, ADHD, and more. With extensive experience in psychiatry and hospital based medicine, I have developed an expertise in addressing the relationship between mental and physical well-being.
(561) 295-8038 View (561) 295-8038
Photo of Michelle Blair, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Florida
Michelle Blair
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, APRN, PMHNP, FNP
Verified Verified
Are you struggling with feelings of shame, sadness, worry, loneliness, mood swings, inattention and concentration, irritability and inability to cope with life's challenges? If you have sought out professional help before and find yourself still at a loss, you are not alone. I'm happy you've made it this far and you're at the right place to begin your journey back to mental wellness. I specialize in the treatment of substance abuse, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorders, eating disorders, insomnia, trauma, personality disorders, and more. Visit www.myhouseofwellness.org for more information.
Are you struggling with feelings of shame, sadness, worry, loneliness, mood swings, inattention and concentration, irritability and inability to cope with life's challenges? If you have sought out professional help before and find yourself still at a loss, you are not alone. I'm happy you've made it this far and you're at the right place to begin your journey back to mental wellness. I specialize in the treatment of substance abuse, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorders, eating disorders, insomnia, trauma, personality disorders, and more. Visit www.myhouseofwellness.org for more information.
(954) 416-0966 View (954) 416-0966
Photo of Benjamin Elliot Lippmann, Psychiatrist in Florida
Benjamin Elliot Lippmann
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
Lakeland, FL 33813
I am a compassionate psychiatrist who cares for those with mild, moderate, and severe mental health issues. I seek to help patients find remission from acute and chronic mental health issues, such as depression, inattention, psychosis, and substance use disorders. Additionally, I care for those with dementia and their loved ones who may be suffering with caregiver burnout.
I am a compassionate psychiatrist who cares for those with mild, moderate, and severe mental health issues. I seek to help patients find remission from acute and chronic mental health issues, such as depression, inattention, psychosis, and substance use disorders. Additionally, I care for those with dementia and their loved ones who may be suffering with caregiver burnout.
(863) 289-0968 View (863) 289-0968
Photo of Harmony United Psychiatric Care, Psychiatrist in Florida
Harmony United Psychiatric Care
Psychiatrist
Verified Verified
Tampa, FL 33607
Accepting New Clients. Appointments are typically available within 7 days. We offer Medication Management, Counseling/Psychotherapy, and Neuropsychological Testing in our network of clinics and online via our Telepsychiatry Services throughout Florida. Our team of experienced mental health professionals includes Psychiatrists, Psychologists, Board-Certified Psychiatric Nurse Practitioners, Certified Physician Assistants, and Licensed Therapists. We care for adults, adolescents, and children, ages 5 and above. We accept most insurance plans including Medicare.
Accepting New Clients. Appointments are typically available within 7 days. We offer Medication Management, Counseling/Psychotherapy, and Neuropsychological Testing in our network of clinics and online via our Telepsychiatry Services throughout Florida. Our team of experienced mental health professionals includes Psychiatrists, Psychologists, Board-Certified Psychiatric Nurse Practitioners, Certified Physician Assistants, and Licensed Therapists. We care for adults, adolescents, and children, ages 5 and above. We accept most insurance plans including Medicare.
(352) 747-9464 View (352) 747-9464
Photo of Healing Psychiatry Of Florida , Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Florida
Healing Psychiatry Of Florida
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, ARNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Call us today! We accept new patients, Adults and Adolescents! NO wait time! Healing Psychiatry of Florida is a growing psychiatric services in Central Florida. Sad? Anxious? Relationship issues? We have available counselors and Nurse Practitioners to help you with medication management and counseling. If you or your loved one is struggling with a mental health issue, we can help. Our approach and techniques reflect evidence-based improvements over the last 25 years in mental health treatment technology.
Call us today! We accept new patients, Adults and Adolescents! NO wait time! Healing Psychiatry of Florida is a growing psychiatric services in Central Florida. Sad? Anxious? Relationship issues? We have available counselors and Nurse Practitioners to help you with medication management and counseling. If you or your loved one is struggling with a mental health issue, we can help. Our approach and techniques reflect evidence-based improvements over the last 25 years in mental health treatment technology.
(321) 972-9215 View (321) 972-9215
Photo of Anton Dragonetti, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Florida
Anton Dragonetti
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Largo, FL 33778  (Online Only)
I listen to the individual’s needs and consider myself part of a team when working with clients. Our mission is to bridge the gap between patients and mental health services in the state of Florida through telehealth services. Anton Dragonetti believes in using evidence-based treatment modalities. He takes the time to complete prior authorizations so clients have access to the newest medications needed. He strives to look at each individual as a whole person and focuses on holistic treatment, which includes medication management, nutrition, exercise, and sleep hygiene practices.
I listen to the individual’s needs and consider myself part of a team when working with clients. Our mission is to bridge the gap between patients and mental health services in the state of Florida through telehealth services. Anton Dragonetti believes in using evidence-based treatment modalities. He takes the time to complete prior authorizations so clients have access to the newest medications needed. He strives to look at each individual as a whole person and focuses on holistic treatment, which includes medication management, nutrition, exercise, and sleep hygiene practices.
(727) 361-9123 View (727) 361-9123
Photo of Luis E Mendez Luaces, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Florida
Luis E Mendez Luaces
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33135
As a double-board certified Psychiatric and Family Nurse Practitioner, I am committed to providing a safe and non-judgmental space for my clients to explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences. My approach is rooted in empathy, compassion, and collaboration, as I believe in working together to create a path towards healing and growth. I strive to build a trusting and supportive therapeutic relationship with each individual, respecting their unique journey and values. It is my goal to empower my clients to discover their inner strengths and resilience, guiding them on their path to mental wellness and self-discovery.
As a double-board certified Psychiatric and Family Nurse Practitioner, I am committed to providing a safe and non-judgmental space for my clients to explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences. My approach is rooted in empathy, compassion, and collaboration, as I believe in working together to create a path towards healing and growth. I strive to build a trusting and supportive therapeutic relationship with each individual, respecting their unique journey and values. It is my goal to empower my clients to discover their inner strengths and resilience, guiding them on their path to mental wellness and self-discovery.
(786) 692-5455 View (786) 692-5455
Photo of Vivid Minds Mental Care, LLC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Florida
Vivid Minds Mental Care, LLC
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, APRN, PMHNP, FNP
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Ocoee, FL 34761  (Online Only)
Vivid Minds Mental Care was founded to provide comprehensive, individualized, modern and convenient mental health care. We believe that accessibility is key to effective care and long-lasting positive outcomes; therefore, providing telepsychiatry/telehealth services with a warm touch. We pride ourselves in prioritizing our patients' time and providing comfort and privacy when our patients need it most. We stride to instill hope, insight, inspiration, and empowerment that encourages patients to embrace psychiatric care and achieve treatment outcomes through patient-provider partnerships.
Vivid Minds Mental Care was founded to provide comprehensive, individualized, modern and convenient mental health care. We believe that accessibility is key to effective care and long-lasting positive outcomes; therefore, providing telepsychiatry/telehealth services with a warm touch. We pride ourselves in prioritizing our patients' time and providing comfort and privacy when our patients need it most. We stride to instill hope, insight, inspiration, and empowerment that encourages patients to embrace psychiatric care and achieve treatment outcomes through patient-provider partnerships.
(407) 809-1098 View (407) 809-1098
Photo of Lindsey Burd, Psychiatric Nurse in Florida
Lindsey Burd
Psychiatric Nurse, CRNP, PMHNP, MSN
Verified Verified
Saint Augustine, FL 32095  (Online Only)
Now Accepting New Patients! Over 10 years experience providing patient-centered mental health care to ages 6 years to 65 years. I work with you to offer holistic treatment, meaning you are treated as more than a diagnosis. Your lifestyle, unique challenges, and strengths are always considered. I work with patients to offer collaborative and integrative mental health care, with your needs and goals as part of the treatment plan. I offer personalized psychiatric care from the comfort of your own home via telepsychiatry.
Now Accepting New Patients! Over 10 years experience providing patient-centered mental health care to ages 6 years to 65 years. I work with you to offer holistic treatment, meaning you are treated as more than a diagnosis. Your lifestyle, unique challenges, and strengths are always considered. I work with patients to offer collaborative and integrative mental health care, with your needs and goals as part of the treatment plan. I offer personalized psychiatric care from the comfort of your own home via telepsychiatry.
(904) 454-8458 View (904) 454-8458
Positive Psychology Psychiatrists

How does positive psychology therapy work?

Positive psychology therapy derives from the work of Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania. He and others developed the field of positive psychology building on humanistic theory. Positive psychology therapy is similar to acceptance and commitment therapy, and it essentially quiets emotional distress through positivity, contentment, and well-being. This therapy does not reduce the individual to symptoms and conditions.

When do I know if I need treatment using positive psychology?

If an individual is overwhelmed by emotional distress and general negativity, they may feel trapped. A positive psychology therapist can help them view their emotions and behaviors differently, and approach life with a better understanding of their positive strengths. This therapy can provide an individual with the coping skills needed for a healthier and more constructive life.

What should I expect from positive psychology therapy?

The patient may be asked to explore their signature strengths. The therapist will also ask the individual to talk about their goals, which should be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and timely. Discussing negative experiences and symptoms is important, but so is the exploration of positive experiences. The objective is to identify and lessen negative thoughts and behaviors and move toward optimal health and productivity. The individual will see life in a more positive and fulfilling way. This therapy is proactive and may use forgiveness, gratitude, hope, and compassion to help reframe negativity.

Is positive psychology effective in therapy?

Positive psychology therapy is evidence-based and effective. One study found that people with eating disorders benefit from this type of intervention. This therapy encourages the person to reframe their distressed thoughts and move into healthier patterns of functioning. This therapy also aims to move an individual toward what works well in their life. Positive psychology therapy can elicit lifelong change, with higher levels of satisfaction, less stress, as well as positive emotional and behavioral habits.