Photo of Jennifer Hogan, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Jennifer Hogan
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98107
I am a Board- Certified Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner dedicated to developing trusting, collaborative, and effective working relationships with my clients. I believe in utilizing a holistic approach to mental health which can include psychotherapy, lifestyle and environmental modifications, and medication when necessary. The primary services I offer include comprehensive psychiatric evaluations and diagnosis, medication management, as well as psychoeducation and brief therapeutic interventions.
I am a Board- Certified Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner dedicated to developing trusting, collaborative, and effective working relationships with my clients. I believe in utilizing a holistic approach to mental health which can include psychotherapy, lifestyle and environmental modifications, and medication when necessary. The primary services I offer include comprehensive psychiatric evaluations and diagnosis, medication management, as well as psychoeducation and brief therapeutic interventions.
(206) 202-2436 View (206) 202-2436
Photo of Robyn Bennetts, Psychiatric Nurse in Seattle, WA
Robyn Bennetts
Psychiatric Nurse, MN, ARNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98168  (Online Only)
I provide brief supportive therapy and medication management.
I am a board certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner with prescriptive authority for individuals of all ages. I have 18 years of experience in a variety of settings. I provide medication management with brief supportive therapy. My goal is to help people at all stages of development achieve their greatest potential. It is my strong belief that biology, psychology, and social circumstances shape our experiences and how we react to our environment.
I provide brief supportive therapy and medication management.
I am a board certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner with prescriptive authority for individuals of all ages. I have 18 years of experience in a variety of settings. I provide medication management with brief supportive therapy. My goal is to help people at all stages of development achieve their greatest potential. It is my strong belief that biology, psychology, and social circumstances shape our experiences and how we react to our environment.
(425) 728-8214 View (425) 728-8214
Photo of Michael Weeks MD MSW Pllc, Psychiatrist in Seattle, WA
Michael Weeks MD MSW Pllc
Psychiatrist, MD, MSW
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98105
For those seeking a psychotherapist who values the complexity of the human experience and offers medication management when truly advantageous, please reach out.
With a rich background in mental health, I bring a unique blend of experience as a licensed clinical social worker, addiction specialist, and educator in psychology. However, at the heart of my practice, I am a dedicated psychotherapist. My journey in medicine, culminating in my board certification in Psychiatry in Washington State in 2017, has always been driven by a passion for understanding and nurturing the human psyche. While I am equipped to prescribe medication when it supports treatment, my primary focus is on delivering comprehensive psychodynamic psychotherapy for optimal patient care.
For those seeking a psychotherapist who values the complexity of the human experience and offers medication management when truly advantageous, please reach out.
With a rich background in mental health, I bring a unique blend of experience as a licensed clinical social worker, addiction specialist, and educator in psychology. However, at the heart of my practice, I am a dedicated psychotherapist. My journey in medicine, culminating in my board certification in Psychiatry in Washington State in 2017, has always been driven by a passion for understanding and nurturing the human psyche. While I am equipped to prescribe medication when it supports treatment, my primary focus is on delivering comprehensive psychodynamic psychotherapy for optimal patient care.
(206) 565-0641 View (206) 565-0641
Photo of Debbie Singh PMHNP / Ideal Mental Health , Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Debbie Singh PMHNP / Ideal Mental Health
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, FNP, PMHNP, -BC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98101
Accepting new clients: I specialize in treating adults and children with a wide range of mental health conditions, including Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, PTSD, Autism Medication Management, ADHD, ODD, and Learning Disabilities. If you're feeling overwhelmed, tired, irritable, struggling with daily tasks, experiencing poor concentration, sadness, anxiety, frequent mood swings, or anger issues, it's crucial not to let these symptoms define you. Seek help today, as many of these symptoms may be linked to your mental health and are often treatable. To schedule a free 15 consult visit our website.
Accepting new clients: I specialize in treating adults and children with a wide range of mental health conditions, including Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, PTSD, Autism Medication Management, ADHD, ODD, and Learning Disabilities. If you're feeling overwhelmed, tired, irritable, struggling with daily tasks, experiencing poor concentration, sadness, anxiety, frequent mood swings, or anger issues, it's crucial not to let these symptoms define you. Seek help today, as many of these symptoms may be linked to your mental health and are often treatable. To schedule a free 15 consult visit our website.
(206) 558-0121 View (206) 558-0121
Francine Buckner
Psychiatric Nurse, ARNP, MS
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98134
I offer counseling, psychotherapy, and medication management to adults of all ages and from all walks of life. My philosophy is that this kind of work is deeply collaborative and that the client and I work together as a team to help navigate whatever challenges they face with the clarity and resilience needed to flourish despite difficulty. I believe that the mind and body are deeply integrated and that both must be addressed in order to heal from difficulty and to face whatever challenges the future holds.
I offer counseling, psychotherapy, and medication management to adults of all ages and from all walks of life. My philosophy is that this kind of work is deeply collaborative and that the client and I work together as a team to help navigate whatever challenges they face with the clarity and resilience needed to flourish despite difficulty. I believe that the mind and body are deeply integrated and that both must be addressed in order to heal from difficulty and to face whatever challenges the future holds.
(206) 222-0340 View (206) 222-0340
Photo of LaToyia Neal, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
LaToyia Neal
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, FNP
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98119  (Online Only)
I have been providing individualized quality psychiatric care consisting of comprehensive assessments, medication management, and individualized psychosocial therapy to clients suffering from numerous chronic conditions.
​ I am a highly motivated board-certified Advanced Practice Registered Nurse. I have over 10 years of nursing experience. I received my Bachelor of Science in Nursing Degree from Georgia Southwestern State University in 2011. In 2017 I obtained my Master of Science in Nursing (APRN) degree from Clayton State University and my Post Masters Psychiatric Mental Health Degree in July 2021 from Valdosta State University.
I have been providing individualized quality psychiatric care consisting of comprehensive assessments, medication management, and individualized psychosocial therapy to clients suffering from numerous chronic conditions.
​ I am a highly motivated board-certified Advanced Practice Registered Nurse. I have over 10 years of nursing experience. I received my Bachelor of Science in Nursing Degree from Georgia Southwestern State University in 2011. In 2017 I obtained my Master of Science in Nursing (APRN) degree from Clayton State University and my Post Masters Psychiatric Mental Health Degree in July 2021 from Valdosta State University.
(425) 264-8699 View (425) 264-8699
Photo of Kiranjot (Kiran) K. Gill, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Kiranjot (Kiran) K. Gill
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98112
Accepting NEW patients. To schedule with Kiran please go to www.hushforms.com/soundmindrequest and complete the request form. - Everyone has strengths, no one is without strengths. “When you go through hardships and decide not to surrender, that is strength”. Kiran partners with clients to identify their challenges and strengths, explore opportunities for growth, and discover pathways for empowerment, ease and healing. She provides medication management for adults 18 to 60. Her expertise lies in treating depression, anxiety disorder, adult ADHD, and women's health.
Accepting NEW patients. To schedule with Kiran please go to www.hushforms.com/soundmindrequest and complete the request form. - Everyone has strengths, no one is without strengths. “When you go through hardships and decide not to surrender, that is strength”. Kiran partners with clients to identify their challenges and strengths, explore opportunities for growth, and discover pathways for empowerment, ease and healing. She provides medication management for adults 18 to 60. Her expertise lies in treating depression, anxiety disorder, adult ADHD, and women's health.
(206) 457-2689 View (206) 457-2689
Divine Behavioral health Services LLC
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, ARNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98122
We are accepting new clients of all ages for psychiatry evaluation and medication management options. We offer a holistic approach to care, and the treatment plan is tailored toward the client's goal. Divine Behavioral Health Services LLC provides clients with the opportunity to feel safe to talk about mental health challenges without fear or shame. We discuss treatment plans and provide education that allows you to make an informed decision about the care that is right for you.
We are accepting new clients of all ages for psychiatry evaluation and medication management options. We offer a holistic approach to care, and the treatment plan is tailored toward the client's goal. Divine Behavioral Health Services LLC provides clients with the opportunity to feel safe to talk about mental health challenges without fear or shame. We discuss treatment plans and provide education that allows you to make an informed decision about the care that is right for you.
(206) 290-7385 View (206) 290-7385
Photo of Travis Damico | TMS Therapy, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Travis Damico | TMS Therapy
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, ARNP, MS
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98116
Our anxiety about the state of the world is a normal response to the abnormal stressors facing so many of us. The collective concerns that we all face coupled with our own individual worries can make life feel overwhelming. I have worked as a Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner since 2007 and my private practice is focused on looking within. Working with individuals to focus and heal the one person we can control: ourselves. I am a strong proponent of meditation and medication. My approach is to align my work according to YOUR values.
Our anxiety about the state of the world is a normal response to the abnormal stressors facing so many of us. The collective concerns that we all face coupled with our own individual worries can make life feel overwhelming. I have worked as a Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner since 2007 and my private practice is focused on looking within. Working with individuals to focus and heal the one person we can control: ourselves. I am a strong proponent of meditation and medication. My approach is to align my work according to YOUR values.
(206) 823-3248 View (206) 823-3248
Photo of Danielle Simpson@ Family Psychiatry, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Danielle Simpson@ Family Psychiatry
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, ARNP
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98103  (Online Only)
Accepting New Patients. I am a Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Nurse practitioner that treats individuals throughout the lifespan, from early childhood into adulthood. She specializes in treating ADHD, Anxiety and Mood disorders and Autism spectrum disorders. She utilizes both pharmacologic treatment and psychotherapy techniques. In addition, she works with patients on interpersonal growth and professional developmental.
Accepting New Patients. I am a Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Nurse practitioner that treats individuals throughout the lifespan, from early childhood into adulthood. She specializes in treating ADHD, Anxiety and Mood disorders and Autism spectrum disorders. She utilizes both pharmacologic treatment and psychotherapy techniques. In addition, she works with patients on interpersonal growth and professional developmental.
(206) 501-4342 View (206) 501-4342
Photo of Ideal Mental Health and Wellness - Debbie Singh , Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Ideal Mental Health and Wellness - Debbie Singh
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, ARNP, FNP, PMHNPBC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98101
Taking New Clients - Working with adults and children who have a variety of mental health conditions and symptoms, including Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar, Schizophrenia, PTSD, Autism, ODD, and poor concentration. I look forward to helping you on your journey to wellness. My name is Debbie Singh, FNP, PMHNP-BC. Are you feeling overwhelmed, exhausted, irritable, unable to keep up with daily tasks, have poor concentration, feeling sad and anxious, are you experiencing frequent mood swings and anger? Don't let these symptoms define you; get help; often, these symptoms may be related to your mental health in many cases.
Taking New Clients - Working with adults and children who have a variety of mental health conditions and symptoms, including Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar, Schizophrenia, PTSD, Autism, ODD, and poor concentration. I look forward to helping you on your journey to wellness. My name is Debbie Singh, FNP, PMHNP-BC. Are you feeling overwhelmed, exhausted, irritable, unable to keep up with daily tasks, have poor concentration, feeling sad and anxious, are you experiencing frequent mood swings and anger? Don't let these symptoms define you; get help; often, these symptoms may be related to your mental health in many cases.
(206) 278-4533 View (206) 278-4533
Photo of Glory Nwankwo, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Glory Nwankwo
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, APRN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98107  (Online Only)
Dr. Nwankwo is a doctoral prepared and licensed dual board certified Family Nurse Practitioner and Psychiatry-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner. She received her Doctor of Nursing Practice and Post Masters Certification in Psychiatric Mental Healthcare from Brandman University, Irvine California, and Master of Science as a Family Nurse Practitioner from Walden University, Minnesota. Dr. Nwankwo provides her clients with empathetic, evidence-based, patient-centered care with the goal of restoring health and balance. She assesses, diagnoses, and treats mental health disorders using pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic interventions.
Dr. Nwankwo is a doctoral prepared and licensed dual board certified Family Nurse Practitioner and Psychiatry-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner. She received her Doctor of Nursing Practice and Post Masters Certification in Psychiatric Mental Healthcare from Brandman University, Irvine California, and Master of Science as a Family Nurse Practitioner from Walden University, Minnesota. Dr. Nwankwo provides her clients with empathetic, evidence-based, patient-centered care with the goal of restoring health and balance. She assesses, diagnoses, and treats mental health disorders using pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic interventions.
(425) 386-5331 View (425) 386-5331
Photo of Achie Eneh, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Achie Eneh
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, FNP
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98119  (Online Only)
Accepting New Clients! Achie Eneh is a dual board-certified Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) and Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) across the lifespan. She obtained her FNP degree at South University Savannah, GA and her Post-master's PMHNP degree at Liberty University, Va. She has over 9 years experience in the nursing field providing holistic care to individuals across the lifespan. She is licensed in WA, OR, NV, AZ, GA, MT, FL and TX.
Accepting New Clients! Achie Eneh is a dual board-certified Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) and Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) across the lifespan. She obtained her FNP degree at South University Savannah, GA and her Post-master's PMHNP degree at Liberty University, Va. She has over 9 years experience in the nursing field providing holistic care to individuals across the lifespan. She is licensed in WA, OR, NV, AZ, GA, MT, FL and TX.
(206) 558-0333 View (206) 558-0333
Photo of Beatrice Kiama, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Beatrice Kiama
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, DNP, ARNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98119  (Online Only)
I offer Telehealth appointments to all my clients in the comfort of their homes. I am a Board-Certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC) with a doctorate degree in Nursing, who is experienced in practicing Psychiatric services in outpatient, inpatient, and tele-psychiatry. I offer weekday appointments from 9am-9pm as well as Saturdays from 9am-2pm.
I offer Telehealth appointments to all my clients in the comfort of their homes. I am a Board-Certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC) with a doctorate degree in Nursing, who is experienced in practicing Psychiatric services in outpatient, inpatient, and tele-psychiatry. I offer weekday appointments from 9am-9pm as well as Saturdays from 9am-2pm.
(253) 878-7701 View (253) 878-7701
Photo of Dr. Alison DeMiero, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Dr. Alison DeMiero
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98119  (Online Only)
You don't have to do everything alone. Allow me to partner with you as you embark on a new journey of healing! As a board certified psychiatric nurse practitioner, I have full practice and full prescriptive authority. I provide 100% telemedicine appointments for residents throughout Washington State.
You don't have to do everything alone. Allow me to partner with you as you embark on a new journey of healing! As a board certified psychiatric nurse practitioner, I have full practice and full prescriptive authority. I provide 100% telemedicine appointments for residents throughout Washington State.
(253) 259-2853 View (253) 259-2853
Photo of Laura Radocchia, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Laura Radocchia
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, ARNP, PMHNP, PMH-C, RYT
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98114
Hi! I'm Laura Radocchia, ARNP, PMHNP-BC, PMH-C, RYT. I believe in your natural resilience and have current openings to help you along your journey. As a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP), I provide many types of treatment, from therapy to psychiatric medications and integrative treatments. Integrative can mean supplements, vitamins, and herbs, as well as exploring the whole context of your wellbeing across a range of vital dimensions (nutritional, behavioral, social, physical, emotional, spiritual, occupational, environmental, etc.).
Hi! I'm Laura Radocchia, ARNP, PMHNP-BC, PMH-C, RYT. I believe in your natural resilience and have current openings to help you along your journey. As a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP), I provide many types of treatment, from therapy to psychiatric medications and integrative treatments. Integrative can mean supplements, vitamins, and herbs, as well as exploring the whole context of your wellbeing across a range of vital dimensions (nutritional, behavioral, social, physical, emotional, spiritual, occupational, environmental, etc.).
(206) 208-0722 View (206) 208-0722
Photo of Laura Donnell, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Laura Donnell
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, ARNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98109
Not accepting new clients
Welcome! I am a board certified family Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner trained in psychiatric medication management and therapy. Whether you are interested in finding a medication prescriber who can continue a treatment regimen that is already working well, seeking psychiatric services for the first time, or rectifying improper diagnosis and/or treatment, I am excited to work with you to achieve your goals. Many people suffer for months or years because anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, ADHD, or a myriad of other mental health problems have been improperly diagnosed or undiagnosed altogether.
Welcome! I am a board certified family Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner trained in psychiatric medication management and therapy. Whether you are interested in finding a medication prescriber who can continue a treatment regimen that is already working well, seeking psychiatric services for the first time, or rectifying improper diagnosis and/or treatment, I am excited to work with you to achieve your goals. Many people suffer for months or years because anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, ADHD, or a myriad of other mental health problems have been improperly diagnosed or undiagnosed altogether.
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More Psychiatrists Nearby

Photo of Jasmine Elia, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Jasmine Elia
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, APRN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellevue, WA 98006
Jasmine Elia is a board certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner. She understands mental health and provides safe treatment approaches. Jasmine also delivers effective & personalized responses. She provides treatment for adolescents and adults, ages 13 to 65+. Jasmine treats most psychiatric disorders & provide medication management and brief psychotherapy. She offers evidence-based treatment for various conditions, including depression, anxiety, stress, bipolar, ADHD (evaluation & Treatment), postpartum depression, and phase of life transitions tailored to our client's needs in a safe and confidential environment.
Jasmine Elia is a board certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner. She understands mental health and provides safe treatment approaches. Jasmine also delivers effective & personalized responses. She provides treatment for adolescents and adults, ages 13 to 65+. Jasmine treats most psychiatric disorders & provide medication management and brief psychotherapy. She offers evidence-based treatment for various conditions, including depression, anxiety, stress, bipolar, ADHD (evaluation & Treatment), postpartum depression, and phase of life transitions tailored to our client's needs in a safe and confidential environment.
(206) 429-4340 View (206) 429-4340
Photo of Adrianne Papoff-Wallace, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Seattle, WA
Adrianne Papoff-Wallace
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, ARNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Bainbridge Island, WA 98110  (Online Only)
I am a Telehealth provider in the state of Washington and am also licensed in the state of Alaska. I offer psychiatric medication management and weight loss coaching services. I believe in treating the whole person, not the disease process. I take into account your whole life and how we can use medication and/or therapy to help you achieve your goals. I look forward to meeting you and seeing how I can be of help. I am currently accepting new patients for medication management and weight loss coaching/therapy.
I am a Telehealth provider in the state of Washington and am also licensed in the state of Alaska. I offer psychiatric medication management and weight loss coaching services. I believe in treating the whole person, not the disease process. I take into account your whole life and how we can use medication and/or therapy to help you achieve your goals. I look forward to meeting you and seeing how I can be of help. I am currently accepting new patients for medication management and weight loss coaching/therapy.
(206) 203-1895 View (206) 203-1895
Photo of Sid Siahpush, Psychiatrist in Seattle, WA
Sid Siahpush
Psychiatrist, MD, PhD, MPH, CGP
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98004  (Online Only)
ACCEPTING NEW PATIENTS, EVENING HOURS/WEEKENDS AVAILABLE. Do you seek a compassionate Psychiatrist who believes in a collaborative approach to improve your emotional and physical health? One who values your trust and forges a caring connection with you, to support your growth through the evidence-based conventional psychiatry and broader holistic approach? ** Hi, I am Dr. Sid. I work with my patients to find a well-rounded approach to emotional wellness that includes medication management, therapy, collaborating with your therapist, and strategies for engaging in balanced exercise, nutrition, and relationships.
ACCEPTING NEW PATIENTS, EVENING HOURS/WEEKENDS AVAILABLE. Do you seek a compassionate Psychiatrist who believes in a collaborative approach to improve your emotional and physical health? One who values your trust and forges a caring connection with you, to support your growth through the evidence-based conventional psychiatry and broader holistic approach? ** Hi, I am Dr. Sid. I work with my patients to find a well-rounded approach to emotional wellness that includes medication management, therapy, collaborating with your therapist, and strategies for engaging in balanced exercise, nutrition, and relationships.
(425) 620-2926 View (425) 620-2926
Medication Management Psychiatrists

What are the most effective ways to manage medications?

One of the most effective ways a patient can manage their medications is to keep a list of each drug and dosage they take. Such a list can be helpful in keeping to their schedule and can also be something they bring to their psychiatrist or other physician so that the healthcare provider has a clear picture of what they’re taking and in what quantity. Using a pill organizer can be useful for memory and organization. Patients should discuss their medications and their effects at every appointment.

What are the risks if medications are not managed properly?

A suboptimal approach to medication management can lead to potentially harmful health outcomes. Most psychiatric drugs have side effects, and if a patient is not aware of them, they may seek additional medical help or over the counter or prescription drugs to treat the side effects, which may have its own side effects, a process called “prescription cascade.” Another risk to disorganization is that a psychiatrist without full knowledge of a patient’s regimen could prescribe a medication that should not be mixed with a patient’s existing drugs.

What’s the best way to encourage someone to get help managing their medications?

It’s helpful to express concern and love for the person while framing medication management as a tool for improving their life and avoiding dangerous side effects. Offering specific examples of an individual’s failure to properly manage their medication regimen should be done with compassion and with empathy. It may be useful to break management down into parts, and there are several apps that can be used to organize which drugs are ingested, when they need to be refilled, and how they should be stored.

Are there natural treatments that can replace medications?

While there are many medications that can be vital to mental health, there are some natural lifestyle changes that can help reduce the need for drugs. Regular exercise, good sleep habits, a healthy diet, and therapy can all go a long way in symptom relief. Psychiatric medications typically treat symptoms but do not necessarily treat the cause of the condition. Many clinicians consider medications an adjunct to treatment rather than a treatment in and of itself.