Support Groups in Holly Springs, NC
Research has shown Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness approaches are effective in overcoming anxiety. In this group, you will learn a variety of techniques proven to reduce anxious thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Our hope is that through this group, participants will: 1) have the chance to build relationships with others who understand their struggle with anxiety; and 2) will develop new skills that they can use to address anxiety long after this group is over. Visit www.counselingwake.com for more information on this 6 session group beginning in September, 2019!

Hosted by Valerie L Schwiebert
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LCMHC
Group meets in Holly Springs, NC 27540
Research has shown Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness approaches are effective in overcoming anxiety. In this group, you will learn a variety of techniques proven to reduce anxious thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Our hope is that through this group, participants will: 1) have the chance to build relationships with others who understand their struggle with anxiety; and 2) will develop new skills that they can use to address anxiety long after this group is over. Visit www.counselingwake.com for more information on this 6 session group beginning in September, 2019!
Have you recently lost a loved one? Grief is as normal to the experience of losing a loved one as joy is to a new birth. Grief is a powerful, distressing emotion that can often lead people to feel overwhelmed and sometimes like they are "losing their mind." Many people experiencing grief from the loss of a loved one are surprised by how difficult it is to cope day to day with the seemingly endless avalanche of painful emotion. If you are experiencing grief and you have an interest in being part of a grief support group, please reach out.

Hosted by Rebecca Knowles Floyd
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LCMHC
Group meets in Holly Springs, NC 27540
Have you recently lost a loved one? Grief is as normal to the experience of losing a loved one as joy is to a new birth. Grief is a powerful, distressing emotion that can often lead people to feel overwhelmed and sometimes like they are "losing their mind." Many people experiencing grief from the loss of a loved one are surprised by how difficult it is to cope day to day with the seemingly endless avalanche of painful emotion. If you are experiencing grief and you have an interest in being part of a grief support group, please reach out.
Pornography addiction and sexual compulsions can really derail your life. They put you in a type of stranglehold, making it hard to have healthy, loving relationships. But there is hope! Mark Harol’s virtual group is designed specifically for men grappling with these issues. You'll learn strategies, and receive both encouragement and accountability to help you move forward with confidence. He's been helping men with all forms of sexual issues for years, and has helped countless people get their lives back on track. Take the first step toward getting your life back: sign up today.

Hosted by Mark Christopher Harol
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LCMHC, NCC
Group meets in Holly Springs, NC 27540
Pornography addiction and sexual compulsions can really derail your life. They put you in a type of stranglehold, making it hard to have healthy, loving relationships. But there is hope! Mark Harol’s virtual group is designed specifically for men grappling with these issues. You'll learn strategies, and receive both encouragement and accountability to help you move forward with confidence. He's been helping men with all forms of sexual issues for years, and has helped countless people get their lives back on track. Take the first step toward getting your life back: sign up today.
A RECOVERY WORKSHOP:THE JOURNEY OF GRIEF THROUGH THE ENDURING GAP BETWEEN LOSS AND LONGING. This workshop is for anyone suffering the loss of a loved one, no matter when the loss occurred.
Goals: 1. Validate your enduring feelings of grief and loss . 2. Provide a safe space to share with compassion and understanding. 3. To let this passage of grief lead to something new, wider, and deeper. THE COST IS $85 per session OR, PAY $225 IN FULL ON THE FIRST NIGHT AND SAVE $25... WE LOOK FORWARD TO HELPING YOU GET THROUGH THIS LIFE CHANGE.

Hosted by Nancy A Smyth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Group meets in Holly Springs, NC 27540
A RECOVERY WORKSHOP:THE JOURNEY OF GRIEF THROUGH THE ENDURING GAP BETWEEN LOSS AND LONGING. This workshop is for anyone suffering the loss of a loved one, no matter when the loss occurred.
Goals: 1. Validate your enduring feelings of grief and loss . 2. Provide a safe space to share with compassion and understanding. 3. To let this passage of grief lead to something new, wider, and deeper. THE COST IS $85 per session OR, PAY $225 IN FULL ON THE FIRST NIGHT AND SAVE $25... WE LOOK FORWARD TO HELPING YOU GET THROUGH THIS LIFE CHANGE.
Is your daughter experiencing irritability & difficulty concentrating? Anxiety impacting her school work? An increase in headaches or stomachaches? Anxiety in social situations? Fear/avoidance of trying new things? This group will help your teen to identify faulty thinking + triggers and develop + implement coping strategies. 6-week group (75 min sessions); Ages 12-14 and 15-17; 6-8 participants per group | $450 per person for the 6 week group ($75 per group)

Hosted by Jennifer Putt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW, CCM
Group meets in Holly Springs, NC 27540
Is your daughter experiencing irritability & difficulty concentrating? Anxiety impacting her school work? An increase in headaches or stomachaches? Anxiety in social situations? Fear/avoidance of trying new things? This group will help your teen to identify faulty thinking + triggers and develop + implement coping strategies. 6-week group (75 min sessions); Ages 12-14 and 15-17; 6-8 participants per group | $450 per person for the 6 week group ($75 per group)
Starting again in Fall 2026. Knit Night is a 6-week outpatient therapy group for adults looking to manage stress and anxiety while building connection and support. Each week, participants meet for 75 minutes to engage in guided discussion, mindfulness exercises, and therapeutic skill-building—all woven together with a creative knitting project. Through structured activity and peer support, participants work on emotional regulation, coping strategies, and social connection. The group culminates in a community-made blanket to be donated to Project Linus. The group is limited to 8 participants to allow for meaningful connection and discussion. No knitting experience is required—beginners are welcome.

Starting again in Fall 2026. Knit Night is a 6-week outpatient therapy group for adults looking to manage stress and anxiety while building connection and support. Each week, participants meet for 75 minutes to engage in guided discussion, mindfulness exercises, and therapeutic skill-building—all woven together with a creative knitting project. Through structured activity and peer support, participants work on emotional regulation, coping strategies, and social connection. The group culminates in a community-made blanket to be donated to Project Linus. The group is limited to 8 participants to allow for meaningful connection and discussion. No knitting experience is required—beginners are welcome.
Clinical Supervision for Social Workers on a 1:1 basis. $125/hr.

Hosted by DeNome Alliances Counseling Center
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Group meets in Holly Springs, NC 27540
Clinical Supervision for Social Workers on a 1:1 basis. $125/hr.
Join me for a talk just for teens. We’ll discuss what it feels like to have experienced a pandemic, worries, fears, friendships, thoughts about school, and many more topics specific to teens. This is a group for teens to express themselves and learn supportive behaviors for their peers and themselves. I am passionate about working with teens and has been working with teens as a coach for the last 15 years. DAY/TIME: Fridays from 3:30pm-5:00pm LOCATION: Virtual REGISTRATION: Call or email to register 919-343-9318 or info@wmlwellness.com COST: $50/session

Join me for a talk just for teens. We’ll discuss what it feels like to have experienced a pandemic, worries, fears, friendships, thoughts about school, and many more topics specific to teens. This is a group for teens to express themselves and learn supportive behaviors for their peers and themselves. I am passionate about working with teens and has been working with teens as a coach for the last 15 years. DAY/TIME: Fridays from 3:30pm-5:00pm LOCATION: Virtual REGISTRATION: Call or email to register 919-343-9318 or info@wmlwellness.com COST: $50/session
Prepare-Enrich groups are offered periodically throughout the year at Olive Branch Family Therapy (Holly Springs and Cary, NC) and as arranged for churches or other organizations interested in providing relationship education and skill building for couples. Fees are negotiated individually per offsite group. Please contact Jim for more information.

Hosted by James L. Machado Workman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MDiv, MA, BCC, LMFT
Group meets in Holly Springs, NC 27540
Prepare-Enrich groups are offered periodically throughout the year at Olive Branch Family Therapy (Holly Springs and Cary, NC) and as arranged for churches or other organizations interested in providing relationship education and skill building for couples. Fees are negotiated individually per offsite group. Please contact Jim for more information.
This group meets at our Holly Springs office every Thursday at 6:30pm from 7/9/26 - 8/13/26. Limited to 8 participants max to ensure a small group atmosphere. You can expect to meet other people, enjoy a watercolor project and partake in guided group therapy discussions. Your group will be lead by craft enthusiast, Joanna Green, LCSWA. All supplies included, all skill levels welcome. No prior painting experience required.

This group meets at our Holly Springs office every Thursday at 6:30pm from 7/9/26 - 8/13/26. Limited to 8 participants max to ensure a small group atmosphere. You can expect to meet other people, enjoy a watercolor project and partake in guided group therapy discussions. Your group will be lead by craft enthusiast, Joanna Green, LCSWA. All supplies included, all skill levels welcome. No prior painting experience required.

Hosted by Tara Parker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Group meets in Holly Springs, NC 27540
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This group is designed to help teens strengthen executive functioning skills in a supportive and engaging environment. Participants will learn strategies for time management, task initiation, organization, and breaking down assignments into manageable steps. Through creative activities like schedule building and time-blocking, teens will gain tools to manage daily responsibilities with more confidence and control.

This group is designed to help teens strengthen executive functioning skills in a supportive and engaging environment. Participants will learn strategies for time management, task initiation, organization, and breaking down assignments into manageable steps. Through creative activities like schedule building and time-blocking, teens will gain tools to manage daily responsibilities with more confidence and control.
NC Therapy & Mental Health Counseling is based in Raleigh, NC and provides evidence-based therapy for children, teens, adults, couples, and families. Our licensed clinicians support clients with anxiety, depression, stress, life transitions, relationship challenges, and emotional regulation through individual, couples, family, and child/adolescent counseling. We accept NC Medicaid, NC Medicare, and most major commercial insurance plans, including BCBS, Aetna, and UnitedHealthcare (UHC). In addition to in-person services, we offer teletherapy to expand access to care for rural and underserved communities across North Carolina. Please visit us at www.nctherapy.org for more information.

Hosted by NC Therapy & Mental Health Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Group meets in Raleigh, NC 27617
NC Therapy & Mental Health Counseling is based in Raleigh, NC and provides evidence-based therapy for children, teens, adults, couples, and families. Our licensed clinicians support clients with anxiety, depression, stress, life transitions, relationship challenges, and emotional regulation through individual, couples, family, and child/adolescent counseling. We accept NC Medicaid, NC Medicare, and most major commercial insurance plans, including BCBS, Aetna, and UnitedHealthcare (UHC). In addition to in-person services, we offer teletherapy to expand access to care for rural and underserved communities across North Carolina. Please visit us at www.nctherapy.org for more information.
Early Adolescence is the period of transition between childhood and adulthood. It includes some big changes-to the body, and to the way a young person relates to the world. We teach life skills to navigate this transition time. Group sessions are available for individuals aged 8-13, 13-15, and 16-18. Life skills are taught to facilitate navigation of this transitional phase. This service is available at the Smithfield location on the third Monday of each month and on the third Wednesday at our Wilson location from 4:00 PM to 5:00 PM.

Early Adolescence is the period of transition between childhood and adulthood. It includes some big changes-to the body, and to the way a young person relates to the world. We teach life skills to navigate this transition time. Group sessions are available for individuals aged 8-13, 13-15, and 16-18. Life skills are taught to facilitate navigation of this transitional phase. This service is available at the Smithfield location on the third Monday of each month and on the third Wednesday at our Wilson location from 4:00 PM to 5:00 PM.
A non-judgmental, encouraging virtual support group for women who are navigating the challenges of a recent divorce or separation from their partner. This group is led by a licensed marriage and family therapist who helps guide you through the emotions and decisions related to divorce. You will leave this group with the energy, courage, and clarity to move forward, heal, and rebuild your life after divorce. The group is held weekly for a 16-week cycle. Apply now.

Hosted by Mary Beth Somich
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, EdM, LCMHC
Group meets in Raleigh, NC 27615
A non-judgmental, encouraging virtual support group for women who are navigating the challenges of a recent divorce or separation from their partner. This group is led by a licensed marriage and family therapist who helps guide you through the emotions and decisions related to divorce. You will leave this group with the energy, courage, and clarity to move forward, heal, and rebuild your life after divorce. The group is held weekly for a 16-week cycle. Apply now.
Animal Assisted Therapy Series. Mondays | June 1, 2026 – July 13, 2026 (No class July 6, 2026) Looking for a different way to support your mental health and overall wellness? This series brings healing and connection together through the power of animals. Must be 18 and older. MUST bring your own pet. What this series is about: This experience focuses on the connection between mental and emotional health through guided interaction with animals. Sessions are structured to help reduce stress, build confidence, and improve emotional regulation in a supportive setting. Registration Required https://form.jotform.com/261206892060049 (Animal Assisted Therapy Form)

Animal Assisted Therapy Series. Mondays | June 1, 2026 – July 13, 2026 (No class July 6, 2026) Looking for a different way to support your mental health and overall wellness? This series brings healing and connection together through the power of animals. Must be 18 and older. MUST bring your own pet. What this series is about: This experience focuses on the connection between mental and emotional health through guided interaction with animals. Sessions are structured to help reduce stress, build confidence, and improve emotional regulation in a supportive setting. Registration Required https://form.jotform.com/261206892060049 (Animal Assisted Therapy Form)
The ending of a challenging or emotionally draining relationship can leave lasting feelings of sadness, confusion, or self-doubt. You are not alone—and healing is possible. This group is designed specifically for women recovering from emotionally complicated relationships. Together, we’ll create a space to process experiences, explore patterns, and rebuild confidence, boundaries, and self-trust. You can expect a confidential and supportive environment, space to share your experiences, guidance in understanding common dynamics in challenging relationships, and tools to strengthen self-esteem, boundaries, and resilience.

Hosted by Jana Bedini Ullrich
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, MA, LCMHC-A, NCC
Group meets in Raleigh, NC 27615
The ending of a challenging or emotionally draining relationship can leave lasting feelings of sadness, confusion, or self-doubt. You are not alone—and healing is possible. This group is designed specifically for women recovering from emotionally complicated relationships. Together, we’ll create a space to process experiences, explore patterns, and rebuild confidence, boundaries, and self-trust. You can expect a confidential and supportive environment, space to share your experiences, guidance in understanding common dynamics in challenging relationships, and tools to strengthen self-esteem, boundaries, and resilience.
For moms ready to process their birth experience and find connection with others who truly understand. You might be weeks, months, or even years postpartum thinking, “I should be over this by now”… but something still feels unsettled. This group is a space where you don’t have to explain or minimize your experience. You don’t have to keep holding this on your own. Led by a Perinatal Mental Health Certified, licensed therapist who specializes in birth trauma and fostering deep, meaningful connection—where you can feel safe, seen, and supported without judgment.

Hosted by Victoria Edgington, Anxiety, Trauma, EMDR for Moms
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, PMH-C
Group meets in Raleigh, NC 27615
For moms ready to process their birth experience and find connection with others who truly understand. You might be weeks, months, or even years postpartum thinking, “I should be over this by now”… but something still feels unsettled. This group is a space where you don’t have to explain or minimize your experience. You don’t have to keep holding this on your own. Led by a Perinatal Mental Health Certified, licensed therapist who specializes in birth trauma and fostering deep, meaningful connection—where you can feel safe, seen, and supported without judgment.
Weekly group therapy provides a safe container to practice being honest and vulnerable emotionally, while also getting real-time feedback on interpersonal dynamics that may keep you "stuck" in your relationships at home, work, and out in the world. This may sound scary! However, group also provides a "home base" where we can heal through a deep sense of connection that can be missing in today's world. Can be stand-alone or adjunctive to individual therapy. Reach out to schedule a consultation.

Hosted by Rachael E. Massell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S, LCSW, CGP
Group meets in Durham, NC 27705
Weekly group therapy provides a safe container to practice being honest and vulnerable emotionally, while also getting real-time feedback on interpersonal dynamics that may keep you "stuck" in your relationships at home, work, and out in the world. This may sound scary! However, group also provides a "home base" where we can heal through a deep sense of connection that can be missing in today's world. Can be stand-alone or adjunctive to individual therapy. Reach out to schedule a consultation.
Struggling with chronic pain? Discover EMPOWER, a virtual group where your battle becomes a journey of empowerment. More than managing pain, it’s about transforming your life. Within a supportive community, learn strategies to ease discomfort, set impactful goals, and enhance relationships. EMPOWER equips you with tools for control and resilience, aiming for a life not defined by pain but by strength and fulfillment. Reclaim your power and join us on this path, utilizing every resource to cultivate a life filled with more joy and less pain. Together, let’s navigate towards empowerment and well-being.

Struggling with chronic pain? Discover EMPOWER, a virtual group where your battle becomes a journey of empowerment. More than managing pain, it’s about transforming your life. Within a supportive community, learn strategies to ease discomfort, set impactful goals, and enhance relationships. EMPOWER equips you with tools for control and resilience, aiming for a life not defined by pain but by strength and fulfillment. Reclaim your power and join us on this path, utilizing every resource to cultivate a life filled with more joy and less pain. Together, let’s navigate towards empowerment and well-being.
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See More Support Groups FAQs - About Group Therapy and Support Groups
How can I find a support group in Holly Springs?
To find a support group in your area, start by entering your city, zip code, or the name of the group into the search bar at the top of the page. When searching, consider whether you prefer an in-person or virtual group. This can help you decide how broad your geographic search should be. If you are open to virtual groups, you might want to search by state instead of just your city, especially if there are limited options nearby.
Once you complete your search, you can use the filters to narrow the results by selecting specialties (such as grief, trauma, or eating disorders), therapeutic approaches, age groups, and other criteria to find a group that best fits your needs.
Once you complete your search, you can use the filters to narrow the results by selecting specialties (such as grief, trauma, or eating disorders), therapeutic approaches, age groups, and other criteria to find a group that best fits your needs.
How does group therapy work?
Group therapy is led by one or more trained therapists and provides a space where participants can process their experiences and learn from others facing similar challenges. Groups may focus on a specific issue—such as addiction, grief, physical illnesses, parenting, or caregiving—or they may center around a particular therapeutic approach, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), social skill development, or Exposure Therapy. Some groups are also designed for specific populations, such as teens, veterans, or LGBTQ+ individuals.
It’s also important to distinguish group therapy from peer-led support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous. While both can offer valuable support, therapy groups are typically led by licensed professionals and follow a more structured format. Therapy groups often meet for a fixed length of time with a consistent group of members, while many peer support groups meet for an indefinite period of time with members coming and going.
It’s also important to distinguish group therapy from peer-led support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous. While both can offer valuable support, therapy groups are typically led by licensed professionals and follow a more structured format. Therapy groups often meet for a fixed length of time with a consistent group of members, while many peer support groups meet for an indefinite period of time with members coming and going.
What are the benefits of group therapy?
Group therapy offers several important benefits. It brings together people facing similar challenges—whether related to mental health, physical health, or life transitions—and creates a supportive environment where participants can exchange feedback, share experiences, and learn from one another. Hearing different perspectives can help individuals discover new coping strategies and practical tools they may not have encountered on their own. Sharing personal experiences, such as coping with a serious illness or navigating family struggles, can also reduce feelings of isolation and foster a sense of connection and understanding. In addition to emotional support, group members often gain useful, real-world advice from peers who have faced similar situations.
Group therapy is typically more affordable than individual therapy and, for certain conditions, can be equally effective. Many groups also include structured activities—such as guided journaling, cognitive-behavioral exercises, or role-playing—to help participants develop concrete skills they can apply in daily life.
Group therapy is typically more affordable than individual therapy and, for certain conditions, can be equally effective. Many groups also include structured activities—such as guided journaling, cognitive-behavioral exercises, or role-playing—to help participants develop concrete skills they can apply in daily life.
Is group therapy as effective as individual therapy?
It is difficult to make a blanket statement about the effectiveness of support groups, as they vary widely in focus and the conditions they address. However, support groups can be highly valuable in helping individuals gain emotional support and achieve meaningful treatment outcomes. For certain conditions, such as substance use, research has shown that group therapy can be particularly effective—sometimes just as effective as individual therapy—in supporting long-term recovery.
Many professionals attribute the effectiveness of group therapy to the unique benefits of the group setting, which fosters peer-to-peer learning and a sense of connection through shared experiences. Group settings also offer accountability and encouragement from both facilitators and fellow participants, which helps sustain motivation and supports continued progress. These factors together play a key role in promoting the overall effectiveness of group therapy.
Many professionals attribute the effectiveness of group therapy to the unique benefits of the group setting, which fosters peer-to-peer learning and a sense of connection through shared experiences. Group settings also offer accountability and encouragement from both facilitators and fellow participants, which helps sustain motivation and supports continued progress. These factors together play a key role in promoting the overall effectiveness of group therapy.
How much does group therapy cost?
Group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy, with sessions typically costing between $50 and $75 each. In comparison, individual therapy can cost anywhere from $100 to $200 or more per session, even with insurance. Some therapists or organizations offer low-cost or free group therapy options, particularly through community centers or nonprofit organizations. In some cases, groups may require payment upfront for a set number of sessions, such as paying for six weekly sessions at the first meeting. However, many providers offer payment plans to help make participation more accessible if this upfront payment is required.
Does insurance cover group therapy?
As with individual therapy, insurance coverage for group therapy varies based on factors such as your specific insurance plan, the purpose of the group, your diagnosis, and whether the group provider is in-network. Many insurance plans cover group therapy sessions that address diagnosable mental health conditions, such as substance use disorders, anxiety, or depression.
However, groups that focus on topics not directly tied to a mental health diagnosis—such as parenting support or divorce recovery—are less likely to be covered. Because coverage can vary widely, it’s important to check with your insurance provider before joining a group to confirm whether the sessions will be covered and what out-of-pocket costs you may be responsible for.
However, groups that focus on topics not directly tied to a mental health diagnosis—such as parenting support or divorce recovery—are less likely to be covered. Because coverage can vary widely, it’s important to check with your insurance provider before joining a group to confirm whether the sessions will be covered and what out-of-pocket costs you may be responsible for.
How long does group therapy last?
The length of each group therapy session typically ranges from 45 minutes to two hours, depending on the therapy approach, the group’s goals, and how often the group meets. In some cases, group therapy is part of a larger treatment program, such as an Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP), where group sessions complement individual therapy and are scheduled as part of the program’s overall structure.
The duration of participation in a group also varies. Some groups are designed to be short-term, lasting anywhere from 6 to 24 weeks—for example, bereavement groups or skills-based groups like those using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). Other groups may be longer-term, lasting a year or more, and some ongoing support groups meet indefinitely, allowing participants to stay as long as they find the group helpful.
The duration of participation in a group also varies. Some groups are designed to be short-term, lasting anywhere from 6 to 24 weeks—for example, bereavement groups or skills-based groups like those using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). Other groups may be longer-term, lasting a year or more, and some ongoing support groups meet indefinitely, allowing participants to stay as long as they find the group helpful.
What are the limitations of support groups?
Support groups offer many benefits, but they also have certain limitations. Unlike therapy groups, many support groups do not provide formal therapeutic treatment and are not led by licensed mental health professionals. For individuals seeking clinical treatment for specific mental health diagnoses—such as depression, eating disorders, or substance use—individual therapy or group therapy led by a licensed professional may offer more personalized and specialized care.
The effectiveness of a support group also depends heavily on the group’s participants and the overall group dynamic. When members engage respectfully and offer constructive support, the group can foster valuable peer-to-peer learning. However, if certain participants dominate discussions, provide inaccurate advice, or create conflict, it can disrupt the group’s sense of safety and reduce its effectiveness. Confidentiality can also be harder to maintain in support groups, particularly in open groups where participants can join or leave at any time. With new members regularly entering the group, it can be more difficult to build and sustain a consistent sense of trust and privacy.
The effectiveness of a support group also depends heavily on the group’s participants and the overall group dynamic. When members engage respectfully and offer constructive support, the group can foster valuable peer-to-peer learning. However, if certain participants dominate discussions, provide inaccurate advice, or create conflict, it can disrupt the group’s sense of safety and reduce its effectiveness. Confidentiality can also be harder to maintain in support groups, particularly in open groups where participants can join or leave at any time. With new members regularly entering the group, it can be more difficult to build and sustain a consistent sense of trust and privacy.


