Photo of Al Jerome Cruz, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Al Jerome Cruz
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, FNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98195
Al Jerome (AJ) is a dual board-certified Family & Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner specializing in adult psychiatric medication management. He also offers Intravenous Ketamine therapy and Nutritional Psychiatry services. He received his Doctoral degree and post-graduate psychiatric mental health certificate at Duke University. He utilizes a holistic, collaborative, and integrative approach to provide personalized, evidence-based, and non-judgmental psychiatric care. AJ highly values a therapeutic provider-client relationship built in trust, respect, and empathy.
Al Jerome (AJ) is a dual board-certified Family & Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner specializing in adult psychiatric medication management. He also offers Intravenous Ketamine therapy and Nutritional Psychiatry services. He received his Doctoral degree and post-graduate psychiatric mental health certificate at Duke University. He utilizes a holistic, collaborative, and integrative approach to provide personalized, evidence-based, and non-judgmental psychiatric care. AJ highly values a therapeutic provider-client relationship built in trust, respect, and empathy.
(360) 531-6869 View (360) 531-6869
Photo of Alex Tan, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Alex Tan
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, ND, MSN
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98107  (Online Only)
If you need help with ongoing medication management only, specially if you have recently moved to Seattle area - we keep several new patient appointment spots open daily for new patients.
Accepting New Patients for ADHD Management via Telehealth/In-Person. Are you looking to work with a medical provider who can help evaluate and manage ADHD? Adults with ADHD may struggle with staying focused, paying attention, completing projects and may feel impulsive and restless. This can affect your work, personal lives and relationships. I provide comprehensive evaluations to discern if your symptoms may be due to ADHD or other conditions, and provide both prescription and non-prescription options for treatment. I believe that ADHD can become a strength if it is managed properly and responsibly.
If you need help with ongoing medication management only, specially if you have recently moved to Seattle area - we keep several new patient appointment spots open daily for new patients.
Accepting New Patients for ADHD Management via Telehealth/In-Person. Are you looking to work with a medical provider who can help evaluate and manage ADHD? Adults with ADHD may struggle with staying focused, paying attention, completing projects and may feel impulsive and restless. This can affect your work, personal lives and relationships. I provide comprehensive evaluations to discern if your symptoms may be due to ADHD or other conditions, and provide both prescription and non-prescription options for treatment. I believe that ADHD can become a strength if it is managed properly and responsibly.
(206) 758-2148 View (206) 758-2148
Photo of Sean Dunn, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Sean Dunn
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, MSN, BSN, BA
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98107
I provide primarily medication management to teens and adults in a judgment free, empathetic setting.
I know all too well that finding the right provider can be a struggle. I run a client-centered practice, which means YOU come first. Through my patient portal, you can make your own appointments, submit refill requests, track lab results, and get in touch all without lifting a phone. I run an intentionally small-scale, streamlined practice, which means less logistical hassles and phone-tag. While in my care, you will be with a passionate provider who adheres to the most current and evidence-based practices. Learn more and reach out at www.atcpsychiatry.com
I provide primarily medication management to teens and adults in a judgment free, empathetic setting.
I know all too well that finding the right provider can be a struggle. I run a client-centered practice, which means YOU come first. Through my patient portal, you can make your own appointments, submit refill requests, track lab results, and get in touch all without lifting a phone. I run an intentionally small-scale, streamlined practice, which means less logistical hassles and phone-tag. While in my care, you will be with a passionate provider who adheres to the most current and evidence-based practices. Learn more and reach out at www.atcpsychiatry.com
(206) 202-3334 View (206) 202-3334
Photo of Shannon La Douce, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Shannon La Douce
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98105  (Online Only)
As a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner, I specialize in providing medication management with brief therapy.
FEB 2024 - Appointments available this week! I am passionate about supporting those who have dedicated their lives to service (of all types!). I am adept at working with the "givers" - people who are often over-extending to those around them. I am committed to creating a safe and judgment-free space for you to finally be the one that receives support. Whether you're a veteran navigating the challenges of post-service life, a healthcare provider managing pressures of the field, a mom juggling parenthood, or the friend who everyone turns to, I am here to partner with you to give YOU the support you deserve.
As a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner, I specialize in providing medication management with brief therapy.
FEB 2024 - Appointments available this week! I am passionate about supporting those who have dedicated their lives to service (of all types!). I am adept at working with the "givers" - people who are often over-extending to those around them. I am committed to creating a safe and judgment-free space for you to finally be the one that receives support. Whether you're a veteran navigating the challenges of post-service life, a healthcare provider managing pressures of the field, a mom juggling parenthood, or the friend who everyone turns to, I am here to partner with you to give YOU the support you deserve.
(206) 739-0245 View (206) 739-0245
Photo of ATC Psychiatry, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
ATC Psychiatry
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, MSN, BSN, BA
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98107
I provide primarily medication management to teens and adults in a judgment free, empathetic setting.
*IMMEDIATE, SAME-WEEK TELEHEALTH APPOINTMENTS AVAILABLE** I know all too well that finding the right provider can be a struggle. I run a client-centered practice, which means YOU come first. Through my patient portal, you can make your own appointments, submit refill requests, track lab results, and get in touch all without lifting a phone. I run an intentionally small-scale, streamlined practice, which means less logistical hassles and phone-tag. While in my care, you will be with a passionate provider who adheres to the most current and evidence-based practices. Reach out at www.atcpsychiatry.com and let's get started!
I provide primarily medication management to teens and adults in a judgment free, empathetic setting.
*IMMEDIATE, SAME-WEEK TELEHEALTH APPOINTMENTS AVAILABLE** I know all too well that finding the right provider can be a struggle. I run a client-centered practice, which means YOU come first. Through my patient portal, you can make your own appointments, submit refill requests, track lab results, and get in touch all without lifting a phone. I run an intentionally small-scale, streamlined practice, which means less logistical hassles and phone-tag. While in my care, you will be with a passionate provider who adheres to the most current and evidence-based practices. Reach out at www.atcpsychiatry.com and let's get started!
(206) 899-4123 View (206) 899-4123
Photo of Kiranjot (Kiran) K. Gill, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Kiranjot (Kiran) K. Gill
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98112
Accepting NEW patients. To schedule with Kiran please go to www.hushforms.com/soundmindrequest and complete the request form. - Everyone has strengths, no one is without strengths. “When you go through hardships and decide not to surrender, that is strength”. Kiran partners with clients to identify their challenges and strengths, explore opportunities for growth, and discover pathways for empowerment, ease and healing. She provides medication management for adults 18 to 60. Her expertise lies in treating depression, anxiety disorder, adult ADHD, and women's health.
Accepting NEW patients. To schedule with Kiran please go to www.hushforms.com/soundmindrequest and complete the request form. - Everyone has strengths, no one is without strengths. “When you go through hardships and decide not to surrender, that is strength”. Kiran partners with clients to identify their challenges and strengths, explore opportunities for growth, and discover pathways for empowerment, ease and healing. She provides medication management for adults 18 to 60. Her expertise lies in treating depression, anxiety disorder, adult ADHD, and women's health.
(206) 457-2689 View (206) 457-2689
Photo of Bethell Assefa, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Bethell Assefa
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, RN, MSN, ARNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98101
My practice centers around the concept of mind body connection. As a ARNP I have trained in both primary care and psychiatry and believe in an all-inclusive, as well as holistic approach to wellbeing. I treat most psychiatric disorders and provide both medication management and psychotherapy. I believe psychotherapy is an essential part of mental well-being. I have experience in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Interpersonal Neurobiology and Motivational interviewing.
My practice centers around the concept of mind body connection. As a ARNP I have trained in both primary care and psychiatry and believe in an all-inclusive, as well as holistic approach to wellbeing. I treat most psychiatric disorders and provide both medication management and psychotherapy. I believe psychotherapy is an essential part of mental well-being. I have experience in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Interpersonal Neurobiology and Motivational interviewing.
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Photo of Ashley Cyronak, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Ashley Cyronak
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98101  (Online Only)
Our mission is to enhance wellness and motivate self-improvement by strengthening minds. We offer high quality health care for patients seeking a trustworthy long-term psychiatric provider who can provide medication management and supportive counseling. The providers at Carative Psychiatry (CP) provide care to their patients using medical and mental health care models in order to treat the whole individual. The providers at CP are passionate about serving the community and helping others achieve their goals by using the Carative theory. Telepsychiatry practice serving Washington.
Our mission is to enhance wellness and motivate self-improvement by strengthening minds. We offer high quality health care for patients seeking a trustworthy long-term psychiatric provider who can provide medication management and supportive counseling. The providers at Carative Psychiatry (CP) provide care to their patients using medical and mental health care models in order to treat the whole individual. The providers at CP are passionate about serving the community and helping others achieve their goals by using the Carative theory. Telepsychiatry practice serving Washington.
(509) 738-1922 View (509) 738-1922
Photo of Hope Psychiatry & Associates, PLLC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Hope Psychiatry & Associates, PLLC
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, APRN, PMHNP-, BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98104
Hope Psychiatry & Associates is a Nurse Practitioner driven outpatient mental health clinic managed by our licensed-board certified Family Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Bernard K. Marfo. Our provider collaborates with an experienced Psychiatrist to provide client-centered mental health services for children, adolescent, and adult. We pride ourselves in providing culturally competent individualized psychiatric and behavioral services through medication management and brief therapy. Let us help you feel the very best and live a happier life by taking the first step today.
Hope Psychiatry & Associates is a Nurse Practitioner driven outpatient mental health clinic managed by our licensed-board certified Family Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Bernard K. Marfo. Our provider collaborates with an experienced Psychiatrist to provide client-centered mental health services for children, adolescent, and adult. We pride ourselves in providing culturally competent individualized psychiatric and behavioral services through medication management and brief therapy. Let us help you feel the very best and live a happier life by taking the first step today.
(972) 433-9774 View (972) 433-9774
Photo of Mindful Health Solutions, Psychiatrist in Seattle, WA
Mindful Health Solutions
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98125
My ideal patient is someone who is willing to collaborate with me to create the best treatment plan possible for their unique needs. I enjoy answering questions so each patient understands the process. I also aspire to be a supportive ally for patients who are LGBTQIA+ or from any other minority community.
My ideal patient is someone who is willing to collaborate with me to create the best treatment plan possible for their unique needs. I enjoy answering questions so each patient understands the process. I also aspire to be a supportive ally for patients who are LGBTQIA+ or from any other minority community.
(206) 590-4271 View (206) 590-4271
Photo of Dr. Eme Ukot, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Dr. Eme Ukot
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98104
PSYCH Acute CARE - Is STRESS, anxiety, depression, burnout, or overwhelming emotions preventing you from living your BEST Life? Longing for relief but feeling like you've tried everything to NUMB the pain without success? You don't have to face this alone; we can help. At AB Holistic, we believe in an integrative approach to HEALING that addresses your unique struggles with compassion and understanding. Our experienced team, led by Dr. Eme Blessing (dual board-certified PMHNP & FNP) and Dr. Joseph Mugenga will listen attentively to you, seeking to uncover the root causes of your distress because healing goes beyond medication.
PSYCH Acute CARE - Is STRESS, anxiety, depression, burnout, or overwhelming emotions preventing you from living your BEST Life? Longing for relief but feeling like you've tried everything to NUMB the pain without success? You don't have to face this alone; we can help. At AB Holistic, we believe in an integrative approach to HEALING that addresses your unique struggles with compassion and understanding. Our experienced team, led by Dr. Eme Blessing (dual board-certified PMHNP & FNP) and Dr. Joseph Mugenga will listen attentively to you, seeking to uncover the root causes of your distress because healing goes beyond medication.
(206) 752-5639 View (206) 752-5639
Photo of Jibran Ahmed, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Jibran Ahmed
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98125
I'm passionate about the importance of people having easy access to mental healthcare. Before joining the healthcare field, I taught in low-income and underserved communities. Seeing the impact that a lack of mental healthcare had in these areas drove me to return to school and begin a career focused on providing that much-needed care. In my eyes, treatment can significantly increase the quality of life both mentally as well as physically.
I'm passionate about the importance of people having easy access to mental healthcare. Before joining the healthcare field, I taught in low-income and underserved communities. Seeing the impact that a lack of mental healthcare had in these areas drove me to return to school and begin a career focused on providing that much-needed care. In my eyes, treatment can significantly increase the quality of life both mentally as well as physically.
(206) 984-3618 View (206) 984-3618
Photo of Joyce Aiyeojenku - New Mexico Texas Washington State, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Joyce Aiyeojenku - New Mexico Texas Washington State
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, APRN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98119  (Online Only)
Joyce Aiyeojenku PMHNP-BC is a board-certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner who has obtained rigorous training and is credentialed in providing individualized holistic care for each patient based on their unique needs. She specializes in treating and managing a wide range of psychiatric disorders such as Anxiety, Depression, Mood Disorders, Bipolar, PTSD and ADHD among others in various populations - child, adolescent and adult psychiatry.
Joyce Aiyeojenku PMHNP-BC is a board-certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner who has obtained rigorous training and is credentialed in providing individualized holistic care for each patient based on their unique needs. She specializes in treating and managing a wide range of psychiatric disorders such as Anxiety, Depression, Mood Disorders, Bipolar, PTSD and ADHD among others in various populations - child, adolescent and adult psychiatry.
(206) 944-3047 View (206) 944-3047
Photo of Debra Rice PLLC., Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Debra Rice PLLC.
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98107  (Online Only)
I am now accepting Medicare clients! Welcome to my practice! My extensive experience in Mental Health, over 20 years experience with adults, adolescents and children, includes both inpatient and outpatient contexts. Our journey toward your mental health goals entails a commitment to our partnership. I often remind my clients, We accomplish this together. I am the expert on mental health diagnoses, medications, and treatments, and you are the expert on you. To ensure successful treatment, and achieve your goals, we both need
I am now accepting Medicare clients! Welcome to my practice! My extensive experience in Mental Health, over 20 years experience with adults, adolescents and children, includes both inpatient and outpatient contexts. Our journey toward your mental health goals entails a commitment to our partnership. I often remind my clients, We accomplish this together. I am the expert on mental health diagnoses, medications, and treatments, and you are the expert on you. To ensure successful treatment, and achieve your goals, we both need
(509) 498-3826 View (509) 498-3826
Photo of Mindful Health Solutions, Psychiatrist in Seattle, WA
Mindful Health Solutions
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98125
I take a collaborative approach with my patients. I like to know what my patients’ goals are so I can tailor the treatment to help them achieve their goals as much as possible. Knowing what’s important to my patients helps me know what treatments to recommend or when to suggest a change to the treatment. I find that patients experience the most success if they are open to talking about their treatment options.
I take a collaborative approach with my patients. I like to know what my patients’ goals are so I can tailor the treatment to help them achieve their goals as much as possible. Knowing what’s important to my patients helps me know what treatments to recommend or when to suggest a change to the treatment. I find that patients experience the most success if they are open to talking about their treatment options.
(206) 222-6136 View (206) 222-6136
Photo of Roselyne Ogola-Mwangale Dnp Pmhnp, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Roselyne Ogola-Mwangale Dnp Pmhnp
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP, BC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98107  (Online Only)
Accepting NEW Client's. Dr. Roselyne Ogola-Mwangale DNP, PMHNP-BC is Accepting New Patients.. Email or Call to schedule your initial visit. I am a doctorate board certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner who believes in a collaborative behavioral health care model that is patient centered, evidence based enabling a holistic team based approach in treating your mental health illness. I have extensive healthcare background and I am honored to be at the foundation of your recovery journey. I completed my Doctorate degree from the University of Michigan. Experienced working with children, teens and adult population
Accepting NEW Client's. Dr. Roselyne Ogola-Mwangale DNP, PMHNP-BC is Accepting New Patients.. Email or Call to schedule your initial visit. I am a doctorate board certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner who believes in a collaborative behavioral health care model that is patient centered, evidence based enabling a holistic team based approach in treating your mental health illness. I have extensive healthcare background and I am honored to be at the foundation of your recovery journey. I completed my Doctorate degree from the University of Michigan. Experienced working with children, teens and adult population
(206) 589-8704 View (206) 589-8704
Photo of Ike Uzowulu, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Ike Uzowulu
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98121  (Online Only)
Ike is a board certified psychiatric mental health nurse practioner with over 12 years in psychiatric and behavioral health settings. Ike is affiliated with vardsurgentpsych.com and aims to provide mental health aid to people in areas that would otherwise be impossible to reach out to via tele-health. The effects of the pandemic and current life events have highlighted the need for increased access to mental health care. Mental illness and stress can affect all aspects of our life if not treated/addressed. Being that every person is a unique individual, we should be treated with respect.
Ike is a board certified psychiatric mental health nurse practioner with over 12 years in psychiatric and behavioral health settings. Ike is affiliated with vardsurgentpsych.com and aims to provide mental health aid to people in areas that would otherwise be impossible to reach out to via tele-health. The effects of the pandemic and current life events have highlighted the need for increased access to mental health care. Mental illness and stress can affect all aspects of our life if not treated/addressed. Being that every person is a unique individual, we should be treated with respect.
(804) 391-7002 View (804) 391-7002
Photo of Aaron Newman, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Aaron Newman
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, ARNP-BC, PMHNP
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98107  (Online Only)
As a board certified Psychiatric Mental health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC), I specialize in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental health conditions for children, adolescents and adults in my practice. My specialties include Anxiety, Stress, Depression, OCD, PTSD, Binge/Emotional Eating, Insomnia, and holistic, non-stimulant ADHD treatment, although I'm proficient in general psychiatry and many other conditions as well. My job is to guide you on the journey of wellness by maintaining a positive mindset, a collaborative partnership, and always striving for significant, holistic growth.
As a board certified Psychiatric Mental health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC), I specialize in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental health conditions for children, adolescents and adults in my practice. My specialties include Anxiety, Stress, Depression, OCD, PTSD, Binge/Emotional Eating, Insomnia, and holistic, non-stimulant ADHD treatment, although I'm proficient in general psychiatry and many other conditions as well. My job is to guide you on the journey of wellness by maintaining a positive mindset, a collaborative partnership, and always striving for significant, holistic growth.
(503) 751-8662 View (503) 751-8662
Photo of Carmen Samson, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Carmen Samson
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
13 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98101
Mental health should not be a taboo subject or a rushed intervention. Each person responds differently to life events. There should be no shame or stigma in sharing feelings and looking for help. I am here to help you find your balance and the correct treatment to regain yourself and succeed in life. I strive to offer excellent and individualized treatment (including medications and therapy), because each client is a unique individual who deserves understanding and is treated with dignity and respect.
Mental health should not be a taboo subject or a rushed intervention. Each person responds differently to life events. There should be no shame or stigma in sharing feelings and looking for help. I am here to help you find your balance and the correct treatment to regain yourself and succeed in life. I strive to offer excellent and individualized treatment (including medications and therapy), because each client is a unique individual who deserves understanding and is treated with dignity and respect.
(425) 215-1855 View (425) 215-1855
Photo of Beatrice Kiama, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Beatrice Kiama
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, DNP, ARNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98119  (Online Only)
I offer Telehealth appointments to all my clients in the comfort of their homes. I am a Board-Certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC) with a doctorate degree in Nursing, who is experienced in practicing Psychiatric services in outpatient, inpatient, and tele-psychiatry. I offer weekday appointments from 9am-9pm as well as Saturdays from 9am-2pm.
I offer Telehealth appointments to all my clients in the comfort of their homes. I am a Board-Certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC) with a doctorate degree in Nursing, who is experienced in practicing Psychiatric services in outpatient, inpatient, and tele-psychiatry. I offer weekday appointments from 9am-9pm as well as Saturdays from 9am-2pm.
(253) 878-7701 View (253) 878-7701
Medication Management Psychiatrists

What are the most effective ways to manage medications?

One of the most effective ways a patient can manage their medications is to keep a list of each drug and dosage they take. Such a list can be helpful in keeping to their schedule and can also be something they bring to their psychiatrist or other physician so that the healthcare provider has a clear picture of what they’re taking and in what quantity. Using a pill organizer can be useful for memory and organization. Patients should discuss their medications and their effects at every appointment.

What are the risks if medications are not managed properly?

A suboptimal approach to medication management can lead to potentially harmful health outcomes. Most psychiatric drugs have side effects, and if a patient is not aware of them, they may seek additional medical help or over the counter or prescription drugs to treat the side effects, which may have its own side effects, a process called “prescription cascade.” Another risk to disorganization is that a psychiatrist without full knowledge of a patient’s regimen could prescribe a medication that should not be mixed with a patient’s existing drugs.

What’s the best way to encourage someone to get help managing their medications?

It’s helpful to express concern and love for the person while framing medication management as a tool for improving their life and avoiding dangerous side effects. Offering specific examples of an individual’s failure to properly manage their medication regimen should be done with compassion and with empathy. It may be useful to break management down into parts, and there are several apps that can be used to organize which drugs are ingested, when they need to be refilled, and how they should be stored.

Are there natural treatments that can replace medications?

While there are many medications that can be vital to mental health, there are some natural lifestyle changes that can help reduce the need for drugs. Regular exercise, good sleep habits, a healthy diet, and therapy can all go a long way in symptom relief. Psychiatric medications typically treat symptoms but do not necessarily treat the cause of the condition. Many clinicians consider medications an adjunct to treatment rather than a treatment in and of itself.