Women's Issues Psychiatrists in Orlando, FL

Photo of Marcia Starkman, Psychiatric Nurse, MSN, APRN, PMHCNS, BC
Marcia Starkman
Psychiatric Nurse, MSN, APRN, PMHCNS, BC
Online Only
Things are tough all over! It can be hard to ask for & find help. I’m a warm, compassionate, Psychiatric Clinical Nurse Specialist in solo practice. I ONLY do "talk therapy,” using a combination of methods. I do NOT provide OR refill ADHD meds OR ANY prescriptions! Confidential (e-mail, text, phone and remote) - whatever way works for you. I mainly work with women, but welcome everyone! My specialties are adult AuADHD, reproductive mental health (PMS, Perinatal MAD, losses, menopause), anxiety/mood disorders, BPD, HSPs, loneliness, life transitions, disordered eating, digital nomads, nurses, emerging adults & college students.
Things are tough all over! It can be hard to ask for & find help. I’m a warm, compassionate, Psychiatric Clinical Nurse Specialist in solo practice. I ONLY do "talk therapy,” using a combination of methods. I do NOT provide OR refill ADHD meds OR ANY prescriptions! Confidential (e-mail, text, phone and remote) - whatever way works for you. I mainly work with women, but welcome everyone! My specialties are adult AuADHD, reproductive mental health (PMS, Perinatal MAD, losses, menopause), anxiety/mood disorders, BPD, HSPs, loneliness, life transitions, disordered eating, digital nomads, nurses, emerging adults & college students.
(267) 609-5744 View (267) 609-5744
Photo of Anna Stouffer, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MS, FNP, PMHNP
Anna Stouffer
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MS, FNP, PMHNP
1 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32803
Welcome! I am a dual-board-certified Family Nurse Practitioner and Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner with over a decade of experience in providing compassionate care to a diverse range of adolescents and adults. I take a personalized approach to treatment, ensuring each individual receives the support they need.
Welcome! I am a dual-board-certified Family Nurse Practitioner and Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner with over a decade of experience in providing compassionate care to a diverse range of adolescents and adults. I take a personalized approach to treatment, ensuring each individual receives the support they need.
(813) 686-5759 View (813) 686-5759
Photo of Elisabeth King, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, ARNP
Elisabeth King
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, ARNP
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I work with adolescents and adults struggling with anxiety, ADHD, mood changes, and life transitions. Many feel overwhelmed, stuck, or unable to keep up with daily demands and are looking for clarity and relief. My approach is collaborative, supportive, and evidence-based, combining medication management with practical strategies tailored to each individual. I provide a non-judgmental space where clients feel heard and understood. Together, we focus on improving focus, stabilizing mood, reducing stress, and building sustainable routines so you can move forward with greater confidence and balance.
I work with adolescents and adults struggling with anxiety, ADHD, mood changes, and life transitions. Many feel overwhelmed, stuck, or unable to keep up with daily demands and are looking for clarity and relief. My approach is collaborative, supportive, and evidence-based, combining medication management with practical strategies tailored to each individual. I provide a non-judgmental space where clients feel heard and understood. Together, we focus on improving focus, stabilizing mood, reducing stress, and building sustainable routines so you can move forward with greater confidence and balance.
(352) 661-2006 View (352) 661-2006
Photo of Sarah Gardner, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP, WHNP
Sarah Gardner
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP, WHNP
Serves Area
Most of my clients have come to me as adults wondering whether they could possibly have undiagnosed ADHD or needing treatment. Many of them had been misdiagnosed in the past with depression, anxiety, or even bipolar disorder, but these never seemed quite right or the treatments never helped. Many have noticed that the strategies that previously worked for them at one time are no longer doing enough to manage all their overflowing responsibilities effectively and they are overwhelmed and burnt out. Some of my other clients come to me with concerns about managing mental health in the setting of pregnancy, postpartum, and lactation.
Most of my clients have come to me as adults wondering whether they could possibly have undiagnosed ADHD or needing treatment. Many of them had been misdiagnosed in the past with depression, anxiety, or even bipolar disorder, but these never seemed quite right or the treatments never helped. Many have noticed that the strategies that previously worked for them at one time are no longer doing enough to manage all their overflowing responsibilities effectively and they are overwhelmed and burnt out. Some of my other clients come to me with concerns about managing mental health in the setting of pregnancy, postpartum, and lactation.
(813) 797-4875 View (813) 797-4875
Photo of Angela (Angel) Davenport, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, APRN, PMHNP
Angela (Angel) Davenport
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, APRN, PMHNP
7 Endorsed
Online Only
As a PMHNP since 2017, I have enjoyed working with a wide range of patients and their families. Women’s mental health issues are close to my heart. But, most of all, I value creating effective therapeutic relationships to promote the best outcomes for my patients. I love to address every aspect of wellness that’s relevant and feels appropriate for my patient’s goals and values, including spiritual, nutritional, and relational wellness. I am happy to offer further discussion, exploration, resources, and referrals to address these holistic areas of wellness when the needs arise.
As a PMHNP since 2017, I have enjoyed working with a wide range of patients and their families. Women’s mental health issues are close to my heart. But, most of all, I value creating effective therapeutic relationships to promote the best outcomes for my patients. I love to address every aspect of wellness that’s relevant and feels appropriate for my patient’s goals and values, including spiritual, nutritional, and relational wellness. I am happy to offer further discussion, exploration, resources, and referrals to address these holistic areas of wellness when the needs arise.
(727) 349-4589 View (727) 349-4589
Photo of Stephanie Sweeny - Stephanie Sweeny @ Women's MH Specialists, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, CNM
Stephanie Sweeny @ Women's MH Specialists
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, CNM
3 Endorsed
Online Only
I built Women’s Mental Health Specialists because I know what it feels like to be unheard, misdiagnosed, or stuck in a treatment that just isn’t working. Women’s mental health is complex, and too often, it’s treated with guesswork. I refuse to let that happen here. My mission is to get the diagnosis right, build a team that actually supports you, and create a plan that gets real results. Whether you’re struggling with ADHD, trauma, anxiety, or the impact of hormonal shifts, I’m here to help you understand what’s happening, regain control, and move forward with confidence.
I built Women’s Mental Health Specialists because I know what it feels like to be unheard, misdiagnosed, or stuck in a treatment that just isn’t working. Women’s mental health is complex, and too often, it’s treated with guesswork. I refuse to let that happen here. My mission is to get the diagnosis right, build a team that actually supports you, and create a plan that gets real results. Whether you’re struggling with ADHD, trauma, anxiety, or the impact of hormonal shifts, I’m here to help you understand what’s happening, regain control, and move forward with confidence.
(727) 496-7987 View (727) 496-7987
Photo of Anamaria Shanley - Shared Purpose, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, APRN, PMHNP-C, FNP-C
Shared Purpose
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, APRN, PMHNP-C, FNP-C
Orlando, FL 32828
Anamaria Shanley has been practicing as a Nurse Practitioner since 2005 in the Orlando area. I have worked in the areas of Women's Health, Primary Care, Behavioral Neurology, and Psychiatry. I draw on my experience to get to know my patients holistically to therefore develop a plan of care that works for each individual. I've had difficulty finding Psychiatric providers for my patients through the years and for this reason, as well as my interest in behavior and psychopharmacology, I sought additional education and national certification in Psychiatry.
Anamaria Shanley has been practicing as a Nurse Practitioner since 2005 in the Orlando area. I have worked in the areas of Women's Health, Primary Care, Behavioral Neurology, and Psychiatry. I draw on my experience to get to know my patients holistically to therefore develop a plan of care that works for each individual. I've had difficulty finding Psychiatric providers for my patients through the years and for this reason, as well as my interest in behavior and psychopharmacology, I sought additional education and national certification in Psychiatry.
(407) 863-9025 View (407) 863-9025
Photo of Stacey Whitaker, Physician Assistant, MMS, PA-C
Stacey Whitaker
Physician Assistant, MMS, PA-C
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Life feels harder than it should. Maybe you’re a parent holding it together for everyone else, a college student trying to stay afloat, or someone who’s never tried psychiatric meds before—but is finally ready to explore them. You’re tired of second-guessing yourself, overwhelmed and ready for steady support. I offer thoughtful medication management for adults navigating tough transitions, OCD, anxiety or depression —delivered with calm, respectful care and no pressure to be anyone other than who you are.
Life feels harder than it should. Maybe you’re a parent holding it together for everyone else, a college student trying to stay afloat, or someone who’s never tried psychiatric meds before—but is finally ready to explore them. You’re tired of second-guessing yourself, overwhelmed and ready for steady support. I offer thoughtful medication management for adults navigating tough transitions, OCD, anxiety or depression —delivered with calm, respectful care and no pressure to be anyone other than who you are.
(321) 475-6416 View (321) 475-6416
Photo of Dr. Katrina Kesterson, Psychiatrist, MD
Dr. Katrina Kesterson
Psychiatrist, MD
3 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32839
As a psychiatrist at Inlight Psychiatry & Therapy, I am committed to treating a variety of conditions, including ADHD, depression, anxiety, panic attacks, OCD, PTSD, among others. My extensive experience has equipped me to address both common and complex mental health needs with compassion and expertise. I understand the importance of a supportive and personalized approach to care, which enables me to offer empathetic and effective treatment plans tailored to each individual’s unique circumstances.
As a psychiatrist at Inlight Psychiatry & Therapy, I am committed to treating a variety of conditions, including ADHD, depression, anxiety, panic attacks, OCD, PTSD, among others. My extensive experience has equipped me to address both common and complex mental health needs with compassion and expertise. I understand the importance of a supportive and personalized approach to care, which enables me to offer empathetic and effective treatment plans tailored to each individual’s unique circumstances.
(407) 477-4060 View (407) 477-4060
Photo of Christine Ranum, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP, BC
Christine Ranum
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP, BC
1 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32832
I am a board-certified Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner with a background in behavioral health and a passion for integrative mental wellness. I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, mood disorders, and life transitions using a whole-person approach that blends evidence-based psychiatric care with nutrition, lifestyle interventions, and mindfulness. My patient care philosophy centers on compassion, collaboration, and empowerment. I believe in meeting each person where they are, listening deeply, and working together to create personalized plans that support long-term healing and emotional well-being.
I am a board-certified Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner with a background in behavioral health and a passion for integrative mental wellness. I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, mood disorders, and life transitions using a whole-person approach that blends evidence-based psychiatric care with nutrition, lifestyle interventions, and mindfulness. My patient care philosophy centers on compassion, collaboration, and empowerment. I believe in meeting each person where they are, listening deeply, and working together to create personalized plans that support long-term healing and emotional well-being.
(321) 401-8219 View (321) 401-8219
Photo of Dr. Zainab Saherwala, Psychiatrist, DO
Dr. Zainab Saherwala
Psychiatrist, DO
Orlando, FL 32801
Finding the 'why' behind each patient’s story is at the heart of Dr. Saherwala’s approach. To achieve this, she expertly blends psychodynamic therapy with a strategic use of medication management. Board-certified and dedicated, Dr. Saherwala looks beyond surface-level symptoms to find the root of challenges. With a patient-first approach, she thoroughly explores each case from social, medical, and psychological angles. You will feel truly seen and supported throughout your journey.
Finding the 'why' behind each patient’s story is at the heart of Dr. Saherwala’s approach. To achieve this, she expertly blends psychodynamic therapy with a strategic use of medication management. Board-certified and dedicated, Dr. Saherwala looks beyond surface-level symptoms to find the root of challenges. With a patient-first approach, she thoroughly explores each case from social, medical, and psychological angles. You will feel truly seen and supported throughout your journey.
(857) 244-0119 View (857) 244-0119
Photo of Sherin M Parvez - Silver Lining Psychiatry, Psychiatrist, MD
Silver Lining Psychiatry
Psychiatrist, MD
Orlando, FL 32801
Dr. Sherin Parvez is an experienced psychiatrist who specializes in adult mental health diagnosis & treatment. She is up to date with the current cutting edge advancements in the medical field of Psychiatry. She seamlessly combines her training & experience into her practice. Dr. Parvez has more than 10 years of experience in the medical field, which includes her work in Internal Medicine, ObGyn, NeuroPsych, and General Psychiatry. She finished her residency at the University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Columbia.
Dr. Sherin Parvez is an experienced psychiatrist who specializes in adult mental health diagnosis & treatment. She is up to date with the current cutting edge advancements in the medical field of Psychiatry. She seamlessly combines her training & experience into her practice. Dr. Parvez has more than 10 years of experience in the medical field, which includes her work in Internal Medicine, ObGyn, NeuroPsych, and General Psychiatry. She finished her residency at the University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Columbia.
(689) 263-9657 View (689) 263-9657
Photo of Rose Adonis - Adonai Health and Wellness LLC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, BC
Adonai Health and Wellness LLC
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, BC
1 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32835
Hi, I’m Rose Adonis, a board-certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC). I understand that reaching out for psychiatric support isn’t easy especially if past treatment didn’t help or left you feeling rushed or unheard. I take the time to slow things down, listen carefully, and understand what you’re actually experiencing. My approach to care is thoughtful, honest, and collaborative. I believe care works best when you’re involved, so I explain options clearly, discuss benefits and risks openly, and welcome your input at every step. We make decisions together, at a pace that feels comfortable for you.
Hi, I’m Rose Adonis, a board-certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC). I understand that reaching out for psychiatric support isn’t easy especially if past treatment didn’t help or left you feeling rushed or unheard. I take the time to slow things down, listen carefully, and understand what you’re actually experiencing. My approach to care is thoughtful, honest, and collaborative. I believe care works best when you’re involved, so I explain options clearly, discuss benefits and risks openly, and welcome your input at every step. We make decisions together, at a pace that feels comfortable for you.
(321) 364-3398 View (321) 364-3398
Photo of Alicia Bulin, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Alicia Bulin
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Online Only
Welcoming New Patients! Alicia is a board-certified psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) at Bonmente, a full-service mental health clinic that offers online appointments, accepts insurance (Aetna, Anthem, Blue Cross, Cigna, United, and more), and has same-week appointments available. She has more than 15 years of experience providing compassionate, evidence-based mental health care. Known for her compassionate, constructive approach, she supports her clients to make practical, sustaining changes to improve mental wellbeing. She also offers medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for alcohol and opioid use disorders.
Welcoming New Patients! Alicia is a board-certified psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) at Bonmente, a full-service mental health clinic that offers online appointments, accepts insurance (Aetna, Anthem, Blue Cross, Cigna, United, and more), and has same-week appointments available. She has more than 15 years of experience providing compassionate, evidence-based mental health care. Known for her compassionate, constructive approach, she supports her clients to make practical, sustaining changes to improve mental wellbeing. She also offers medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for alcohol and opioid use disorders.
(321) 467-7252 View (321) 467-7252
Photo of Dr. Richard Lazarus, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP, MHNPR-C
Dr. Richard Lazarus
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP, MHNPR-C
3 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32804
Hello, my name is Dr. Richard Lazarus. I am a Psychiatry Nurse Practitioner with doctoral preparation and residency training. I graduated from the esteemed Orlando VA Mental Health NP Residency where I trained to address chronically ill and complex mental health disorders. My doctoral degree was earned from FIU where I was also bestowed the honorable Outstanding Graduate Award for unparalleled service to the community, academic excellence, and scholarly contributions. With these qualifications and benchmarks, I strive to approach your needs with empathy and expertise.
Hello, my name is Dr. Richard Lazarus. I am a Psychiatry Nurse Practitioner with doctoral preparation and residency training. I graduated from the esteemed Orlando VA Mental Health NP Residency where I trained to address chronically ill and complex mental health disorders. My doctoral degree was earned from FIU where I was also bestowed the honorable Outstanding Graduate Award for unparalleled service to the community, academic excellence, and scholarly contributions. With these qualifications and benchmarks, I strive to approach your needs with empathy and expertise.
(904) 675-1038 View (904) 675-1038
Photo of Esther Charles, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, APRN, PMHNPB
Esther Charles
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, APRN, PMHNPB
Orlando, FL 32810
You might be dealing with constant anxiety, racing thoughts, ADHD focus struggles, mood swings, panic, sleep problems, or depression that won’t lift. Maybe you’re carrying grief, trauma, relationship stress, substance use concerns, or feeling overwhelmed around parenting or identity. You want relief, steadier emotions, better sleep, and healthier ways to cope, and a place where you don’t have to explain or defend your experience to be understood.
You might be dealing with constant anxiety, racing thoughts, ADHD focus struggles, mood swings, panic, sleep problems, or depression that won’t lift. Maybe you’re carrying grief, trauma, relationship stress, substance use concerns, or feeling overwhelmed around parenting or identity. You want relief, steadier emotions, better sleep, and healthier ways to cope, and a place where you don’t have to explain or defend your experience to be understood.
(407) 584-9176 View (407) 584-9176
Photo of Denise Michel, Psychiatrist, MD
Denise Michel
Psychiatrist, MD
Orlando, FL 32839
I am a board certified adult psychiatrist. I received my B.S. degree in microbiology from Howard University in Washington, DC and my medical degree from Meharry Medical College in Nashville, TN. I completed my psychiatry residency at the University of Illinois at Chicago. I take a holistic approach to help you to improve your life and achieve the goals that you have set for yourself. During our initial intake evaluation, I will take the time to understand you and your concerns. Together we will formulate a treatment plan.
I am a board certified adult psychiatrist. I received my B.S. degree in microbiology from Howard University in Washington, DC and my medical degree from Meharry Medical College in Nashville, TN. I completed my psychiatry residency at the University of Illinois at Chicago. I take a holistic approach to help you to improve your life and achieve the goals that you have set for yourself. During our initial intake evaluation, I will take the time to understand you and your concerns. Together we will formulate a treatment plan.
(321) 486-6793 View (321) 486-6793
Photo of Heather Johnson, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PHMNP, BC
Heather Johnson
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PHMNP, BC
Online Only
I am a board-certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner with more than 30 years of healthcare experience. I provide compassionate and evidence-based care to improve their mental health, emotional well-being, and overall quality of life. Many of my clients come to me feeling overwhelmed, exhausted, stuck, or uncertain about how to move forward. My goal is to create a supportive, judgment-free environment where we work together to help you achieve lasting mental wellness. Together, we identify the underlying factors contributing to distress and develop a personalized treatment plan.
I am a board-certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner with more than 30 years of healthcare experience. I provide compassionate and evidence-based care to improve their mental health, emotional well-being, and overall quality of life. Many of my clients come to me feeling overwhelmed, exhausted, stuck, or uncertain about how to move forward. My goal is to create a supportive, judgment-free environment where we work together to help you achieve lasting mental wellness. Together, we identify the underlying factors contributing to distress and develop a personalized treatment plan.
(321) 475-1631 View (321) 475-1631
Photo of Mottsin Thomas - Bonmente, Psychiatrist, MD
Bonmente
Psychiatrist, MD
Online Only
Accepting New Patients – Welcome to Bonmente! We know asking for help takes courage, and finding the right provider shouldn’t add stress. That’s why we offer same-week appointments and can often see you within 3–5 days. We accept most major insurance plans (including Aetna, Anthem Blue Shield, Blue Cross, Cigna, and United) and provide care through compassionate, highly trained professionals. With insurance-covered telemedicine sessions, you can connect from the comfort of home or office. Our supportive team makes starting your mental health journey simple, so you can focus on what matters most — feeling better and moving forward.
Accepting New Patients – Welcome to Bonmente! We know asking for help takes courage, and finding the right provider shouldn’t add stress. That’s why we offer same-week appointments and can often see you within 3–5 days. We accept most major insurance plans (including Aetna, Anthem Blue Shield, Blue Cross, Cigna, and United) and provide care through compassionate, highly trained professionals. With insurance-covered telemedicine sessions, you can connect from the comfort of home or office. Our supportive team makes starting your mental health journey simple, so you can focus on what matters most — feeling better and moving forward.
(321) 513-1641 View (321) 513-1641
Photo of Dr. John J Lopez, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP, PMH-C
Dr. John J Lopez
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP, PMH-C
Orlando, FL 32801
My ideal clients are those who have not responded to standard psychiatric care, years of partial improvement, unclear diagnoses, or treatment that never fully addressed the problem. I came up through psychiatry from the ground floor, beginning as a mental health technician and building 13 years of clinical experience across settings. That path shapes how I evaluate and treat complexity. I work with adolescents, adults, and perinatal patients, including Spanish-speaking families, who need precise, culturally informed care. At MindSolutions Psychiatry, the focus is not just symptom control, but diagnostic clarity and resolution.
My ideal clients are those who have not responded to standard psychiatric care, years of partial improvement, unclear diagnoses, or treatment that never fully addressed the problem. I came up through psychiatry from the ground floor, beginning as a mental health technician and building 13 years of clinical experience across settings. That path shapes how I evaluate and treat complexity. I work with adolescents, adults, and perinatal patients, including Spanish-speaking families, who need precise, culturally informed care. At MindSolutions Psychiatry, the focus is not just symptom control, but diagnostic clarity and resolution.
(321) 386-6282 View (321) 386-6282

See more therapy options for Orlando

FAQ - Psychiatrists for Women's Issues
How can psychiatrists help women with gender-specific mental health challenges?
Women can face a variety of unique mental health challenges that they may seek psychiatric support for, such as reproductive and perinatal mental health, postpartum depression, menopause, body image concerns, and other conditions that intersect with gender-based experiences. Psychiatrists with specific expertise in working with women can offer treatment for these conditions, often through medication management, psychotherapy, or a combination of both. While not all psychiatrists who specialize in women's issues are female, some women find that they are most comfortable seeing a female psychiatrist, as they may feel more supported by someone who has shared life experiences and perspectives.

What does psychiatric treatment for women's issues involve?
Because women's issues encompass a variety of concerns, the course of treatment recommended by a psychiatrist will vary. However, psychiatrists will often begin treatment with an assessment of a client's current symptoms and recommend a treatment plan according to the assessment findings. Treatment often includes a combination of psychotherapy and medication, depending on the nature of the concern and the individual's goals. For example, a psychiatrist might use evidence-based approaches such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, or interpersonal therapy (IPT) to help clients explore and address challenges related to identity, relationships, parenting, or past trauma. For those experiencing mood changes related to hormonal fluctuations—such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) or perinatal depression—medication may also be considered to help stabilize mood. In many cases, psychiatrists will coordinate with other healthcare providers, such as OB-GYNs or primary care physicians, to ensure comprehensive care.

How can I find a psychiatrist who specializes in women's issues?
Psychology Today's online directory allows users to search for psychiatrists by treatment specialty and gender, making it easy to find psychiatrists (MDs) and psychiatric nurse practitioners (PMHNPs) who treat women's issues and identify as female. Each provider profile includes key information such as clinical specialties, therapeutic approach, licensure, accepted insurance plans, languages spoken, and session fees.