Depression Psychiatrists in San Francisco, CA

Photo of Masaru Fisher, Psychiatrist, MD
Masaru Fisher
Psychiatrist, MD
10 Endorsed
Online Only
Whether it be depression, anxiety, attention/focus or another mental heath topic, our goal is to first identify the core issue.
I graduated medical school in New York and completed residency in San Mateo, CA as Chief Resident. I have extensive experience working in many practice settings with individuals all ages which allows me to offer the most appropriate, safe and effective treatment options.
Whether it be depression, anxiety, attention/focus or another mental heath topic, our goal is to first identify the core issue.
I graduated medical school in New York and completed residency in San Mateo, CA as Chief Resident. I have extensive experience working in many practice settings with individuals all ages which allows me to offer the most appropriate, safe and effective treatment options.
(415) 689-5616 View (415) 689-5616
Photo of Jacquelyn Hamed - Jacquelyn Hamed | Anxiety, Depression & ADHD, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PHMNP, APRN, BSN
Jacquelyn Hamed | Anxiety, Depression & ADHD
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PHMNP, APRN, BSN
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
I have been helping clients who are overwhelmed with depression, anxiety, panic episodes, trauma or PSTD, bipolar or personality disorder, schizophrenia, and ADHD.
If you are struggling with your mental health, I am here to help. Let's work together. Your mental well-being and personal goals are my top priority.
I have been helping clients who are overwhelmed with depression, anxiety, panic episodes, trauma or PSTD, bipolar or personality disorder, schizophrenia, and ADHD.
If you are struggling with your mental health, I am here to help. Let's work together. Your mental well-being and personal goals are my top priority.
(628) 313-3949 View (628) 313-3949
Photo of Dr. Lee Dockery, Psychiatrist, MD
Dr. Lee Dockery
Psychiatrist, MD
Online Only
Dr. Lee Dockery serves as a general pscyhiatry provider for Talkiatry since joining in August 2022. He is board-eligible with expected certification in fall 2022, with further addiction psychiatry board-certification expected in 2023. He has been training and practicing psychiatry since 2018. Dr. Dockery’s practice emphasizes medication management within a therapy-informed framework, utilizing skills from Acceptance and Commitment therapy, mindfulness based therapies, motivation interviewing, and supportive therapy. Typically, he offers 60-minute new visits and 30-minute follow-up visits.
Dr. Lee Dockery serves as a general pscyhiatry provider for Talkiatry since joining in August 2022. He is board-eligible with expected certification in fall 2022, with further addiction psychiatry board-certification expected in 2023. He has been training and practicing psychiatry since 2018. Dr. Dockery’s practice emphasizes medication management within a therapy-informed framework, utilizing skills from Acceptance and Commitment therapy, mindfulness based therapies, motivation interviewing, and supportive therapy. Typically, he offers 60-minute new visits and 30-minute follow-up visits.
(415) 636-7610 View (415) 636-7610
Photo of Starr Fox, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP-, BC
Starr Fox
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP-, BC
Online Only
My name is Starr and I'm a Board Certified Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner In the state of California, I specialize in adhd, anxiety, depression, insomnia and sleep issues, bipolar, life transitions, obsessive compulsive disorder (ocd), post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) / trauma.
At Lavender, we provide a range of mental health services from the comfort of home. All our providers offer both medication management & therapy in a single appointment for your convenience. Pairing therapy and medication to treat depression and anxiety can help you feel better faster, with a 60% improved chance of recovery.
My name is Starr and I'm a Board Certified Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner In the state of California, I specialize in adhd, anxiety, depression, insomnia and sleep issues, bipolar, life transitions, obsessive compulsive disorder (ocd), post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) / trauma.
At Lavender, we provide a range of mental health services from the comfort of home. All our providers offer both medication management & therapy in a single appointment for your convenience. Pairing therapy and medication to treat depression and anxiety can help you feel better faster, with a 60% improved chance of recovery.
(415) 965-4518 View (415) 965-4518
Photo of Riz Ahmad - Dr. Riz @ Evolve Psychiatry, Psychiatrist, MD
Dr. Riz @ Evolve Psychiatry
Psychiatrist, MD
San Francisco, CA 94132
Do racing thoughts, restless nights, and constant self-doubt drain your energy and peace of mind? Are you overwhelmed by the need for certainty, struggling with poor concentration, or feeling burdened by your own hypersensitivity? Whether your challenges stem from brain chemistry, genetics, or hurtful parenting, you don’t have to face them alone. At Evolve Psychiatry, our compassionate team of medical experts and seasoned psychotherapists partners with you to explore and finally answer these questions. Together, we’ll cultivate the skills you need to feel more confident in yourself and more connected to the world around you.
Do racing thoughts, restless nights, and constant self-doubt drain your energy and peace of mind? Are you overwhelmed by the need for certainty, struggling with poor concentration, or feeling burdened by your own hypersensitivity? Whether your challenges stem from brain chemistry, genetics, or hurtful parenting, you don’t have to face them alone. At Evolve Psychiatry, our compassionate team of medical experts and seasoned psychotherapists partners with you to explore and finally answer these questions. Together, we’ll cultivate the skills you need to feel more confident in yourself and more connected to the world around you.
(415) 319-9538 View (415) 319-9538
Photo of Micaela Pericone-Kapp, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP
Micaela Pericone-Kapp
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP
San Francisco, CA 94104
Whether you're struggling with anxiety, depression, or simply feeling stuck, I'm here to help.
You're an adult dealing with invisible battles—attention that scatters when you need it most, obsessive patterns that consume your energy, or trauma that won't stay in the past. You might look "fine" to others while feeling completely overwhelmed inside. You've delayed seeking help, questioning whether your struggles are "serious enough." But you're here now because you recognize you deserve support. You want a psychiatric provider who listens deeply, explains treatment options clearly, and respects your autonomy in care decisions. Your goal is clarity—finding the right approach so you can move from surviving to actually living.
Whether you're struggling with anxiety, depression, or simply feeling stuck, I'm here to help.
You're an adult dealing with invisible battles—attention that scatters when you need it most, obsessive patterns that consume your energy, or trauma that won't stay in the past. You might look "fine" to others while feeling completely overwhelmed inside. You've delayed seeking help, questioning whether your struggles are "serious enough." But you're here now because you recognize you deserve support. You want a psychiatric provider who listens deeply, explains treatment options clearly, and respects your autonomy in care decisions. Your goal is clarity—finding the right approach so you can move from surviving to actually living.
(415) 968-6515 View (415) 968-6515
Photo of Elizabeth A Mayer, Psychiatrist, MD
Elizabeth A Mayer
Psychiatrist, MD
San Francisco, CA 94127
For over 30 years I've been helping people address emotional suffering through psychotherapy and/or medication, with the aim of clarifying the sources of problems and facilitating freer solutions . My style is direct, open and collaborative. I strive with warmth and empathy to foster a discussion where feelings and thoughts may be explored, better understood and practically managed so they're less likely to cause symptoms like sadness, anxiety, loneliness, strained relationships, or physical illness. I also specialize in addressing problems with creativity, low self esteem, emptiness, lack of meaning and sexual concerns.
For over 30 years I've been helping people address emotional suffering through psychotherapy and/or medication, with the aim of clarifying the sources of problems and facilitating freer solutions . My style is direct, open and collaborative. I strive with warmth and empathy to foster a discussion where feelings and thoughts may be explored, better understood and practically managed so they're less likely to cause symptoms like sadness, anxiety, loneliness, strained relationships, or physical illness. I also specialize in addressing problems with creativity, low self esteem, emptiness, lack of meaning and sexual concerns.
(415) 885-6681 View (415) 885-6681
Photo of Candice Jeffers, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, APRN, PMHNP
Candice Jeffers
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, APRN, PMHNP
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104
Whether managing anxiety, depression, or other concerns, you'll find compassionate care here.
You've been carrying the weight of intrusive thoughts, past trauma, or overwhelming anxiety that makes everyday life feel exhausting. Perhaps OCD has you trapped in cycles you can't break, or PTSD has stolen your sense of safety. You're seeking more than just symptom management—you want to reclaim your life, find peace in your own mind, and rediscover joy in daily moments. You're an adult or older adult ready to invest in your healing, open to medication management as part of your wellness journey, and looking for a provider who truly listens and sees you as a whole person, not just a diagnosis.
Whether managing anxiety, depression, or other concerns, you'll find compassionate care here.
You've been carrying the weight of intrusive thoughts, past trauma, or overwhelming anxiety that makes everyday life feel exhausting. Perhaps OCD has you trapped in cycles you can't break, or PTSD has stolen your sense of safety. You're seeking more than just symptom management—you want to reclaim your life, find peace in your own mind, and rediscover joy in daily moments. You're an adult or older adult ready to invest in your healing, open to medication management as part of your wellness journey, and looking for a provider who truly listens and sees you as a whole person, not just a diagnosis.
(415) 968-6515 View (415) 968-6515
Photo of Alejandro Perez - Dr Perez @ Evolve Psychiatry, Psychiatrist, Dr
Dr Perez @ Evolve Psychiatry
Psychiatrist, Dr
San Francisco, CA 94132
Do racing thoughts, restless nights, and constant self-doubt drain your energy and peace of mind? Are you overwhelmed by the need for certainty, struggling with poor concentration, or feeling burdened by your own hypersensitivity? Whether your challenges stem from brain chemistry, genetics, or hurtful parenting, you don’t have to face them alone. At Evolve Psychiatry, our compassionate team of medical experts and seasoned psychotherapists partners with you to explore and finally answer these questions. Together, we’ll cultivate the skills you need to feel more confident in yourself and more connected to the world around you.
Do racing thoughts, restless nights, and constant self-doubt drain your energy and peace of mind? Are you overwhelmed by the need for certainty, struggling with poor concentration, or feeling burdened by your own hypersensitivity? Whether your challenges stem from brain chemistry, genetics, or hurtful parenting, you don’t have to face them alone. At Evolve Psychiatry, our compassionate team of medical experts and seasoned psychotherapists partners with you to explore and finally answer these questions. Together, we’ll cultivate the skills you need to feel more confident in yourself and more connected to the world around you.
(628) 277-8106 View (628) 277-8106
Photo of Dave Auluck - The Focus Doc, Psychiatrist, MD
The Focus Doc
Psychiatrist, MD
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94105
specializes in treating cognitive issues related to ADHD, Anxiety, Brain Fog, Depression, OCD, and PTSD.
Dr. Dave Auluck, M.D. is a 3rd generation physician, 2nd generation psychiatrist, and physician educator. He is passionate about improving the mental health treatment experience. His mission is to ensure personalized, industry-leading, preeminent care is accessible and affordable. He has worked with thousands of patients over the years and overseen program development for tens of thousands of others. He truly understands there is no "one size fits all" approach.
specializes in treating cognitive issues related to ADHD, Anxiety, Brain Fog, Depression, OCD, and PTSD.
Dr. Dave Auluck, M.D. is a 3rd generation physician, 2nd generation psychiatrist, and physician educator. He is passionate about improving the mental health treatment experience. His mission is to ensure personalized, industry-leading, preeminent care is accessible and affordable. He has worked with thousands of patients over the years and overseen program development for tens of thousands of others. He truly understands there is no "one size fits all" approach.
(415) 301-4583 View (415) 301-4583
Photo of Greg Roussett - Restorative Psychiatry, PNC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, NP, PhD
Restorative Psychiatry, PNC
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, NP, PhD
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94111
Are you looking to improve your mood while boosting your levels of productivity at work and/or home? I work with high achieving individuals and offer a full range of psychiatry services. I will help you gain control over your mood, focus, and stress levels.
Are you looking to improve your mood while boosting your levels of productivity at work and/or home? I work with high achieving individuals and offer a full range of psychiatry services. I will help you gain control over your mood, focus, and stress levels.
(510) 694-7905 View (510) 694-7905
Photo of Dr. Sandra Hah, Psychiatrist, MD
Dr. Sandra Hah
Psychiatrist, MD
San Francisco, CA 94109
Do you Over-Think things? Over-Experience your emotions? Do you struggle to focus or complete tasks? Difficulty sleeping? Putting off your mental health is no longer an option! With over 75 clinical experts, WellPsyche and MediPsych providers provide Empathetic Psychotherapy and Personalized Medication Management services for Children, Adolescents, and Adults. 100% of our visits are conducted via Zoom, and we are available mornings, afternoons, and evenings. Meet with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of home or work. We are simplifying the mental health experience so you can become the best version of you!
Do you Over-Think things? Over-Experience your emotions? Do you struggle to focus or complete tasks? Difficulty sleeping? Putting off your mental health is no longer an option! With over 75 clinical experts, WellPsyche and MediPsych providers provide Empathetic Psychotherapy and Personalized Medication Management services for Children, Adolescents, and Adults. 100% of our visits are conducted via Zoom, and we are available mornings, afternoons, and evenings. Meet with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of home or work. We are simplifying the mental health experience so you can become the best version of you!
(415) 301-3783 View (415) 301-3783
Photo of Dr. Zohaib Abbasi, Psychiatrist, MD
Dr. Zohaib Abbasi
Psychiatrist, MD
1 Endorsed
Online Only
UPDATE 12/14/25: I am still accepting new patients + + + Hi! I'm a board-certified psychiatrist offering convenient online video visits throughout California and currently accepting new patients. In addition to traditional psychiatric medications and psychotherapy, I specialize in an integrative patient-centered approach, using lifestyle changes and natural treatments that are supported by scientific evidence. I want you to feel empowered and have control over your treatment. I offer personalized care to individuals who want to get a more accurate diagnosis and minimize unnecessary medications.
UPDATE 12/14/25: I am still accepting new patients + + + Hi! I'm a board-certified psychiatrist offering convenient online video visits throughout California and currently accepting new patients. In addition to traditional psychiatric medications and psychotherapy, I specialize in an integrative patient-centered approach, using lifestyle changes and natural treatments that are supported by scientific evidence. I want you to feel empowered and have control over your treatment. I offer personalized care to individuals who want to get a more accurate diagnosis and minimize unnecessary medications.
View
Photo of Ryan Thebo, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP, FNP, CICP
Ryan Thebo
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP, FNP, CICP
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
◆ Feeling Uncertain which medications & holistic approaches are right for you? ◆ Are You Tired of your symptoms keeping you from a better life? Rushed visits in psychiatry often leave important details overlooked. I provide personalized, holistic medication management to help you overcome your symptoms for lasting, life changing results. ⇒ See What’s Possible Now…
◆ Feeling Uncertain which medications & holistic approaches are right for you? ◆ Are You Tired of your symptoms keeping you from a better life? Rushed visits in psychiatry often leave important details overlooked. I provide personalized, holistic medication management to help you overcome your symptoms for lasting, life changing results. ⇒ See What’s Possible Now…
(415) 980-8997 View (415) 980-8997
Photo of Jordan Blaine Udeshi, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Jordan Blaine Udeshi
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Online Only
As a provider at Bonmente, Jordan treats a range of mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, OCD, ADHD, sleep disorders, PTSD, postpartum depression, bipolar disorder, panic attacks, and personality disorders.
Welcoming New Patients! Jordan is a board-certified psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner at Bonmente, a full-service mental health clinic that offers online appointments, accepts insurance (Aetna, Anthem, Blue Cross, Cigna, United, and more), and has same-week appointments available. She believes in a collaborative, low-pressure approach that integrates psychoeducation, coaching, medication management, and supportive therapy. She appreciates the unique strengths of individuals and works with clients to leverage those strengths in new productive ways.
As a provider at Bonmente, Jordan treats a range of mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, OCD, ADHD, sleep disorders, PTSD, postpartum depression, bipolar disorder, panic attacks, and personality disorders.
Welcoming New Patients! Jordan is a board-certified psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner at Bonmente, a full-service mental health clinic that offers online appointments, accepts insurance (Aetna, Anthem, Blue Cross, Cigna, United, and more), and has same-week appointments available. She believes in a collaborative, low-pressure approach that integrates psychoeducation, coaching, medication management, and supportive therapy. She appreciates the unique strengths of individuals and works with clients to leverage those strengths in new productive ways.
(310) 361-1573 View (310) 361-1573
Photo of Haleh Nekoorad-Long, Psychiatrist, MD
Haleh Nekoorad-Long
Psychiatrist, MD
Online Only
Haleh Nekoorad-Long, M.D., a certified adult and geriatric psychiatrist has been in practice for more than 26 years. She is board certified in adult and geriatric psychiatry and is a member of the American Medical Association and American Association of Geriatric Psychiatrists.
Haleh Nekoorad-Long, M.D., a certified adult and geriatric psychiatrist has been in practice for more than 26 years. She is board certified in adult and geriatric psychiatry and is a member of the American Medical Association and American Association of Geriatric Psychiatrists.
(415) 326-1921 x1 View (415) 326-1921 x1
Dr. Laura Obler
Psychiatrist, MD
Online Only
Dr. Laura Obler is board-certified in adult psychiatry. She received her medical degree from the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA in Los Angeles, California, where she stayed to complete her psychiatry residency at the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience. During residency she received specialized training in reproductive psychiatry (the treatment of women who are considering pregnancy or are pregnant or postpartum) and acted as Chief Resident of the Women’s Life Center at UCLA. She has previously worked in community clinics in the greater Los Angeles area and as a staff psychiatrist at UCLA.
Dr. Laura Obler is board-certified in adult psychiatry. She received her medical degree from the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA in Los Angeles, California, where she stayed to complete her psychiatry residency at the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience. During residency she received specialized training in reproductive psychiatry (the treatment of women who are considering pregnancy or are pregnant or postpartum) and acted as Chief Resident of the Women’s Life Center at UCLA. She has previously worked in community clinics in the greater Los Angeles area and as a staff psychiatrist at UCLA.
(415) 498-1137 View (415) 498-1137
Photo of David Hirchak, Psychiatrist, DO
David Hirchak
Psychiatrist, DO
Online Only
Dr. Hirchak is an experienced, Board Certified Adult Psychiatrist, who emphasizes psychopharmacology and neurobiology in his treatment. Dr. Hirchak specializes in treating Anxiety, OCD, Depression, and Bipolar Disorder. Dr. Hirchak collaborates closely with our therapists so he can provide treatment with both medication management and psychotherapy when indicated.
Dr. Hirchak is an experienced, Board Certified Adult Psychiatrist, who emphasizes psychopharmacology and neurobiology in his treatment. Dr. Hirchak specializes in treating Anxiety, OCD, Depression, and Bipolar Disorder. Dr. Hirchak collaborates closely with our therapists so he can provide treatment with both medication management and psychotherapy when indicated.
(628) 333-3149 View (628) 333-3149
Photo of Keleigh Jefferson, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP
Keleigh Jefferson
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP
Online Only
I am Keleigh Jefferson, a Doctorate-Prepared, Board-Certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC) who is passionate about providing evidence-based and individualized care to teens and adults seeking assistance with depression, anxiety, behavioral issues, stress management, bipolar disorder, postpartum depression, PTSD, and self-esteem management.
My educational background includes a Bachelor of Science from Hampton University, a Master of Science with a focus on psychiatric mental health from the University of South Alabama, and a Doctor of Nursing Practice with a focus on psychiatric mental health from the University of South Alabama.
I am Keleigh Jefferson, a Doctorate-Prepared, Board-Certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC) who is passionate about providing evidence-based and individualized care to teens and adults seeking assistance with depression, anxiety, behavioral issues, stress management, bipolar disorder, postpartum depression, PTSD, and self-esteem management.
My educational background includes a Bachelor of Science from Hampton University, a Master of Science with a focus on psychiatric mental health from the University of South Alabama, and a Doctor of Nursing Practice with a focus on psychiatric mental health from the University of South Alabama.
(707) 513-4952 View (707) 513-4952
Photo of Elio Pedroso Conroy, Psychiatrist, MD
Elio Pedroso Conroy
Psychiatrist, MD
Online Only
Conroy is particularly interested in working with individuals with depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, PTSD and ADHD.
Elio Pedroso Conroy, MD, located in Napa Valley, is a board-certified Adult Psychiatrist licensed in California. Dr. Conroy attended medical school in Brazil, where he is originally from. He practiced as a generalist physician for a few years in his home country strengthening his foundation in general medicine. After that, he moved to the USA and completed his psychiatry residency at Saint Elizabeth’s Hospital, Washington DC.
Conroy is particularly interested in working with individuals with depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, PTSD and ADHD.
Elio Pedroso Conroy, MD, located in Napa Valley, is a board-certified Adult Psychiatrist licensed in California. Dr. Conroy attended medical school in Brazil, where he is originally from. He practiced as a generalist physician for a few years in his home country strengthening his foundation in general medicine. After that, he moved to the USA and completed his psychiatry residency at Saint Elizabeth’s Hospital, Washington DC.
(310) 954-9735 View (310) 954-9735

See more therapy options for San Francisco

Depression Psychiatrists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.