Support Groups in Franklin, VA

**UPDATED TIMES** EVERY Thursday - 5:30p - 6:30p - 1Hr. / (ODD Days Only) Saturdays - 10:30a - 11:30a - 1Hr. (DOORS ARE LOCKED: ARRIVE 15 Min EARLY TO BE LET IN) PHYSICAL LOCATION 601 N. Mechanic Street #223 Franklin, VA 23851 (2nd Floor - Come Out the Elevator and to your Left) (Down the HALL on the Right) ***ONLINE Register at least 15MIN in advance by clicking the by PHONE: 1-309-205-3325 +Meeting ID - 87234579244# -OR- BY LINK: https://www.zenowellnessgroup.com/group / Be sure to register at 5:15pm, to receive a confirmation email a with information about joining meeting.
Photo of Percilla Zeno - Zeno Wellness Group - Behavioral Health Center, Licensed Professional Counselor, LCSW, LPC, LSATP, CPRS, CSAC
Hosted by Zeno Wellness Group - Behavioral Health Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCSW, LPC, LSATP, CPRS, CSAC
Group meets in Franklin, VA 23851
**UPDATED TIMES** EVERY Thursday - 5:30p - 6:30p - 1Hr. / (ODD Days Only) Saturdays - 10:30a - 11:30a - 1Hr. (DOORS ARE LOCKED: ARRIVE 15 Min EARLY TO BE LET IN) PHYSICAL LOCATION 601 N. Mechanic Street #223 Franklin, VA 23851 (2nd Floor - Come Out the Elevator and to your Left) (Down the HALL on the Right) ***ONLINE Register at least 15MIN in advance by clicking the by PHONE: 1-309-205-3325 +Meeting ID - 87234579244# -OR- BY LINK: https://www.zenowellnessgroup.com/group / Be sure to register at 5:15pm, to receive a confirmation email a with information about joining meeting.
(757) 280-3066 View (757) 280-3066
**UPDATED TIMES** (ODD #Dates Only) Saturdays -Starts at 10:30a - 11:30a - 1Hr. (DOORS ARE LOCKED: ARRIVE 15 Min EARLY TO BE LET IN) / PHYSICAL LOCATION 601 N. Mechanic Street #223 Franklin, VA 23851 (2nd Floor - Come Out the Elevator and to your Left) (Down the HALL on the Right) ***ONLINE Register at least 15MIN in advance by clicking the by PHONE: 1-309-205-3325 + Meeting ID - 87234579244# -OR- BY LINK: https://www.zenowellnessgroup.com/group / Be sure to register at 5:15pm, to receive a confirmation email a with information about joining meeting.
Photo of Percilla Zeno - Zeno Wellness Group - Behavioral Health Center, Licensed Professional Counselor, LCSW, LPC, LSATP, CPRS, CSAC
Hosted by Zeno Wellness Group - Behavioral Health Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCSW, LPC, LSATP, CPRS, CSAC
Group meets in Franklin, VA 23851
**UPDATED TIMES** (ODD #Dates Only) Saturdays -Starts at 10:30a - 11:30a - 1Hr. (DOORS ARE LOCKED: ARRIVE 15 Min EARLY TO BE LET IN) / PHYSICAL LOCATION 601 N. Mechanic Street #223 Franklin, VA 23851 (2nd Floor - Come Out the Elevator and to your Left) (Down the HALL on the Right) ***ONLINE Register at least 15MIN in advance by clicking the by PHONE: 1-309-205-3325 + Meeting ID - 87234579244# -OR- BY LINK: https://www.zenowellnessgroup.com/group / Be sure to register at 5:15pm, to receive a confirmation email a with information about joining meeting.
(757) 280-3066 View (757) 280-3066

More Groups Nearby

Our group practice supports clients navigating anxiety, perfectionism, trauma, depression, and life’s daily challenges. Rooted in compassion and authenticity, we create a safe, welcoming space where clients are encouraged to show up exactly as they are. Through personalized therapy, we foster resilience, self-awareness, and healing, empowering our clients to reconnect with themselves and live the life they desire!
Photo of Bridget Seely, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC, CGS, NCC
Hosted by Bridget Seely
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC, CGS, NCC
Group meets in Suffolk, VA 23435
Our group practice supports clients navigating anxiety, perfectionism, trauma, depression, and life’s daily challenges. Rooted in compassion and authenticity, we create a safe, welcoming space where clients are encouraged to show up exactly as they are. Through personalized therapy, we foster resilience, self-awareness, and healing, empowering our clients to reconnect with themselves and live the life they desire!
(757) 364-0635 View (757) 364-0635
Our 8-week Substance Use Recovery Group provides a supportive, judgment-free space for adults to build coping skills, strengthen recovery, and prevent relapse. Through guided discussion and peer support, participants gain practical tools, accountability, and encouragement for lasting change, because recovery is easier when you don’t do it alone.
Photo of Latifah Whitfield, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Hosted by Latifah Whitfield
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Group meets in Suffolk, VA 23434
Our 8-week Substance Use Recovery Group provides a supportive, judgment-free space for adults to build coping skills, strengthen recovery, and prevent relapse. Through guided discussion and peer support, participants gain practical tools, accountability, and encouragement for lasting change, because recovery is easier when you don’t do it alone.
(757) 350-8533 View (757) 350-8533
This is a virtual group for parents of children ages 6-17 to come together to find support and resources to help in raising a child with ASD. This group is an open group so you can come on weeks that work for you.
Photo of Brittany Hines, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Hosted by Brittany Hines
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Group meets in Smithfield, VA 23430
This is a virtual group for parents of children ages 6-17 to come together to find support and resources to help in raising a child with ASD. This group is an open group so you can come on weeks that work for you.
(757) 993-7611 View (757) 993-7611
In Secrets Revealed to Heal," we courageously confront and address the hidden wounds of sexual trauma within our families and communities. This Christian-based group is dedicated to uncovering the painful secrets of sexual abuse, understanding the impact of trauma, and discovering the path to healing through open dialogue and faith. Sexual trauma often remains buried in silence, perpetuating cycles of pain and dysfunction. We believe that what God reveals, He is ready to heal. Our mission is to break the chains of secrecy and shame, allowing the light of truth to guide us towards healing and restoration.
Photo of Whitney Smith-Johnson - Release it Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Hosted by Release it Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Group meets in Suffolk, VA 23434
In Secrets Revealed to Heal," we courageously confront and address the hidden wounds of sexual trauma within our families and communities. This Christian-based group is dedicated to uncovering the painful secrets of sexual abuse, understanding the impact of trauma, and discovering the path to healing through open dialogue and faith. Sexual trauma often remains buried in silence, perpetuating cycles of pain and dysfunction. We believe that what God reveals, He is ready to heal. Our mission is to break the chains of secrecy and shame, allowing the light of truth to guide us towards healing and restoration.
(757) 280-2509 View (757) 280-2509
Group for Teens to explore anxiety and anxiety-related behaviors. Group will discuss positive strategies for dealing with stress and anxiety, coping skills, and mindfulness activities. Group is Online.
Photo of Morgan Hale Cobb, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Hosted by Morgan Hale Cobb
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Group meets in Suffolk, VA 23437
Group for Teens to explore anxiety and anxiety-related behaviors. Group will discuss positive strategies for dealing with stress and anxiety, coping skills, and mindfulness activities. Group is Online.
(910) 612-1184 View (910) 612-1184
In office and telehealth practice., weekdays, Weekend and after 4 pm available. We provide medication management and therapy for diagnosis. Let us help you to the window of your own understanding and treatment. Christian based. Offering gradual therapeutic dosage reductions
Photo of Joseph M Hicks - Help In Clearly Known Situations/ HICKS, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, APRN, PMHNP
Hosted by Help In Clearly Known Situations/ HICKS
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, APRN, PMHNP
Group meets in Carrollton, VA 23314
In office and telehealth practice., weekdays, Weekend and after 4 pm available. We provide medication management and therapy for diagnosis. Let us help you to the window of your own understanding and treatment. Christian based. Offering gradual therapeutic dosage reductions
(757) 514-8566 View (757) 514-8566
Just Keep Swimming is designed to assist people who are navigating grief and loss. This may be due to the passing of a loved one, a life transition or myriad of other major changes of life. It is an 8 course program that provides support with education on the grieving process, healthy coping stratgies and the shared experience of others who have had similar experiences. Those interested may message us for more information about pariticipation and pricing.
Photo of Frances 'fran' Futrell, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA , LPC, CGIP
Hosted by Frances 'fran' Futrell
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA , LPC, CGIP
Group meets in Suffolk, VA 23434
Just Keep Swimming is designed to assist people who are navigating grief and loss. This may be due to the passing of a loved one, a life transition or myriad of other major changes of life. It is an 8 course program that provides support with education on the grieving process, healthy coping stratgies and the shared experience of others who have had similar experiences. Those interested may message us for more information about pariticipation and pricing.
(757) 798-7265 View (757) 798-7265

Online Groups

Our Creative Expression Group will focus on challenging negative thoughts, fostering identity exploration, improving self-esteem, and building resilience through the use of art therapy. The group is for adolescents ages 13-17.
Photo of Robyn Jennings - Lighthouse Behavioral Health Center, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Hosted by Lighthouse Behavioral Health Center, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Group meets in Richmond, VA 23235
Our Creative Expression Group will focus on challenging negative thoughts, fostering identity exploration, improving self-esteem, and building resilience through the use of art therapy. The group is for adolescents ages 13-17.
(804) 447-6382 View (804) 447-6382
Offered through virtual services the anxiety coping skills group is designed specifically for teens aged 13-15, who are dealing with a range of anxiety disorders. The group aims to provide them with skills to effectively manage the symptoms of anxiety by increasing resiliency, focusing on personal strengths, and improving social/ communication skills. This group empowers teens to reduce or eliminate destructive anxiety and its accompanying symptoms. The objectives of this therapy group include enhancing the clients understanding of anxiety, how it shapes our thinking and ways to counteract its influence.
Photo of Brian McClinton - Virginia Counseling Associates, Marriage & Family Therapist, LPC, LMFT
Hosted by Virginia Counseling Associates
Marriage & Family Therapist, LPC, LMFT
Group meets in Richmond, VA 23235
Offered through virtual services the anxiety coping skills group is designed specifically for teens aged 13-15, who are dealing with a range of anxiety disorders. The group aims to provide them with skills to effectively manage the symptoms of anxiety by increasing resiliency, focusing on personal strengths, and improving social/ communication skills. This group empowers teens to reduce or eliminate destructive anxiety and its accompanying symptoms. The objectives of this therapy group include enhancing the clients understanding of anxiety, how it shapes our thinking and ways to counteract its influence.
(804) 635-3555 View (804) 635-3555
Mental Health Agency in Chester, VA and surrounding area and is here to assist with mental health needs to help develop coping skills to self-regulation emotions and situations. To focus on things you can control and be able to let go of things you can't control. This group has licensed providers as well as interns and supervisees to assist you with meeting the needs and goals you want for yourself. TaeCare Therapy LLC also will offer clinical supervision for newly graduates and help provide training and test prep to set for LCSW exam. Weekly supervision to promote growth
Photo of Shanta Clay, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S, MSW
Hosted by Shanta Clay
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S, MSW
Group meets in Chester, VA 23836
Mental Health Agency in Chester, VA and surrounding area and is here to assist with mental health needs to help develop coping skills to self-regulation emotions and situations. To focus on things you can control and be able to let go of things you can't control. This group has licensed providers as well as interns and supervisees to assist you with meeting the needs and goals you want for yourself. TaeCare Therapy LLC also will offer clinical supervision for newly graduates and help provide training and test prep to set for LCSW exam. Weekly supervision to promote growth
(757) 982-2511 View (757) 982-2511
Friendship Club is a 12-week evidence-based social skills intervention for children ages 6-10 years old, 11-13 years old, and 14-17 years old. This virtual social group will help children and teens gain the skills necessary to make and/or keep friends. During each session, your child will learn and practice a new skill while interacting with other group members. Topics include conversational skills, “slipping in” and making friends, respect and boundaries, being a good sport, positive statements, avoiding bullying teasing and fighting, etc.
Photo of Katy Webb, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Hosted by Katy Webb
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Group meets in Mechanicsville, VA 23111
Friendship Club is a 12-week evidence-based social skills intervention for children ages 6-10 years old, 11-13 years old, and 14-17 years old. This virtual social group will help children and teens gain the skills necessary to make and/or keep friends. During each session, your child will learn and practice a new skill while interacting with other group members. Topics include conversational skills, “slipping in” and making friends, respect and boundaries, being a good sport, positive statements, avoiding bullying teasing and fighting, etc.
(804) 298-7806 View (804) 298-7806
Offering: anger management, parenting and covid-19 support groups for children returning to school.
Photo of Ronald T Lowery - Lowery Coaching & Consulting Services, LLC, QMHP-A, QMHP-C , CCTP
Hosted by Lowery Coaching & Consulting Services, LLC
Verified Verified
Group meets in Richmond, VA 23223
Offering: anger management, parenting and covid-19 support groups for children returning to school.
(804) 207-7513 View (804) 207-7513
RITT is an outpatient psychotherapy program that offers a wide range of current and creative therapeutic interventions. Treatment is tailored to address complex issues and help each person access their own unique and ever-present resources for healing.
Photo of Kris Santamaria - Riverbend Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Hosted by Riverbend Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Group meets in Richmond, VA 23229
RITT is an outpatient psychotherapy program that offers a wide range of current and creative therapeutic interventions. Treatment is tailored to address complex issues and help each person access their own unique and ever-present resources for healing.
(434) 961-2555 View (434) 961-2555
Steps to Serenity provides ASAP assessments for the VASAP Program in Virginia and partners with the case managers to ensure everyone’s needs are met. We host a substance use/abuse/addiction group multiple times per week for those needing to meet ASAP requirements and those that want to be in a judgement free, confidential place with those that can relate and help. We facilitate groups in English and Spanish.
Photo of Eddy Rocha, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LSATP
Hosted by Eddy Rocha
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LSATP
Group meets in Virginia Beach, VA 23452
Steps to Serenity provides ASAP assessments for the VASAP Program in Virginia and partners with the case managers to ensure everyone’s needs are met. We host a substance use/abuse/addiction group multiple times per week for those needing to meet ASAP requirements and those that want to be in a judgement free, confidential place with those that can relate and help. We facilitate groups in English and Spanish.
(757) 210-7736 View (757) 210-7736
I provide DWI/DUI groups for individuals that have been involved with the criminal justice system. That are in need of attending group education to complete legal requirements.
Photo of Dr. Vikki D McDonald-Columbus, Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD
Hosted by Dr. Vikki D McDonald-Columbus
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD
Group meets in Hampton, VA 23669
I provide DWI/DUI groups for individuals that have been involved with the criminal justice system. That are in need of attending group education to complete legal requirements.
(757) 909-5845 View (757) 909-5845
This group is designed for women who have experienced trauma and are seeking a safe, supportive space for healing. Led by Dr. Altman—an experienced therapist with specialized training in group therapy—this group offers a chance to reconnect, grow, and heal alongside others who understand. Cultivate a sense of belonging, reduce isolation, rebuild trust, and strengthen your capacity for healthy relationships. We focus on key topics each week, supported by handouts that encourage personal reflection and present-focused discussion. Whether you're ready to share or prefer to listen, this is a space where your presence matters. Details: https://margaretnormanpc.com/groups-1
Photo of Dr. Jan Altman - Dr. Jan Altman, Psychologist, PhD, LCP
Hosted by Dr. Jan Altman
Psychologist, PhD, LCP
Group meets in Henrico, VA 23228
This group is designed for women who have experienced trauma and are seeking a safe, supportive space for healing. Led by Dr. Altman—an experienced therapist with specialized training in group therapy—this group offers a chance to reconnect, grow, and heal alongside others who understand. Cultivate a sense of belonging, reduce isolation, rebuild trust, and strengthen your capacity for healthy relationships. We focus on key topics each week, supported by handouts that encourage personal reflection and present-focused discussion. Whether you're ready to share or prefer to listen, this is a space where your presence matters. Details: https://margaretnormanpc.com/groups-1
(804) 259-2181 x3 View (804) 259-2181 x3
Connected Within™ is a structured psychotherapy group for highly sensitive, high-functioning adults who feel stuck despite having insight. It’s designed to help you move from overthinking, over-functioning, and over-giving into feeling calm, confident, and connected. This group offers a supportive space with like-minded people where you can practice new ways of relating as you interact with others in the group—building self-trust, strengthening boundaries, and regulating your nervous system. With guidance and support, you’ll learn to notice, shift, and embody meaningful change so it carries into your everyday life and relationships.
Photo of Kristin Sage, Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, LMFT
Hosted by Kristin Sage
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, LMFT
Group meets in North Chesterfield, VA 23235
Connected Within™ is a structured psychotherapy group for highly sensitive, high-functioning adults who feel stuck despite having insight. It’s designed to help you move from overthinking, over-functioning, and over-giving into feeling calm, confident, and connected. This group offers a supportive space with like-minded people where you can practice new ways of relating as you interact with others in the group—building self-trust, strengthening boundaries, and regulating your nervous system. With guidance and support, you’ll learn to notice, shift, and embody meaningful change so it carries into your everyday life and relationships.
(757) 655-9546 View (757) 655-9546
Whether you're facing mental health challenges or seeking meaningful connections, this group provides a path to healing. With the support of others, you’ll be empowered to manage stress, face challenges, and create movement towards the life you want. What to Expect: A Safe Space: A non-judgmental environment to express yourself and know you're not alone. Effective Stress Management: Techniques drawing from CBT, mindfulness, and Christian counseling to improve emotional regulation. Mutual Support: Build a network of understanding and camaraderie. Email: nexumcounseling@gmail.com for more information.
Photo of Craig Simmons, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Hosted by Craig Simmons
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Group meets in Richmond, VA 23231
Whether you're facing mental health challenges or seeking meaningful connections, this group provides a path to healing. With the support of others, you’ll be empowered to manage stress, face challenges, and create movement towards the life you want. What to Expect: A Safe Space: A non-judgmental environment to express yourself and know you're not alone. Effective Stress Management: Techniques drawing from CBT, mindfulness, and Christian counseling to improve emotional regulation. Mutual Support: Build a network of understanding and camaraderie. Email: nexumcounseling@gmail.com for more information.
(804) 336-3469 View (804) 336-3469

See more therapy options for Franklin

FAQs - About Group Therapy and Support Groups

How can I find a support group in Franklin?

To find a support group in your area, start by entering your city, zip code, or the name of the group into the search bar at the top of the page. When searching, consider whether you prefer an in-person or virtual group. This can help you decide how broad your geographic search should be. If you are open to virtual groups, you might want to search by state instead of just your city, especially if there are limited options nearby.

Once you complete your search, you can use the filters to narrow the results by selecting specialties (such as grief, trauma, or eating disorders), therapeutic approaches, age groups, and other criteria to find a group that best fits your needs.

How does group therapy work?

Group therapy is led by one or more trained therapists and provides a space where participants can process their experiences and learn from others facing similar challenges. Groups may focus on a specific issue—such as addiction, grief, physical illnesses, parenting, or caregiving—or they may center around a particular therapeutic approach, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), social skill development, or Exposure Therapy. Some groups are also designed for specific populations, such as teens, veterans, or LGBTQ+ individuals.

It’s also important to distinguish group therapy from peer-led support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous. While both can offer valuable support, therapy groups are typically led by licensed professionals and follow a more structured format. Therapy groups often meet for a fixed length of time with a consistent group of members, while many peer support groups meet for an indefinite period of time with members coming and going.

What are the benefits of group therapy?

Group therapy offers several important benefits. It brings together people facing similar challenges—whether related to mental health, physical health, or life transitions—and creates a supportive environment where participants can exchange feedback, share experiences, and learn from one another. Hearing different perspectives can help individuals discover new coping strategies and practical tools they may not have encountered on their own. Sharing personal experiences, such as coping with a serious illness or navigating family struggles, can also reduce feelings of isolation and foster a sense of connection and understanding. In addition to emotional support, group members often gain useful, real-world advice from peers who have faced similar situations.

Group therapy is typically more affordable than individual therapy and, for certain conditions, can be equally effective. Many groups also include structured activities—such as guided journaling, cognitive-behavioral exercises, or role-playing—to help participants develop concrete skills they can apply in daily life.

Is group therapy as effective as individual therapy?

It is difficult to make a blanket statement about the effectiveness of support groups, as they vary widely in focus and the conditions they address. However, support groups can be highly valuable in helping individuals gain emotional support and achieve meaningful treatment outcomes. For certain conditions, such as substance use, research has shown that group therapy can be particularly effective—sometimes just as effective as individual therapy—in supporting long-term recovery.

Many professionals attribute the effectiveness of group therapy to the unique benefits of the group setting, which fosters peer-to-peer learning and a sense of connection through shared experiences. Group settings also offer accountability and encouragement from both facilitators and fellow participants, which helps sustain motivation and supports continued progress. These factors together play a key role in promoting the overall effectiveness of group therapy.

How much does group therapy cost?

Group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy, with sessions typically costing between $50 and $75 each. In comparison, individual therapy can cost anywhere from $100 to $200 or more per session, even with insurance. Some therapists or organizations offer low-cost or free group therapy options, particularly through community centers or nonprofit organizations. In some cases, groups may require payment upfront for a set number of sessions, such as paying for six weekly sessions at the first meeting. However, many providers offer payment plans to help make participation more accessible if this upfront payment is required.

Does insurance cover group therapy?

As with individual therapy, insurance coverage for group therapy varies based on factors such as your specific insurance plan, the purpose of the group, your diagnosis, and whether the group provider is in-network. Many insurance plans cover group therapy sessions that address diagnosable mental health conditions, such as substance use disorders, anxiety, or depression.

However, groups that focus on topics not directly tied to a mental health diagnosis—such as parenting support or divorce recovery—are less likely to be covered. Because coverage can vary widely, it’s important to check with your insurance provider before joining a group to confirm whether the sessions will be covered and what out-of-pocket costs you may be responsible for.

How long does group therapy last?

The length of each group therapy session typically ranges from 45 minutes to two hours, depending on the therapy approach, the group’s goals, and how often the group meets. In some cases, group therapy is part of a larger treatment program, such as an Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP), where group sessions complement individual therapy and are scheduled as part of the program’s overall structure.

The duration of participation in a group also varies. Some groups are designed to be short-term, lasting anywhere from 6 to 24 weeks—for example, bereavement groups or skills-based groups like those using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). Other groups may be longer-term, lasting a year or more, and some ongoing support groups meet indefinitely, allowing participants to stay as long as they find the group helpful.

What are the limitations of support groups?

Support groups offer many benefits, but they also have certain limitations. Unlike therapy groups, many support groups do not provide formal therapeutic treatment and are not led by licensed mental health professionals. For individuals seeking clinical treatment for specific mental health diagnoses—such as depression, eating disorders, or substance use—individual therapy or group therapy led by a licensed professional may offer more personalized and specialized care.

The effectiveness of a support group also depends heavily on the group’s participants and the overall group dynamic. When members engage respectfully and offer constructive support, the group can foster valuable peer-to-peer learning. However, if certain participants dominate discussions, provide inaccurate advice, or create conflict, it can disrupt the group’s sense of safety and reduce its effectiveness. Confidentiality can also be harder to maintain in support groups, particularly in open groups where participants can join or leave at any time. With new members regularly entering the group, it can be more difficult to build and sustain a consistent sense of trust and privacy.