Therapists in Denver, CO

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Photo of Denver Sex Therapy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Denver Sex Therapy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80206
People grow and flourish in relationship. A good long-term relationship encourages self-respect and gives the added benefit of life long connection to another person who can supports, touch and cares over a life time. I understand that long term intimacy is hard work. I help couples do this necessary work with skill, patience and tenacity. Sexual problems in a relationship cause hurt, anger, shame, and loneliness. I provide a safe informative environment to solve sexual and couple problems.
People grow and flourish in relationship. A good long-term relationship encourages self-respect and gives the added benefit of life long connection to another person who can supports, touch and cares over a life time. I understand that long term intimacy is hard work. I help couples do this necessary work with skill, patience and tenacity. Sexual problems in a relationship cause hurt, anger, shame, and loneliness. I provide a safe informative environment to solve sexual and couple problems.
(720) 463-1475 View (720) 463-1475
Photo of Yolanda Barrera, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Yolanda Barrera
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80224
Congratulations on taking the first step toward improving yourself & your life! You are on your way of finding real solutions to your problems! Our Mission: We Support and strengthen the Mental-Emotional Health and well-being of Latinos, in an atmosphere of professional collaboration, cultural sensitivity and reliable support, through Specialized Bilingual Services in Spanish / English, in Person, by Phone and Online / Video Therapy for individuals, couples, marriages, parents and families; We do your Psychological Evaluations for Immigration ; Courses and Workshops for Individuals and family.
Congratulations on taking the first step toward improving yourself & your life! You are on your way of finding real solutions to your problems! Our Mission: We Support and strengthen the Mental-Emotional Health and well-being of Latinos, in an atmosphere of professional collaboration, cultural sensitivity and reliable support, through Specialized Bilingual Services in Spanish / English, in Person, by Phone and Online / Video Therapy for individuals, couples, marriages, parents and families; We do your Psychological Evaluations for Immigration ; Courses and Workshops for Individuals and family.
(303) 223-6344 View (303) 223-6344
Photo of Heather LaChance, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Heather LaChance
Psychologist, MFT, PhD, EMDR, DCEP
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80203  (Online Only)
Feeling self-doubt, fear, stuck, or find yourself taking care of others more than yourself? I offer a compassionate, holistic healing approach. I've been a therapist 25+ years. My training: CU/Boulder, Harvard, and Brown Medical School. I blend proven methods such as CBT, EMDR, meditation, mindfulness, and mind-body energetic approaches, with a focus on inner-kindness and self-acceptance. I teach people an energetic methodology to release core negative beliefs so the can embody transformation and change. I craft a unique, personalized approach for each individual.
Feeling self-doubt, fear, stuck, or find yourself taking care of others more than yourself? I offer a compassionate, holistic healing approach. I've been a therapist 25+ years. My training: CU/Boulder, Harvard, and Brown Medical School. I blend proven methods such as CBT, EMDR, meditation, mindfulness, and mind-body energetic approaches, with a focus on inner-kindness and self-acceptance. I teach people an energetic methodology to release core negative beliefs so the can embody transformation and change. I craft a unique, personalized approach for each individual.
(303) 990-8363 View (303) 990-8363
Photo of Natalia Samman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Natalia Samman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80214
Let's heal, learn, build skills, resolve, understand, and thrive! Change your thoughts, change your mood, change your life! Call me if your emotions get in the way of your life, you're stuck in a pattern you need tools to get out of, and you're ready to live differently. Relationship issues? Burnt out at work? Loneliness, anxiety and depression got you constantly living in a fog? You want more than "someone to talk to", you're looking for real tools to get you to your goals. Step 1) Learn about the problem and where it came from 2) Gain skills to change or cope 3) Heal the issue so you (or you child) can live the life you dream of.
Let's heal, learn, build skills, resolve, understand, and thrive! Change your thoughts, change your mood, change your life! Call me if your emotions get in the way of your life, you're stuck in a pattern you need tools to get out of, and you're ready to live differently. Relationship issues? Burnt out at work? Loneliness, anxiety and depression got you constantly living in a fog? You want more than "someone to talk to", you're looking for real tools to get you to your goals. Step 1) Learn about the problem and where it came from 2) Gain skills to change or cope 3) Heal the issue so you (or you child) can live the life you dream of.
(720) 613-5383 View (720) 613-5383
Photo of Sanare Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Sanare Psychosocial Rehabilitation
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LAC, CPRP
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80222
Does your mental health impact the quality of your daily life? Do you struggle function in ways that seem to be easy for other people? Have you ever wished you had a "personal trainer" for your mental health; someone to show you the way, do it along side you, and cheer you on?
Does your mental health impact the quality of your daily life? Do you struggle function in ways that seem to be easy for other people? Have you ever wished you had a "personal trainer" for your mental health; someone to show you the way, do it along side you, and cheer you on?
(720) 821-5963 View (720) 821-5963
Photo of Kelly Howell, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate in Denver, CO
Kelly Howell
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80203
Waitlist for new clients
I am a relational therapist who supports individuals and couples who are wanting to pursue healing. My clients often feel overwhelmed, stuck, and confused as they go through challenging transitions, relationship difficulties, or begin to face past trauma. I help couples who want to deepen intimacy and rebuild a meaningful sense of connection. I help individuals gain more understanding and compassion as we explore the unique challenges they face, past or present.
I am a relational therapist who supports individuals and couples who are wanting to pursue healing. My clients often feel overwhelmed, stuck, and confused as they go through challenging transitions, relationship difficulties, or begin to face past trauma. I help couples who want to deepen intimacy and rebuild a meaningful sense of connection. I help individuals gain more understanding and compassion as we explore the unique challenges they face, past or present.
(720) 782-5411 View (720) 782-5411
Photo of Allison Cohan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Allison Cohan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80221
My approach to therapy allows clients the emotional space to examine situations without identifying as the problem themselves. It creates key exploratory distance between self and guilt or shame allowing for curiosity rather than judgment. I strive to elicit an experience that is empowering and illuminating. This is useful if you are seeking resources as a member of a couple or family where fear of blame is a common threat. The parents of my adolescent and young adult clients are relieved to work with someone who sees their unique loved one rather than diagnostics or labels.
My approach to therapy allows clients the emotional space to examine situations without identifying as the problem themselves. It creates key exploratory distance between self and guilt or shame allowing for curiosity rather than judgment. I strive to elicit an experience that is empowering and illuminating. This is useful if you are seeking resources as a member of a couple or family where fear of blame is a common threat. The parents of my adolescent and young adult clients are relieved to work with someone who sees their unique loved one rather than diagnostics or labels.
(860) 339-0601 View (860) 339-0601
Photo of Deb Waugh, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Deb Waugh
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80209
Hi, I’m Deb. I work with you to understand the "whys” behind your feelings. I’m good at helping you figure out effective responses to dealing with the people and problems in your life. We work together to understand what’s making you unhappy. And more important, we spend time uncovering what makes you happy. We’ll create goals to get you where you want to be and develop strategies to manage the bumps along the way. And through it all, I provide support and accountability. Please contact me to see if you think we will work well together.
Hi, I’m Deb. I work with you to understand the "whys” behind your feelings. I’m good at helping you figure out effective responses to dealing with the people and problems in your life. We work together to understand what’s making you unhappy. And more important, we spend time uncovering what makes you happy. We’ll create goals to get you where you want to be and develop strategies to manage the bumps along the way. And through it all, I provide support and accountability. Please contact me to see if you think we will work well together.
(720) 575-4803 View (720) 575-4803
Photo of Nina Minagawa Psy.d Lac, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Nina Minagawa Psy.d Lac
Psychologist, PsyD, LAC, EMDR
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80209
My passion in psychotherapy is working with adults who struggle with behavioral and mental health issues, including trauma, anxiety ADHD and a variety of personality disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and addictions. My therapeutic approach is drawn from mindfulness-based therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, behavioral therapy, and a humanistic approach. I also offer Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and Exposure and Ritual/Response Prevention (EXRP) as well as EMDR and Prolong Exposure (PE) sessions for trauma treatment. I am a Doctor of Psychology in Clinical Psychology with a Master’s Degree in Counseling Psychology.
My passion in psychotherapy is working with adults who struggle with behavioral and mental health issues, including trauma, anxiety ADHD and a variety of personality disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and addictions. My therapeutic approach is drawn from mindfulness-based therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, behavioral therapy, and a humanistic approach. I also offer Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and Exposure and Ritual/Response Prevention (EXRP) as well as EMDR and Prolong Exposure (PE) sessions for trauma treatment. I am a Doctor of Psychology in Clinical Psychology with a Master’s Degree in Counseling Psychology.
(720) 704-2133 View (720) 704-2133
Photo of Ashley R Tacheny, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Ashley R Tacheny
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80224
I have extensive experience providing individual, couples, and family therapy to adolescents and adults. Areas of expertise include: Anxiety, Attachment Issues, Depression, EMDR, Grief and Loss, Marriage/Couples Counseling, Relationship Issues, Family of Origin Issues and Self Esteem. I am looking forward to utilizing my skills and experience to partner with you to provide meaningful, lasting change. Whether this is a time of transition or you're ready to work on deeper issues, I will help you accomplish your goals so you can get the most out of life.
I have extensive experience providing individual, couples, and family therapy to adolescents and adults. Areas of expertise include: Anxiety, Attachment Issues, Depression, EMDR, Grief and Loss, Marriage/Couples Counseling, Relationship Issues, Family of Origin Issues and Self Esteem. I am looking forward to utilizing my skills and experience to partner with you to provide meaningful, lasting change. Whether this is a time of transition or you're ready to work on deeper issues, I will help you accomplish your goals so you can get the most out of life.
(720) 606-6119 View (720) 606-6119
Photo of Dr. Nina Pesochinsky, Psy.D., Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Dr. Nina Pesochinsky, Psy.D.
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80203
Emotional pain may feel unbearable, but there is hope and there is help. Suffering has meaning, and feelings offer guidance. Pain sends a signal where attention is needed. You have the power to change your life and create your happiness. I help individuals find meaning and guidance in their emotions, sharpen their preferences and focus, and create the authentic life that they desire. My clients feel safe to explore their experiences and desires, become empowered and learn skills to create their joyful life experiences on a solid foundation of intimate knowledge of their unique personal and cultural identities.
Emotional pain may feel unbearable, but there is hope and there is help. Suffering has meaning, and feelings offer guidance. Pain sends a signal where attention is needed. You have the power to change your life and create your happiness. I help individuals find meaning and guidance in their emotions, sharpen their preferences and focus, and create the authentic life that they desire. My clients feel safe to explore their experiences and desires, become empowered and learn skills to create their joyful life experiences on a solid foundation of intimate knowledge of their unique personal and cultural identities.
(720) 608-2657 View (720) 608-2657
Photo of Scott David Clift, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Scott David Clift
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80222
Our culture can place extreme and undue pressure on us to perform at extremely high levels, whether in our jobs, our relationships, or our families. Many times these expectations require us to ignore the limitations of being human, and as a result, we live with a persistent fear of not being enough. Relearning how to work with our limitations, rather than ignoring them, is the path to finding our happiness and fulfillment, yet requires us to address courageously much of what we have been taught and believed about ourselves.
Our culture can place extreme and undue pressure on us to perform at extremely high levels, whether in our jobs, our relationships, or our families. Many times these expectations require us to ignore the limitations of being human, and as a result, we live with a persistent fear of not being enough. Relearning how to work with our limitations, rather than ignoring them, is the path to finding our happiness and fulfillment, yet requires us to address courageously much of what we have been taught and believed about ourselves.
(720) 792-5211 View (720) 792-5211
Photo of Jackson Vincent (Accepting New Clients), Clinical Social Work Candidate in Denver, CO
Jackson Vincent (Accepting New Clients)
Clinical Social Work Candidate, MSW, SWC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80219
Are you looking for a therapist who understands queer identities and experiences of mental health? Are you hoping to heal the different parts of yourself and live a more fulfilling life? I'm here to help LGBTQ+ folks like you find self-acceptance, queer joy, and a fully integrated, connected self.
Are you looking for a therapist who understands queer identities and experiences of mental health? Are you hoping to heal the different parts of yourself and live a more fulfilling life? I'm here to help LGBTQ+ folks like you find self-acceptance, queer joy, and a fully integrated, connected self.
(720) 821-6158 View (720) 821-6158
Photo of Laura Sharp, Counselor in Denver, CO
Laura Sharp
Counselor, MA, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80210
Waitlist for new clients
Are you feeling stuck, overwhelmed, anxious, and unsure of yourself? Are you trying to gain your footing after a recent life transition? Are you curious about how your past is influencing your present? Is your inner critic in overdrive during this season of life, telling you to "stop being so sensitive!" This is where I come in! You don't have to do this alone.
Are you feeling stuck, overwhelmed, anxious, and unsure of yourself? Are you trying to gain your footing after a recent life transition? Are you curious about how your past is influencing your present? Is your inner critic in overdrive during this season of life, telling you to "stop being so sensitive!" This is where I come in! You don't have to do this alone.
(720) 712-1587 View (720) 712-1587
Photo of Andrea Harbeck, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Andrea Harbeck
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80220
Are you feeling anxious and stressed? Would you like to feel more peace and calm? Would you like to move forward with intentionality, confidence and clarity? Are you a young adult looking for meaning, purpose and belonging? I specialize in helping adults overcome anxiety, trauma and stress. I help people explore and find solutions to complex life decisions. I am also skilled in helping young adults struggling to find meaning and purpose.
Are you feeling anxious and stressed? Would you like to feel more peace and calm? Would you like to move forward with intentionality, confidence and clarity? Are you a young adult looking for meaning, purpose and belonging? I specialize in helping adults overcome anxiety, trauma and stress. I help people explore and find solutions to complex life decisions. I am also skilled in helping young adults struggling to find meaning and purpose.
(720) 778-2167 View (720) 778-2167
Photo of Maya Badwan, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Maya Badwan
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80203
I believe most people are looking to feel connected. I see therapy as a space to explore the obstacles keeping us from connecting to other people, to our values, or towards our goals. I have a special interest in relationship issues and family of origin issues, which can often be precursors to depression, anxiety, personality disorders, trauma, sleep issues, eating disorders, and a myriad of other mental health problems. I use predominantly psychodynamic methods in my clinical work and I believe that exploring our past is crucial in understanding and changing the present.
I believe most people are looking to feel connected. I see therapy as a space to explore the obstacles keeping us from connecting to other people, to our values, or towards our goals. I have a special interest in relationship issues and family of origin issues, which can often be precursors to depression, anxiety, personality disorders, trauma, sleep issues, eating disorders, and a myriad of other mental health problems. I use predominantly psychodynamic methods in my clinical work and I believe that exploring our past is crucial in understanding and changing the present.
(720) 706-8634 x15 View (720) 706-8634 x15
Photo of Adam Stanford, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Adam Stanford
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LAC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80205  (Online Only)
I only meet online and I accept insurance for individuals but not for couples. I work best with clients who are dedicated to developing new skills that are proven to help with couples issues, anxiety, depression, borderline, bipolar, and addiction. I'm highly competent with and welcome clients of diverse backgrounds including but not limited to LGBTQ+, non-monogamous, sex positive, kink aware, and type 1 Autism (Asperger's). My clients learn how to develop healthier thinking patterns and integrate new behaviors that effectively improve relationships and manage difficult emotions.
I only meet online and I accept insurance for individuals but not for couples. I work best with clients who are dedicated to developing new skills that are proven to help with couples issues, anxiety, depression, borderline, bipolar, and addiction. I'm highly competent with and welcome clients of diverse backgrounds including but not limited to LGBTQ+, non-monogamous, sex positive, kink aware, and type 1 Autism (Asperger's). My clients learn how to develop healthier thinking patterns and integrate new behaviors that effectively improve relationships and manage difficult emotions.
(720) 764-6856 View (720) 764-6856
Photo of Paula Jane Friedland, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Paula Jane Friedland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CPCC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80204
I am a hybrid between a counselor and coach. I work with a high functioning population: people who are generally doing fine, but want more than "fine". I help people from all walks of life to find more meaning and happiness in their personal and professional lives. I use a very personable approach, and treat each client as their own unique entity, using tools that address their specific needs.
I am a hybrid between a counselor and coach. I work with a high functioning population: people who are generally doing fine, but want more than "fine". I help people from all walks of life to find more meaning and happiness in their personal and professional lives. I use a very personable approach, and treat each client as their own unique entity, using tools that address their specific needs.
(720) 650-0465 View (720) 650-0465
Photo of Dan Chatman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Dan Chatman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80211
Seeing a therapist is one of the most important things you can do for yourself and the people in your life. In therapy, we will focus on what YOU need: for example, working on anger, navigating a difficult relationship, or working through trauma so you can get back to focusing on your life. And if you're not sure what you need, that's okay...we'll figure that out together.
Seeing a therapist is one of the most important things you can do for yourself and the people in your life. In therapy, we will focus on what YOU need: for example, working on anger, navigating a difficult relationship, or working through trauma so you can get back to focusing on your life. And if you're not sure what you need, that's okay...we'll figure that out together.
(720) 419-1284 View (720) 419-1284
Photo of Jennifer Fischer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Jennifer Fischer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80201  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Hello! I'm so glad you found me! I am a seasoned counselor specializing in complex trauma - I generally see clients that are seeking treatment to address ongoing issues related to traumatic or chronically stressful experiences but I also work with individuals that are in need of support for depression, anxiety, and management of the stress that comes with living life day-to-day. I believe that there is no one blueprint for wellness and the experience of therapy should reflect that. Counseling should not be a rigid process - it can be silly, structured, serious, or something different every time.
Hello! I'm so glad you found me! I am a seasoned counselor specializing in complex trauma - I generally see clients that are seeking treatment to address ongoing issues related to traumatic or chronically stressful experiences but I also work with individuals that are in need of support for depression, anxiety, and management of the stress that comes with living life day-to-day. I believe that there is no one blueprint for wellness and the experience of therapy should reflect that. Counseling should not be a rigid process - it can be silly, structured, serious, or something different every time.
(720) 724-8214 View (720) 724-8214

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Denver, CO

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Denver, CO who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
71% Stress
68% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% Aetna
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
62% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Denver, CO see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Denver?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.