Support Groups in Bayonne, NJ

LGBTQU+ issues will be discussed from an experiential/client-centered perspective. In a respective, confidential ONLINE, environment (meeting once/week) we can discuss issues pertinent to daily life. These include (but are not limited to): Relationships, transitions, gay/lesbian coming out, transsexuals, queer, career, parenting, union/divorce, goals/life! Cash only; no insurance. To learn more about this group please email Dr. Neo: Neophd@Hushmail.com
Photo of Neo Papaneophytou, Counselor, PhD, LPC, LMHC, NCC, DCC
Hosted by Neo Papaneophytou
Counselor, PhD, LPC, LMHC, NCC, DCC
Group meets in Bayonne, NJ 07002
LGBTQU+ issues will be discussed from an experiential/client-centered perspective. In a respective, confidential ONLINE, environment (meeting once/week) we can discuss issues pertinent to daily life. These include (but are not limited to): Relationships, transitions, gay/lesbian coming out, transsexuals, queer, career, parenting, union/divorce, goals/life! Cash only; no insurance. To learn more about this group please email Dr. Neo: Neophd@Hushmail.com
(646) 863-7969 View (646) 863-7969
An ancient proverb reads, "Wisdom is at the heart of a person like deep waters. But one of understanding will draw it out." (Proverbs 20:5). We believe in this timeless, universal principle so much, that we named our company after it! At PROV 205 we see our purpose as licensed psychologists this way: to evoke healthy ways of being that already reside in you rather than to install answers and direction for you. Our calling is to join you on your journey towards growth, pointing out obstacles along the way that must be faced in order to become all you yearn to be.
Photo of Joel Nunez - PROV 205 Psychological Services - Group Practice, Psychologist, PhD, PsyD, LAC
Hosted by PROV 205 Psychological Services - Group Practice
Psychologist, PhD, PsyD, LAC
Group meets in Bayonne, NJ 07002
An ancient proverb reads, "Wisdom is at the heart of a person like deep waters. But one of understanding will draw it out." (Proverbs 20:5). We believe in this timeless, universal principle so much, that we named our company after it! At PROV 205 we see our purpose as licensed psychologists this way: to evoke healthy ways of being that already reside in you rather than to install answers and direction for you. Our calling is to join you on your journey towards growth, pointing out obstacles along the way that must be faced in order to become all you yearn to be.
(551) 258-8694 View (551) 258-8694
LGBTQU+ ADOLESCENT issues will be discussed from an experiential/client-centered perspective. In a respective, confidential ONLINE, environment (meeting once/week) we can discuss issues pertinent to daily life. These include (but are not limited to): Relationships, school/college-related, transitions, gay/lesbian coming out, transsexuals, queer, career, parenting, union/divorce, goals/life! Cash only; no insurance. To learn more about this group please email Dr. Neo: Neophd@Hushmail.com
Photo of Neo Papaneophytou, Counselor, PhD, LPC, LMHC, NCC, DCC
Hosted by Neo Papaneophytou
Counselor, PhD, LPC, LMHC, NCC, DCC
Group meets in Bayonne, NJ 07002
LGBTQU+ ADOLESCENT issues will be discussed from an experiential/client-centered perspective. In a respective, confidential ONLINE, environment (meeting once/week) we can discuss issues pertinent to daily life. These include (but are not limited to): Relationships, school/college-related, transitions, gay/lesbian coming out, transsexuals, queer, career, parenting, union/divorce, goals/life! Cash only; no insurance. To learn more about this group please email Dr. Neo: Neophd@Hushmail.com
(646) 863-7969 View (646) 863-7969
As social beings as we all need to feel deeply connected with others to thrive. That means spending time with your loved ones, your friends and colleagues. We are all seeking for that co-creative connection, that enables us to feel, to be seen and heard. Our Empowerment Groups and Workshops are an interactive series, created to inform and provide tools that help align your beliefs with your sense of purpose, so that you can experience an authentic with yourself and with others.
Photo of Brian Nandy, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Hosted by Brian Nandy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Group meets in Bayonne, NJ 07002
As social beings as we all need to feel deeply connected with others to thrive. That means spending time with your loved ones, your friends and colleagues. We are all seeking for that co-creative connection, that enables us to feel, to be seen and heard. Our Empowerment Groups and Workshops are an interactive series, created to inform and provide tools that help align your beliefs with your sense of purpose, so that you can experience an authentic with yourself and with others.
(908) 206-7042 View (908) 206-7042
Women/Trans/Men/U+ issues will be discussed from an experiential/client-centered perspective. In a respective, confidential ONLINE, environment (meeting once/week) we can discuss issues pertinent to daily life. These include (but are not limited to): Relationships, men/transsexuals/Women/U+, transitions, gay/lesbian coming out, queer, career, parenting, union/divorce, goals/life! Cash only; no insurance. To learn more about this group please email Dr. Neo: Neophd@Hushmail.com
Photo of Neo Papaneophytou, Counselor, PhD, LPC, LMHC, NCC, DCC
Hosted by Neo Papaneophytou
Counselor, PhD, LPC, LMHC, NCC, DCC
Group meets in Bayonne, NJ 07002
Women/Trans/Men/U+ issues will be discussed from an experiential/client-centered perspective. In a respective, confidential ONLINE, environment (meeting once/week) we can discuss issues pertinent to daily life. These include (but are not limited to): Relationships, men/transsexuals/Women/U+, transitions, gay/lesbian coming out, queer, career, parenting, union/divorce, goals/life! Cash only; no insurance. To learn more about this group please email Dr. Neo: Neophd@Hushmail.com
(646) 863-7969 View (646) 863-7969

More Groups Nearby

This uses a journaling intervention for mother's with anxiety.
Photo of Melissa Scollan-Koliopoulos - Nu Imagery Healthcare LLC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, EdD DNP, PMHNP, FNP, PMHS, CDCES
Hosted by Nu Imagery Healthcare LLC
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, EdD DNP, PMHNP, FNP, PMHS, CDCES
Group meets in Haskell, NJ 07420
This uses a journaling intervention for mother's with anxiety.
(973) 846-5695 View (973) 846-5695
Topics Include: Planning, Organization, Task Initiation, Working-Memory, Mental Flexibility, and Attention. Groups are
Photo of Joseph LaBelle, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Hosted by Joseph LaBelle
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Group meets in Montclair, NJ 07042
Topics Include: Planning, Organization, Task Initiation, Working-Memory, Mental Flexibility, and Attention. Groups are
(973) 251-5785 View (973) 251-5785
The bereavement group is comprised of a small number of people grieving the death of a loved one facilitated by licensed clinicians. These individuals share experiences, and the group is designed to manage the emotional and physiological stress associated with loss and bereavement. The goal is to help you face and manage the immense negative feelings associated with loss. This group meets weekly to help you face these overwhelming challenges and move toward rebuilding your life.
Photo of Stephen J. Oreski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, DSW
Hosted by Stephen J. Oreski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, DSW
Group meets in Paramus, NJ 07652
The bereavement group is comprised of a small number of people grieving the death of a loved one facilitated by licensed clinicians. These individuals share experiences, and the group is designed to manage the emotional and physiological stress associated with loss and bereavement. The goal is to help you face and manage the immense negative feelings associated with loss. This group meets weekly to help you face these overwhelming challenges and move toward rebuilding your life.
(201) 632-3907 View (201) 632-3907
Our comprehensive DBT program holds weekly Skills groups - Adolescents/Parents, Young Adult/University Students, and Adults. Multi-Family Groups, DBT-A, are held in evening, Young Adults and Adult groups have evening and noontime sections for your convenience. In a DBT Skills groups, you learn and practice coping skills for every area of your life and have better emotion regulation. For parents, you learn to be there in the moment with your teen, when they need you the most.
Photo of Barbara G. Reese - Resilience DBT & Eating Recovery, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CEDS-S
Hosted by Resilience DBT & Eating Recovery
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CEDS-S
Group meets in Montclair, NJ 07042
Our comprehensive DBT program holds weekly Skills groups - Adolescents/Parents, Young Adult/University Students, and Adults. Multi-Family Groups, DBT-A, are held in evening, Young Adults and Adult groups have evening and noontime sections for your convenience. In a DBT Skills groups, you learn and practice coping skills for every area of your life and have better emotion regulation. For parents, you learn to be there in the moment with your teen, when they need you the most.
(973) 783-2292 x1 View (973) 783-2292 x1
At You Bridge Health, our vision is to be the best psychiatric mental health clinic in the world. We combine compassion, clinical care, and purpose-driven support to create true transformation. We exist to help you reconnect with yourself, build the life you were made for, and rise with clarity, strength, and confidence. Our mission is to walk with you as you uncover your purpose, overcome what’s been holding you back, and build a fulfilling life. Every session is personalized, every plan rooted in respect and empathy. This isn’t just care. This is transformation.
Photo of Wendy Akoh-Brefo, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, ANCC-BC, MSN
Hosted by Wendy Akoh-Brefo
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, ANCC-BC, MSN
Group meets in Iselin, NJ 08830
At You Bridge Health, our vision is to be the best psychiatric mental health clinic in the world. We combine compassion, clinical care, and purpose-driven support to create true transformation. We exist to help you reconnect with yourself, build the life you were made for, and rise with clarity, strength, and confidence. Our mission is to walk with you as you uncover your purpose, overcome what’s been holding you back, and build a fulfilling life. Every session is personalized, every plan rooted in respect and empathy. This isn’t just care. This is transformation.
(732) 290-4075 View (732) 290-4075
A safe space for pregnant and postpartum moms navigating mood, anxiety, and relationship changes.
Photo of Melanie Kawalek, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Hosted by Melanie Kawalek
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Group meets in Jersey City, NJ 07302
A safe space for pregnant and postpartum moms navigating mood, anxiety, and relationship changes.
(201) 490-6874 View (201) 490-6874
***WORKSHOP TEMPORARILY SUSPENDED*** Divorce is a confusing, challenging and devastating life experience on every level. "Second Saturday" is a two-hour workshop designed to help individuals understand their current situation and explore options for saving time, money and grief as they consider the divorce process. This workshop consists of segments taught by different professionals: a family law attorney, a certified divorce financial planner, and a licensed psychologist. These segments are designed to support/educate individuals as they explore important legal, financial, and emotional issues that emerge during divorce. To register, please contact: Faith Dunkel, Psy.D.
Photo of Dr. Faith Dunkel, Psychologist, PsyD
Hosted by Dr. Faith Dunkel
Psychologist, PsyD
Group meets in Montclair, NJ 07042
***WORKSHOP TEMPORARILY SUSPENDED*** Divorce is a confusing, challenging and devastating life experience on every level. "Second Saturday" is a two-hour workshop designed to help individuals understand their current situation and explore options for saving time, money and grief as they consider the divorce process. This workshop consists of segments taught by different professionals: a family law attorney, a certified divorce financial planner, and a licensed psychologist. These segments are designed to support/educate individuals as they explore important legal, financial, and emotional issues that emerge during divorce. To register, please contact: Faith Dunkel, Psy.D.
(973) 821-4803 View (973) 821-4803
Intensives offer a focused, in-depth approach for individuals and couples who want meaningful change without waiting months for progress. Couples intensives help partners break out of stuck patterns, improve communication, heal from betrayal, and reconnect more quickly. Individual intensives provide dedicated space to work through anxiety, relationship stress, or emotional overwhelm at a deeper level. In a private, supportive setting, we focus on what’s been keeping you stuck and support real, lasting change. If you’re ready for meaningful progress, I’m here to help.to learn more!
Photo of Stevette Heyliger, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Hosted by Stevette Heyliger
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Group meets in Montclair, NJ 07042
Intensives offer a focused, in-depth approach for individuals and couples who want meaningful change without waiting months for progress. Couples intensives help partners break out of stuck patterns, improve communication, heal from betrayal, and reconnect more quickly. Individual intensives provide dedicated space to work through anxiety, relationship stress, or emotional overwhelm at a deeper level. In a private, supportive setting, we focus on what’s been keeping you stuck and support real, lasting change. If you’re ready for meaningful progress, I’m here to help.to learn more!
(973) 241-5306 View (973) 241-5306
A process oriented emotional growth group for boys ages mature 10- young 13. Twice a month, meets for 90 minutes, cost is 75$. Appropriate for boys who are dealing with anger, peer issues, emotional disconnect from families and self-criticism. Also appropriate for boys struggling with the influence of a peer culture that impedes true personal expression, and narrowly defines "cool". Group will focus on building inner strength and resiliency through safely contained yet organic encounters with one another. A mixture of expressive therapies are used, as are principles of nonviolent communication and, when weather permits, encounters with nature.
Photo of Jennifer Laura Johnson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Hosted by Jennifer Laura Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Group meets in Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
A process oriented emotional growth group for boys ages mature 10- young 13. Twice a month, meets for 90 minutes, cost is 75$. Appropriate for boys who are dealing with anger, peer issues, emotional disconnect from families and self-criticism. Also appropriate for boys struggling with the influence of a peer culture that impedes true personal expression, and narrowly defines "cool". Group will focus on building inner strength and resiliency through safely contained yet organic encounters with one another. A mixture of expressive therapies are used, as are principles of nonviolent communication and, when weather permits, encounters with nature.
(908) 854-0239 View (908) 854-0239
I run a supportive group for new mothers and their babies up to 9 months. The group is 10 weeks long and focuses on issues related to the adjustment of motherhood, including feeding, sleeping, and marital changes, as well as decisions about child care, decisions about working outside the home, and dealing with extended family. It is a supportive, warm and accepting environment to help counteract the isolation that new mothers often feel. Each week has a particular topic, but there is always time and room to bring up issues that moms might be dealing with that week.
Photo of Laura Epstein Rosen, Psychologist, PhD
Hosted by Laura Epstein Rosen
Psychologist, PhD
Group meets in Ridgewood, NJ 07450
I run a supportive group for new mothers and their babies up to 9 months. The group is 10 weeks long and focuses on issues related to the adjustment of motherhood, including feeding, sleeping, and marital changes, as well as decisions about child care, decisions about working outside the home, and dealing with extended family. It is a supportive, warm and accepting environment to help counteract the isolation that new mothers often feel. Each week has a particular topic, but there is always time and room to bring up issues that moms might be dealing with that week.
(201) 875-1134 View (201) 875-1134
At a Life Well Lived our goal is to create a safe and embracing environment that allows clients from all walks of life to explore their personal problems and challenges. Our highly skilled therapists are there to support you in a trustworthy, empathic and non-judgmental setting as you work towards a supportive counseling relationship. Are you ready to start your journey with us?
Photo of Kimberly M Coelho-Vera - Life Well Lived - Counseling & Psychotherapy, Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS, LPC, ACS
Hosted by Life Well Lived - Counseling & Psychotherapy
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS, LPC, ACS
Group meets in Livingston, NJ 07039
At a Life Well Lived our goal is to create a safe and embracing environment that allows clients from all walks of life to explore their personal problems and challenges. Our highly skilled therapists are there to support you in a trustworthy, empathic and non-judgmental setting as you work towards a supportive counseling relationship. Are you ready to start your journey with us?
(973) 542-9594 View (973) 542-9594
This anger management group is a virtual group designed to assist participants with understanding various factors that contribute to anger, learning how anger impacts us on a cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and physical, emotional level and implementing effective strategies to manage to feel more in control intensity, improve communication, and increase possibility of healthy relationships. The group incorporates 12 sessions and includes a completion certificate at the conclusion of attending all groups.
Photo of Cindy S. Bowers, Counselor, MA, LMHC, LPC, ACS
Hosted by Cindy S. Bowers
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LPC, ACS
Group meets in Holmdel, NJ 07733
This anger management group is a virtual group designed to assist participants with understanding various factors that contribute to anger, learning how anger impacts us on a cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and physical, emotional level and implementing effective strategies to manage to feel more in control intensity, improve communication, and increase possibility of healthy relationships. The group incorporates 12 sessions and includes a completion certificate at the conclusion of attending all groups.
(929) 207-7457 View (929) 207-7457
This group provides a safe place to parents to be allowed to express their thoughts and feelings while being supported and provided with strategies that can you used in every day life. You will leave the group feeling motivated and knowing that your voice was heard.
Photo of Raenelle Bacchus - Your PossAbilities, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC, CCS
Hosted by Your PossAbilities, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC, CCS
Group meets in Newark, NJ 07102
This group provides a safe place to parents to be allowed to express their thoughts and feelings while being supported and provided with strategies that can you used in every day life. You will leave the group feeling motivated and knowing that your voice was heard.
(551) 213-6805 View (551) 213-6805
You love each other but can't seem to stop hurting each other. One person shuts down, the other gets louder—different topics, same pattern. You're not broken. You're stuck. This virtual EFT-based intensive helps couples break pursue-withdraw cycles, heal attachment wounds, and rebuild emotional safety in just four weeks. What's included: Four 90-minute structured sessions, personalized cycle map, conflict interrupt plan, bonding conversation scripts, weekly homework, and a 30-day relationship roadmap. Limited to 4 couples. Premium intensive support at an accessible price. Break the cycle, find harmony in your relationship.
Photo of Jaunai Staton, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LAMFT
Hosted by Jaunai Staton
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LAMFT
Group meets in Metuchen, NJ 08840
You love each other but can't seem to stop hurting each other. One person shuts down, the other gets louder—different topics, same pattern. You're not broken. You're stuck. This virtual EFT-based intensive helps couples break pursue-withdraw cycles, heal attachment wounds, and rebuild emotional safety in just four weeks. What's included: Four 90-minute structured sessions, personalized cycle map, conflict interrupt plan, bonding conversation scripts, weekly homework, and a 30-day relationship roadmap. Limited to 4 couples. Premium intensive support at an accessible price. Break the cycle, find harmony in your relationship.
(732) 517-3799 View (732) 517-3799
Teenagers often face many social and emotional challenges while dealing with the typical stressors of day to day life. This group provides a forum for teens struggling with anxiety, depression, self-destructive behaviors, social issues and family issues to give and receive support and feedback from peers. Group members will discuss coping skills for various stressors and develop ways to manage treatment issues.
Photo of Jarrah Kratzer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Hosted by Jarrah Kratzer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Group meets in Hazlet, NJ 07730
Teenagers often face many social and emotional challenges while dealing with the typical stressors of day to day life. This group provides a forum for teens struggling with anxiety, depression, self-destructive behaviors, social issues and family issues to give and receive support and feedback from peers. Group members will discuss coping skills for various stressors and develop ways to manage treatment issues.
(732) 719-3841 View (732) 719-3841

See more therapy options for Bayonne

FAQs - About Group Therapy and Support Groups

How can I find a support group in Bayonne?

To find a support group in your area, start by entering your city, zip code, or the name of the group into the search bar at the top of the page. When searching, consider whether you prefer an in-person or virtual group. This can help you decide how broad your geographic search should be. If you are open to virtual groups, you might want to search by state instead of just your city, especially if there are limited options nearby.

Once you complete your search, you can use the filters to narrow the results by selecting specialties (such as grief, trauma, or eating disorders), therapeutic approaches, age groups, and other criteria to find a group that best fits your needs.

How does group therapy work?

Group therapy is led by one or more trained therapists and provides a space where participants can process their experiences and learn from others facing similar challenges. Groups may focus on a specific issue—such as addiction, grief, physical illnesses, parenting, or caregiving—or they may center around a particular therapeutic approach, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), social skill development, or Exposure Therapy. Some groups are also designed for specific populations, such as teens, veterans, or LGBTQ+ individuals.

It’s also important to distinguish group therapy from peer-led support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous. While both can offer valuable support, therapy groups are typically led by licensed professionals and follow a more structured format. Therapy groups often meet for a fixed length of time with a consistent group of members, while many peer support groups meet for an indefinite period of time with members coming and going.

What are the benefits of group therapy?

Group therapy offers several important benefits. It brings together people facing similar challenges—whether related to mental health, physical health, or life transitions—and creates a supportive environment where participants can exchange feedback, share experiences, and learn from one another. Hearing different perspectives can help individuals discover new coping strategies and practical tools they may not have encountered on their own. Sharing personal experiences, such as coping with a serious illness or navigating family struggles, can also reduce feelings of isolation and foster a sense of connection and understanding. In addition to emotional support, group members often gain useful, real-world advice from peers who have faced similar situations.

Group therapy is typically more affordable than individual therapy and, for certain conditions, can be equally effective. Many groups also include structured activities—such as guided journaling, cognitive-behavioral exercises, or role-playing—to help participants develop concrete skills they can apply in daily life.

Is group therapy as effective as individual therapy?

It is difficult to make a blanket statement about the effectiveness of support groups, as they vary widely in focus and the conditions they address. However, support groups can be highly valuable in helping individuals gain emotional support and achieve meaningful treatment outcomes. For certain conditions, such as substance use, research has shown that group therapy can be particularly effective—sometimes just as effective as individual therapy—in supporting long-term recovery.

Many professionals attribute the effectiveness of group therapy to the unique benefits of the group setting, which fosters peer-to-peer learning and a sense of connection through shared experiences. Group settings also offer accountability and encouragement from both facilitators and fellow participants, which helps sustain motivation and supports continued progress. These factors together play a key role in promoting the overall effectiveness of group therapy.

How much does group therapy cost?

Group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy, with sessions typically costing between $50 and $75 each. In comparison, individual therapy can cost anywhere from $100 to $200 or more per session, even with insurance. Some therapists or organizations offer low-cost or free group therapy options, particularly through community centers or nonprofit organizations. In some cases, groups may require payment upfront for a set number of sessions, such as paying for six weekly sessions at the first meeting. However, many providers offer payment plans to help make participation more accessible if this upfront payment is required.

Does insurance cover group therapy?

As with individual therapy, insurance coverage for group therapy varies based on factors such as your specific insurance plan, the purpose of the group, your diagnosis, and whether the group provider is in-network. Many insurance plans cover group therapy sessions that address diagnosable mental health conditions, such as substance use disorders, anxiety, or depression.

However, groups that focus on topics not directly tied to a mental health diagnosis—such as parenting support or divorce recovery—are less likely to be covered. Because coverage can vary widely, it’s important to check with your insurance provider before joining a group to confirm whether the sessions will be covered and what out-of-pocket costs you may be responsible for.

How long does group therapy last?

The length of each group therapy session typically ranges from 45 minutes to two hours, depending on the therapy approach, the group’s goals, and how often the group meets. In some cases, group therapy is part of a larger treatment program, such as an Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP), where group sessions complement individual therapy and are scheduled as part of the program’s overall structure.

The duration of participation in a group also varies. Some groups are designed to be short-term, lasting anywhere from 6 to 24 weeks—for example, bereavement groups or skills-based groups like those using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). Other groups may be longer-term, lasting a year or more, and some ongoing support groups meet indefinitely, allowing participants to stay as long as they find the group helpful.

What are the limitations of support groups?

Support groups offer many benefits, but they also have certain limitations. Unlike therapy groups, many support groups do not provide formal therapeutic treatment and are not led by licensed mental health professionals. For individuals seeking clinical treatment for specific mental health diagnoses—such as depression, eating disorders, or substance use—individual therapy or group therapy led by a licensed professional may offer more personalized and specialized care.

The effectiveness of a support group also depends heavily on the group’s participants and the overall group dynamic. When members engage respectfully and offer constructive support, the group can foster valuable peer-to-peer learning. However, if certain participants dominate discussions, provide inaccurate advice, or create conflict, it can disrupt the group’s sense of safety and reduce its effectiveness. Confidentiality can also be harder to maintain in support groups, particularly in open groups where participants can join or leave at any time. With new members regularly entering the group, it can be more difficult to build and sustain a consistent sense of trust and privacy.