Support Groups in Leesburg, VA

If you're missing a loved one this season and need extra support, I'd love to invite you to my free holiday grief support gathering. No one is required to speak; being present is enough. My hope is that you will leave feeling a little less alone this holiday season and have a chance to honor the life of the person who was very special to you. You must RSVP to attend the event. Please reach out for more details!
Photo of Allyson Luna - Luna Counseling Solutions, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Hosted by Luna Counseling Solutions, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20176
If you're missing a loved one this season and need extra support, I'd love to invite you to my free holiday grief support gathering. No one is required to speak; being present is enough. My hope is that you will leave feeling a little less alone this holiday season and have a chance to honor the life of the person who was very special to you. You must RSVP to attend the event. Please reach out for more details!
(540) 274-1583 View (540) 274-1583
I am currently accepting supervisees for online individual and group clinical supervision for LCSW track. Groups will take place every other Saturday in two hour blocks. Groups are capped at 5 participants to ensure compliance for the LCSW supervision requirements. The fee is $80 per session. Contact us at admin@hopeworks-counseling.com to enroll. This group will consist of general case consultation and explore clinical issues related to diagnosing, writing diagnostic assessments, creating effective treatment plans and ethics.
Photo of Heather Bohon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Hosted by Heather Bohon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20176
I am currently accepting supervisees for online individual and group clinical supervision for LCSW track. Groups will take place every other Saturday in two hour blocks. Groups are capped at 5 participants to ensure compliance for the LCSW supervision requirements. The fee is $80 per session. Contact us at admin@hopeworks-counseling.com to enroll. This group will consist of general case consultation and explore clinical issues related to diagnosing, writing diagnostic assessments, creating effective treatment plans and ethics.
(540) 456-9572 View (540) 456-9572
We have an active young adult group that consists of high school seniors and recently graduated young adults who meet weekly to help navigate the stressors of life, college, jobs, relationships and future goals while providing a supportive network for each other.
Photo of Kelly Elizabeth Neverson - Connections Health Center, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LSATP, EMDR, C-DBT, CSOTP
Hosted by Connections Health Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LSATP, EMDR, C-DBT, CSOTP
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20175
We have an active young adult group that consists of high school seniors and recently graduated young adults who meet weekly to help navigate the stressors of life, college, jobs, relationships and future goals while providing a supportive network for each other.
(571) 378-3979 View (571) 378-3979
Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE)® is a cutting-edge mental training program for athletes, coaches, and other performers. Drawing on research from the sport sciences, psychology, and neuroscience, it provides specific guidance in building mindfulness skills essential to consistent, optimal performance. The group is: 6 sessions rooted in the tradition of Jon Kabat-Zinn's mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), adapted to be unique and specific to athletic performers. Each session emphasizes learning, engaging, and practicing core mindfulness skills in ways that maximize their integration into practice, competition, and daily life.
Photo of Matthew Sims, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, MPM, LCSWC
Hosted by Matthew Sims
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, MPM, LCSWC
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20176
Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE)® is a cutting-edge mental training program for athletes, coaches, and other performers. Drawing on research from the sport sciences, psychology, and neuroscience, it provides specific guidance in building mindfulness skills essential to consistent, optimal performance. The group is: 6 sessions rooted in the tradition of Jon Kabat-Zinn's mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), adapted to be unique and specific to athletic performers. Each session emphasizes learning, engaging, and practicing core mindfulness skills in ways that maximize their integration into practice, competition, and daily life.
(540) 405-6967 View (540) 405-6967
A grief support group is a compassionate, structured space where individuals coping with loss can share their experiences, emotions, and challenges without judgment. Guided by a trained facilitator, the group offers understanding, connection, and practical tools for navigating grief. This is a 6-week closed group where participants learn they are not alone as they explore coping skills, honor their loved ones, and build resilience at their own pace. Through open discussion, gentle activities, and supportive community, the group helps members find comfort, clarity, and hope while moving through their healing journey.
Photo of Felicia Washington - Mindful Therapeutiques LLC, MS, CGP
Hosted by Mindful Therapeutiques LLC
Verified Verified
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20175
A grief support group is a compassionate, structured space where individuals coping with loss can share their experiences, emotions, and challenges without judgment. Guided by a trained facilitator, the group offers understanding, connection, and practical tools for navigating grief. This is a 6-week closed group where participants learn they are not alone as they explore coping skills, honor their loved ones, and build resilience at their own pace. Through open discussion, gentle activities, and supportive community, the group helps members find comfort, clarity, and hope while moving through their healing journey.
(703) 686-8351 View (703) 686-8351
Young adult (18-23 years old) group for adoptees starting February 2023. This is a six week closed group for young adult adoptees focusing on transitions to adulthood, identity, and building connections with other adoptees. New clients will be required to complete a one time intake appointment. Open to residents of South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and West Virginia. Contact us today to register!
Photo of Christa Carlton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCSW-C, LICSW, RYT
Hosted by Christa Carlton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCSW-C, LICSW, RYT
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20175
Young adult (18-23 years old) group for adoptees starting February 2023. This is a six week closed group for young adult adoptees focusing on transitions to adulthood, identity, and building connections with other adoptees. New clients will be required to complete a one time intake appointment. Open to residents of South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and West Virginia. Contact us today to register!
(443) 785-2982 View (443) 785-2982
Join our therapist-led virtual book club to explore personal growth through pages and conversation! Each month, we choose one popular self-help, psychology, or mental health book and meet biweekly for supportive discussions that deepen understanding and encourage accountability. Looking for a safe space to connect, reflect, and share insights? Our small, welcoming meetings offer thoughtful conversations on mental health, self-care, and personal development. Expect a mix of insight and lighthearted moments. While therapeutic, this is a book club - not therapy. Come for the books, stay for the community! Learn more and register today: https://bit.ly/therapeuticbookclub.
Photo of Kaylie Groenhout, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Hosted by Kaylie Groenhout
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20175
Join our therapist-led virtual book club to explore personal growth through pages and conversation! Each month, we choose one popular self-help, psychology, or mental health book and meet biweekly for supportive discussions that deepen understanding and encourage accountability. Looking for a safe space to connect, reflect, and share insights? Our small, welcoming meetings offer thoughtful conversations on mental health, self-care, and personal development. Expect a mix of insight and lighthearted moments. While therapeutic, this is a book club - not therapy. Come for the books, stay for the community! Learn more and register today: https://bit.ly/therapeuticbookclub.
(571) 771-1229 View (571) 771-1229
This men's sex addiction group is for those who have entered into a recovery process and are focused on exploring the underlying trauma issues and family-of-origin dynamics contributing to the addictive behavior. In addition there is emphasis on improving relationship skills and rebuilding relationships with those affected by the person's sexual behavior.
Photo of Bruce K Butler, Licensed Professional Counselor, CSAT
Hosted by Bruce K Butler
Licensed Professional Counselor, CSAT
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20176
This men's sex addiction group is for those who have entered into a recovery process and are focused on exploring the underlying trauma issues and family-of-origin dynamics contributing to the addictive behavior. In addition there is emphasis on improving relationship skills and rebuilding relationships with those affected by the person's sexual behavior.
(301) 250-1473 View (301) 250-1473
Our Virginia certified domestic violence intervention program provides trauma-informed care for voluntary and court-ordered participants. Rather than a ons-size-fits-all approach, our program is tiered from 24 to 52 weeks. We offer a sliding fee scale, based upon household income. Program graduates may continue attending free of charge. Our acceptance-based program fosters healthy boundaries, effective communication, mindfulness training, conflict resolution, emotional regulation, parenting skills, attachment security, healthy coping strategies, and personal agency. Participant workbooks are available on Amazon: EMAP: Emotionally Intelligent Mindful Acceptance-Based Program and Mindful Workbook for Women
Photo of Wendy W. Coates, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Hosted by Wendy W. Coates
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20175
Our Virginia certified domestic violence intervention program provides trauma-informed care for voluntary and court-ordered participants. Rather than a ons-size-fits-all approach, our program is tiered from 24 to 52 weeks. We offer a sliding fee scale, based upon household income. Program graduates may continue attending free of charge. Our acceptance-based program fosters healthy boundaries, effective communication, mindfulness training, conflict resolution, emotional regulation, parenting skills, attachment security, healthy coping strategies, and personal agency. Participant workbooks are available on Amazon: EMAP: Emotionally Intelligent Mindful Acceptance-Based Program and Mindful Workbook for Women
(571) 609-5351 View (571) 609-5351
To support postpartum mothers in reconnecting with themselves, building resilience, and reclaiming their physical and emotional health, while fostering meaningful connections with others. Through practical tools and compassionate guidance, the group aims to help participants navigate the challenges of motherhood, prioritize self-care, strengthen relationships, and embrace their new and evolving identity as a mom with confidence and clarity. Co-facilitated by Caroline O'Neill of the Body Birth and Baby Center.
Photo of Dylan Beckner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Hosted by Dylan Beckner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20175
To support postpartum mothers in reconnecting with themselves, building resilience, and reclaiming their physical and emotional health, while fostering meaningful connections with others. Through practical tools and compassionate guidance, the group aims to help participants navigate the challenges of motherhood, prioritize self-care, strengthen relationships, and embrace their new and evolving identity as a mom with confidence and clarity. Co-facilitated by Caroline O'Neill of the Body Birth and Baby Center.
(571) 473-5352 View (571) 473-5352
Buprenorphine is an approved medication treatment protocol, it is used to help people reduce or quit their use of heroin or other opiates, such as pain relievers like morphine. Buprenorphine is also available under a brand name of Zubsolv. By suppressing withdrawal symptoms (detox) and reducing cravings. We also offer Telepsychiatry (online video appointment from home) for clients across Virginia, West Virginia and North Carolina.
Photo of Ijaz Rasul - Piedmont Behavioral Services, Psychiatrist, MD
Hosted by Piedmont Behavioral Services
Psychiatrist, MD
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20176
Buprenorphine is an approved medication treatment protocol, it is used to help people reduce or quit their use of heroin or other opiates, such as pain relievers like morphine. Buprenorphine is also available under a brand name of Zubsolv. By suppressing withdrawal symptoms (detox) and reducing cravings. We also offer Telepsychiatry (online video appointment from home) for clients across Virginia, West Virginia and North Carolina.
(703) 520-9717 View (703) 520-9717
This men's sex addiction group is for those who have entered into a recovery process and are focused on exploring the underlying trauma issues and family-of-origin dynamics contributing to the addictive behavior. In addition there is emphasis on improving relationship skills and rebuilding relationships with those affected by the person's sexual behavior.
Photo of Michelle Mays - Relational Recovery Institute, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CSAT
Hosted by Relational Recovery Institute
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CSAT
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20175
This men's sex addiction group is for those who have entered into a recovery process and are focused on exploring the underlying trauma issues and family-of-origin dynamics contributing to the addictive behavior. In addition there is emphasis on improving relationship skills and rebuilding relationships with those affected by the person's sexual behavior.
(703) 291-3712 View (703) 291-3712
Codependency is a concept that is often misunderstood, and its expression in mental health discussions can be limiting. Traditional approaches to healing codependency can inadvertently pathologize the condition, fostering shame, guilt, and a sense of being "less-than." Internal Family Systems (IFS) offers a compassionate and non-pathologizing framework for understanding and healing codependency. IFS recognizes that we all have parts of ourselves that have developed in response to early-life experiences and external messages from our families, communities, and culture. These parts once served protective functions, but over time, they may have become exaggerated or misaligned, causing distress.
Photo of Kimberley L Berlin, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LCSW, CSAC, MAC, CCTP
Hosted by Kimberley L Berlin
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LCSW, CSAC, MAC, CCTP
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20175
Codependency is a concept that is often misunderstood, and its expression in mental health discussions can be limiting. Traditional approaches to healing codependency can inadvertently pathologize the condition, fostering shame, guilt, and a sense of being "less-than." Internal Family Systems (IFS) offers a compassionate and non-pathologizing framework for understanding and healing codependency. IFS recognizes that we all have parts of ourselves that have developed in response to early-life experiences and external messages from our families, communities, and culture. These parts once served protective functions, but over time, they may have become exaggerated or misaligned, causing distress.
(571) 223-6323 View (571) 223-6323
Ever feel "stuck" in a situation or in your thoughts? Do you question how to move in a direction? This group is based on Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT) and helps you get in touch with your values, learn how metaphors and mindfulness can help you be fully present in the moment and move towards your bigger picture. As a member, you will go on an experiential journey both in and outside of group to ensure a path in your desired direction. Creating change may not be easy and yet you'll experience change just by attending group. Call now to reserve your spot!
Photo of Michelle Bogdan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Hosted by Michelle Bogdan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20175
Ever feel "stuck" in a situation or in your thoughts? Do you question how to move in a direction? This group is based on Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT) and helps you get in touch with your values, learn how metaphors and mindfulness can help you be fully present in the moment and move towards your bigger picture. As a member, you will go on an experiential journey both in and outside of group to ensure a path in your desired direction. Creating change may not be easy and yet you'll experience change just by attending group. Call now to reserve your spot!
(703) 596-3411 View (703) 596-3411
A counseling group for parents with children ages 2-12 who hope to improve their parent-child relationship. Parents improve communication with children and work to overcome parenting challenges.
Photo of Allison Swisher, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, RPT, NCC, NCSC
Hosted by Allison Swisher
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, RPT, NCC, NCSC
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20176
A counseling group for parents with children ages 2-12 who hope to improve their parent-child relationship. Parents improve communication with children and work to overcome parenting challenges.
(703) 791-9942 View (703) 791-9942
This group, scheduled to start in May 2026, will help participants both engage in social situations, as well as maintain social engagement. Skills will include verbal and non-verbal strategies to enhance and maintain social contact. The group will be a welcoming, non-judgmental space for people to express themselves and feel heard and seen.
Photo of Dave Edwards, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CCMHC
Hosted by Dave Edwards
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CCMHC
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20176
This group, scheduled to start in May 2026, will help participants both engage in social situations, as well as maintain social engagement. Skills will include verbal and non-verbal strategies to enhance and maintain social contact. The group will be a welcoming, non-judgmental space for people to express themselves and feel heard and seen.
(703) 309-2075 View (703) 309-2075
Our mission is to create a trauma-informed, compassionate, and confidential space where first responders can safely explore and heal from the cumulative impact of their service. Grounded in an understanding of the unique stressors and exposures faced in emergency response roles, our group fosters trust, peer connection, and emotional resilience. We are committed to honoring each individual’s experience without judgment, supporting recovery through education, empowerment, and evidence-based practices that prioritize safety, choice, and collaboration.
Photo of Bartley Deane Gibson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, CCT-SP, ADHD-PT, TLHT
Hosted by Bartley Deane Gibson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, CCT-SP, ADHD-PT, TLHT
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20176
Our mission is to create a trauma-informed, compassionate, and confidential space where first responders can safely explore and heal from the cumulative impact of their service. Grounded in an understanding of the unique stressors and exposures faced in emergency response roles, our group fosters trust, peer connection, and emotional resilience. We are committed to honoring each individual’s experience without judgment, supporting recovery through education, empowerment, and evidence-based practices that prioritize safety, choice, and collaboration.
(681) 228-6188 View (681) 228-6188
Anyone who has experienced loss of a loved one {child, spouse, parents, sibling, friend and pets) . grief therapy is centered around the stages of loss: disbelief, anger, sadness etc until acceptance and moving forward.
Photo of Monique Colette Grelot - Dr Monique C Grelot, Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, MS, LPC
Hosted by Dr Monique C Grelot
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, MS, LPC
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20176
Anyone who has experienced loss of a loved one {child, spouse, parents, sibling, friend and pets) . grief therapy is centered around the stages of loss: disbelief, anger, sadness etc until acceptance and moving forward.
(571) 931-5516 View (571) 931-5516
Social effectiveness is linked to better mental health outcomes and improved resilience in children. The social therapy groups we offer are powered by Sageforth™ Social, which goes beyond teaching specific friendship skills to focus on fostering social effectiveness and reducing risks for future mental health challenges. We recognize the vital role social functioning plays in overall mental health. That’s why we provide social therapy groups for children-Sageforth™ Social. Rooted in clinical psychology research, child development principles, and clinical expertise, Sageforth™ Social Therapy Groups go beyond teaching memorized social behaviors. Contact us to schedule a no-fee consultation.
Photo of Dr. Sarah M. Vanlandingham, Psychologist, PsyD
Hosted by Dr. Sarah M. Vanlandingham
Psychologist, PsyD
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20176
Social effectiveness is linked to better mental health outcomes and improved resilience in children. The social therapy groups we offer are powered by Sageforth™ Social, which goes beyond teaching specific friendship skills to focus on fostering social effectiveness and reducing risks for future mental health challenges. We recognize the vital role social functioning plays in overall mental health. That’s why we provide social therapy groups for children-Sageforth™ Social. Rooted in clinical psychology research, child development principles, and clinical expertise, Sageforth™ Social Therapy Groups go beyond teaching memorized social behaviors. Contact us to schedule a no-fee consultation.
(540) 202-1475 View (540) 202-1475
I often run adolescent growth groups. I am currently not running a group, but please feel free to inquire about groups for the Fall.
Photo of Karen Turner, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA, EdS
Hosted by Karen Turner
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA, EdS
Group meets in Leesburg, VA 20175
I often run adolescent growth groups. I am currently not running a group, but please feel free to inquire about groups for the Fall.
(703) 594-1989 View (703) 594-1989

See more therapy options for Leesburg

FAQs - About Group Therapy and Support Groups

How can I find a support group in Leesburg?

To find a support group in your area, start by entering your city, zip code, or the name of the group into the search bar at the top of the page. When searching, consider whether you prefer an in-person or virtual group. This can help you decide how broad your geographic search should be. If you are open to virtual groups, you might want to search by state instead of just your city, especially if there are limited options nearby.

Once you complete your search, you can use the filters to narrow the results by selecting specialties (such as grief, trauma, or eating disorders), therapeutic approaches, age groups, and other criteria to find a group that best fits your needs.

How does group therapy work?

Group therapy is led by one or more trained therapists and provides a space where participants can process their experiences and learn from others facing similar challenges. Groups may focus on a specific issue—such as addiction, grief, physical illnesses, parenting, or caregiving—or they may center around a particular therapeutic approach, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), social skill development, or Exposure Therapy. Some groups are also designed for specific populations, such as teens, veterans, or LGBTQ+ individuals.

It’s also important to distinguish group therapy from peer-led support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous. While both can offer valuable support, therapy groups are typically led by licensed professionals and follow a more structured format. Therapy groups often meet for a fixed length of time with a consistent group of members, while many peer support groups meet for an indefinite period of time with members coming and going.

What are the benefits of group therapy?

Group therapy offers several important benefits. It brings together people facing similar challenges—whether related to mental health, physical health, or life transitions—and creates a supportive environment where participants can exchange feedback, share experiences, and learn from one another. Hearing different perspectives can help individuals discover new coping strategies and practical tools they may not have encountered on their own. Sharing personal experiences, such as coping with a serious illness or navigating family struggles, can also reduce feelings of isolation and foster a sense of connection and understanding. In addition to emotional support, group members often gain useful, real-world advice from peers who have faced similar situations.

Group therapy is typically more affordable than individual therapy and, for certain conditions, can be equally effective. Many groups also include structured activities—such as guided journaling, cognitive-behavioral exercises, or role-playing—to help participants develop concrete skills they can apply in daily life.

Is group therapy as effective as individual therapy?

It is difficult to make a blanket statement about the effectiveness of support groups, as they vary widely in focus and the conditions they address. However, support groups can be highly valuable in helping individuals gain emotional support and achieve meaningful treatment outcomes. For certain conditions, such as substance use, research has shown that group therapy can be particularly effective—sometimes just as effective as individual therapy—in supporting long-term recovery.

Many professionals attribute the effectiveness of group therapy to the unique benefits of the group setting, which fosters peer-to-peer learning and a sense of connection through shared experiences. Group settings also offer accountability and encouragement from both facilitators and fellow participants, which helps sustain motivation and supports continued progress. These factors together play a key role in promoting the overall effectiveness of group therapy.

How much does group therapy cost?

Group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy, with sessions typically costing between $50 and $75 each. In comparison, individual therapy can cost anywhere from $100 to $200 or more per session, even with insurance. Some therapists or organizations offer low-cost or free group therapy options, particularly through community centers or nonprofit organizations. In some cases, groups may require payment upfront for a set number of sessions, such as paying for six weekly sessions at the first meeting. However, many providers offer payment plans to help make participation more accessible if this upfront payment is required.

Does insurance cover group therapy?

As with individual therapy, insurance coverage for group therapy varies based on factors such as your specific insurance plan, the purpose of the group, your diagnosis, and whether the group provider is in-network. Many insurance plans cover group therapy sessions that address diagnosable mental health conditions, such as substance use disorders, anxiety, or depression.

However, groups that focus on topics not directly tied to a mental health diagnosis—such as parenting support or divorce recovery—are less likely to be covered. Because coverage can vary widely, it’s important to check with your insurance provider before joining a group to confirm whether the sessions will be covered and what out-of-pocket costs you may be responsible for.

How long does group therapy last?

The length of each group therapy session typically ranges from 45 minutes to two hours, depending on the therapy approach, the group’s goals, and how often the group meets. In some cases, group therapy is part of a larger treatment program, such as an Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP), where group sessions complement individual therapy and are scheduled as part of the program’s overall structure.

The duration of participation in a group also varies. Some groups are designed to be short-term, lasting anywhere from 6 to 24 weeks—for example, bereavement groups or skills-based groups like those using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). Other groups may be longer-term, lasting a year or more, and some ongoing support groups meet indefinitely, allowing participants to stay as long as they find the group helpful.

What are the limitations of support groups?

Support groups offer many benefits, but they also have certain limitations. Unlike therapy groups, many support groups do not provide formal therapeutic treatment and are not led by licensed mental health professionals. For individuals seeking clinical treatment for specific mental health diagnoses—such as depression, eating disorders, or substance use—individual therapy or group therapy led by a licensed professional may offer more personalized and specialized care.

The effectiveness of a support group also depends heavily on the group’s participants and the overall group dynamic. When members engage respectfully and offer constructive support, the group can foster valuable peer-to-peer learning. However, if certain participants dominate discussions, provide inaccurate advice, or create conflict, it can disrupt the group’s sense of safety and reduce its effectiveness. Confidentiality can also be harder to maintain in support groups, particularly in open groups where participants can join or leave at any time. With new members regularly entering the group, it can be more difficult to build and sustain a consistent sense of trust and privacy.