Support Groups in Black Mountain, NC
This group is for anxious perfectionists looking for skills to redefine their lives and build a life worth living. Get grounded, present, and free from suffering.

Hosted by Lela Saffle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Group meets in Black Mountain, NC 28711
This group is for anxious perfectionists looking for skills to redefine their lives and build a life worth living. Get grounded, present, and free from suffering.
More Groups Nearby
Mindful Motherhood prepares expectant mothers for the emotional challenges of the postpartum journey. Motherhood can be tough, and feelings of isolation/loneliness (and possible Postpartum Depression/Anxiety) after giving birth can feel overwhelming. Connect with women in the same phase of life, to make your postpartum experience smooth as possible. Research suggests group therapy for new mothers is more effective than individual sessions alone. Let's take a proactive approach for a smoother transition into motherhood.

Hosted by Elizabeth Schane
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC
Group meets in Asheville, NC 28801
Mindful Motherhood prepares expectant mothers for the emotional challenges of the postpartum journey. Motherhood can be tough, and feelings of isolation/loneliness (and possible Postpartum Depression/Anxiety) after giving birth can feel overwhelming. Connect with women in the same phase of life, to make your postpartum experience smooth as possible. Research suggests group therapy for new mothers is more effective than individual sessions alone. Let's take a proactive approach for a smoother transition into motherhood.
I work with families after a diagnosis, offering a Behavioral Success Plan for children with ADHD, autism traits, trauma, or learning differences. I fill the gap between diagnosis and daily life, helping kids function with more ease. Kids like ours don’t misbehave because they’re “bad” — they struggle because they’re missing skills. My approach breaks life into simple, teachable steps so they can succeed. I use visual routines, clear expectations, and step by step support for daily tasks, behavior, emotions, and independence. Call online child ADHD, ASD, and PTSD services in Asheville, NC, specialized telehealth 828 576 3608.

I work with families after a diagnosis, offering a Behavioral Success Plan for children with ADHD, autism traits, trauma, or learning differences. I fill the gap between diagnosis and daily life, helping kids function with more ease. Kids like ours don’t misbehave because they’re “bad” — they struggle because they’re missing skills. My approach breaks life into simple, teachable steps so they can succeed. I use visual routines, clear expectations, and step by step support for daily tasks, behavior, emotions, and independence. Call online child ADHD, ASD, and PTSD services in Asheville, NC, specialized telehealth 828 576 3608.
Men's Process / Gestalt Therapy group, co-facilitated by Matthew Beason and Campbell Dean. Drawing from their extensive experience in wilderness therapy, residential substance use, and family systems. This group functions as a space to explore, alongside one another, how we are perceived, how we behave in relationships, and how we can practice doing relationships differently in order to achieve more meaningful and fulfilling relationships. This in-person, co-facilitated group emphasizes the importance of collective interaction for profound personal insight and development. Ideal for professionals, therapists, and anyone seeking self-growth. The group meets weekly and is ongoing.

Hosted by Matthew Beason
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, LCAS
Group meets in Asheville, NC 28803
Men's Process / Gestalt Therapy group, co-facilitated by Matthew Beason and Campbell Dean. Drawing from their extensive experience in wilderness therapy, residential substance use, and family systems. This group functions as a space to explore, alongside one another, how we are perceived, how we behave in relationships, and how we can practice doing relationships differently in order to achieve more meaningful and fulfilling relationships. This in-person, co-facilitated group emphasizes the importance of collective interaction for profound personal insight and development. Ideal for professionals, therapists, and anyone seeking self-growth. The group meets weekly and is ongoing.
Intuitive Painting is a type of process painting where the emphasis is not on the product but on journey of creating. If there was a goal it would be to meet all of ourself with loving kindness, fall in love with creative exploration and reclaim our sense of aliveness and play. These classes are safe and supportive environment to take risks in the creative process and learn to trust one's embodied intuition. Creating in this way opens neuroplasticity in the brain and can rewire the nervous system in positive ways.

Hosted by Kaylina Michaela
Counselor, Kaylina Michaela, MA, LCMHC, SEP, NCC
Group meets in Asheville, NC 28801
Intuitive Painting is a type of process painting where the emphasis is not on the product but on journey of creating. If there was a goal it would be to meet all of ourself with loving kindness, fall in love with creative exploration and reclaim our sense of aliveness and play. These classes are safe and supportive environment to take risks in the creative process and learn to trust one's embodied intuition. Creating in this way opens neuroplasticity in the brain and can rewire the nervous system in positive ways.
Bring Water is a therapeutic weekend retreat, focused on personal growth, nourishing interpersonal relationships and bringing the role of your personal story into conscious awareness. We combine the therapeutic modality of the modern analytic process group with ages old, oral storytelling and mythology. Bring Water is a nature-based retreat where two professional storytellers and one licensed psychotherapist will be be on hand to support you in uncovering your personal narrative and re-shaping the bits that are no longer serving you. Let yourself be nourished, let yourself be hydrated. Join us September 25 - 27, 2026.

Hosted by Kathleen Fleming
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, MS MCFC
Group meets in Hendersonville, NC 28792
Bring Water is a therapeutic weekend retreat, focused on personal growth, nourishing interpersonal relationships and bringing the role of your personal story into conscious awareness. We combine the therapeutic modality of the modern analytic process group with ages old, oral storytelling and mythology. Bring Water is a nature-based retreat where two professional storytellers and one licensed psychotherapist will be be on hand to support you in uncovering your personal narrative and re-shaping the bits that are no longer serving you. Let yourself be nourished, let yourself be hydrated. Join us September 25 - 27, 2026.
We accept groups of 8 who wish to bond through the gifts of NC's pristine trails, forests, waterways, and adventures. Once a group is established a consensus is determined about agendas and outcomes. We operate to facilitate the most fun, adventure, novelty and depth by incorporating the nurturing nature of the inner and outer landscapes at our disposals. We take care of the details and the group finds a new way to discover connections.

Hosted by Deanne M Ackley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LISW, CSW, EEG, IFS
Group meets in Marion, NC 28752
We accept groups of 8 who wish to bond through the gifts of NC's pristine trails, forests, waterways, and adventures. Once a group is established a consensus is determined about agendas and outcomes. We operate to facilitate the most fun, adventure, novelty and depth by incorporating the nurturing nature of the inner and outer landscapes at our disposals. We take care of the details and the group finds a new way to discover connections.
Process / Gestalt Therapy group, co-facilitated by Matthew Beason and Campbell Dean. Drawing from their extensive experience in wilderness therapy, residential substance use, and family systems. This group functions as a space to explore, alongside one another, how we are perceived, how we behave in relationships, and how we can practice doing relationships differently in order to achieve more meaningful and fulfilling relationships. This in-person, co-facilitated group emphasizes the importance of collective interaction for profound personal insight and development. Ideal for professionals, therapists, and anyone seeking self-growth. The groups meet weekly and are ongoing.

Hosted by Matthew Beason
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, LCAS
Group meets in Asheville, NC 28803
Process / Gestalt Therapy group, co-facilitated by Matthew Beason and Campbell Dean. Drawing from their extensive experience in wilderness therapy, residential substance use, and family systems. This group functions as a space to explore, alongside one another, how we are perceived, how we behave in relationships, and how we can practice doing relationships differently in order to achieve more meaningful and fulfilling relationships. This in-person, co-facilitated group emphasizes the importance of collective interaction for profound personal insight and development. Ideal for professionals, therapists, and anyone seeking self-growth. The groups meet weekly and are ongoing.
Blue Ridge Treks, LLC is a community of mental health therapists dedicated to enhancing health and wellness in the Blue Ridge Mountains surrounding Asheville, North Carolina. Our team utilizes a holistic approach that is strengths-based and relationship-centered. We believe in developing a strong sense of self, strong relationships with others, health and connection.

Blue Ridge Treks, LLC is a community of mental health therapists dedicated to enhancing health and wellness in the Blue Ridge Mountains surrounding Asheville, North Carolina. Our team utilizes a holistic approach that is strengths-based and relationship-centered. We believe in developing a strong sense of self, strong relationships with others, health and connection.
Military service groups on stress management, deployment and reunification, relationship issues, parenting issues, depression, grief and anxiety.

Hosted by Sara Lisa Lavelle Bowen
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Group meets in Asheville, NC 28803
Military service groups on stress management, deployment and reunification, relationship issues, parenting issues, depression, grief and anxiety.
This virtual group is for women (trans women welcome!) seeking to build assertiveness, clarify personal boundaries, and move beyond patterns of self-silencing and codependency. Group members will practice identifying and expressing emotions, needs, and limits, while processing real interactions from their life. Attention is given to the experience of the embodied voice, the body’s role in signaling comfort, discomfort, and personal truth, and the wisdom of the body-psyche-voice system to foster greater alignment between internal experience and outward expression. Shame, perfectionism, sexual trauma, disordered eating, and addictions welcomed to be processed too, should you feel safe and willing to do so.

Hosted by Devora Kalma
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPC-A, MT-BC
Group meets in Asheville, NC 28806
This virtual group is for women (trans women welcome!) seeking to build assertiveness, clarify personal boundaries, and move beyond patterns of self-silencing and codependency. Group members will practice identifying and expressing emotions, needs, and limits, while processing real interactions from their life. Attention is given to the experience of the embodied voice, the body’s role in signaling comfort, discomfort, and personal truth, and the wisdom of the body-psyche-voice system to foster greater alignment between internal experience and outward expression. Shame, perfectionism, sexual trauma, disordered eating, and addictions welcomed to be processed too, should you feel safe and willing to do so.
This is an ongoing co-ed process group. The primary focus is on looking at issues that arise among the people in the room, to best illustrate the kinds of issues they have in their lives. Examples of relevant issues include intimacy, competition, conflict resolution, self-esteem, mid-life, rivalry, dependency, aging, and more. The process focus allows for a deepening of one's connection to oneself, as well as, to another. This is a rich and rewarding experience for all the members, as often we are left to ourselves to negotiate intimacy, struggling with that aspect of our lives.

This is an ongoing co-ed process group. The primary focus is on looking at issues that arise among the people in the room, to best illustrate the kinds of issues they have in their lives. Examples of relevant issues include intimacy, competition, conflict resolution, self-esteem, mid-life, rivalry, dependency, aging, and more. The process focus allows for a deepening of one's connection to oneself, as well as, to another. This is a rich and rewarding experience for all the members, as often we are left to ourselves to negotiate intimacy, struggling with that aspect of our lives.
Crossnore Communities for Children's Hendersonville office offers clinical services to both outpatient and school-based clients, serving children and families in Henderson and surrounding counties of North Carolina.

Hosted by Crossnore Communities for Children
Verified Verified
Group meets in Hendersonville, NC 28739
Crossnore Communities for Children's Hendersonville office offers clinical services to both outpatient and school-based clients, serving children and families in Henderson and surrounding counties of North Carolina.
An open-ended, ongoing support group for women coming off (or considering coming off) antidepressants and other psychiatric medications. Open to residents of Arizona and North Carolina. Each group will provide the opportunity for personal reflection and sharing, as well as the opportunity to practice tools such as mindfulness meditation, guided imagery, breathwork and other similar modalities. This group is not a substitute for medical advice during the taper process. This group is led by a licensed therapist and requires an intake prior to joining. Please reach out with any questions!

An open-ended, ongoing support group for women coming off (or considering coming off) antidepressants and other psychiatric medications. Open to residents of Arizona and North Carolina. Each group will provide the opportunity for personal reflection and sharing, as well as the opportunity to practice tools such as mindfulness meditation, guided imagery, breathwork and other similar modalities. This group is not a substitute for medical advice during the taper process. This group is led by a licensed therapist and requires an intake prior to joining. Please reach out with any questions!
Our Substance Abuse Comprehensive Outpatient Treatment (SACOT) & Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP) provides the perfect transition to learning how to live with a substance use disorder diagnosis. Our 12-week program is designed to give extra clinical support and 12-step support in a small intimate environment.

Our Substance Abuse Comprehensive Outpatient Treatment (SACOT) & Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP) provides the perfect transition to learning how to live with a substance use disorder diagnosis. Our 12-week program is designed to give extra clinical support and 12-step support in a small intimate environment.
A free virtual support group for Autistic individuals, those who support Autistic individuals, self-realized Autistics, or those who were later in life diagnosed as being Autistic. Targeted for the higher masking Autistics, this groups aims to provide a safe space for those who wish to meet like-minded individuals and share their stories.

A free virtual support group for Autistic individuals, those who support Autistic individuals, self-realized Autistics, or those who were later in life diagnosed as being Autistic. Targeted for the higher masking Autistics, this groups aims to provide a safe space for those who wish to meet like-minded individuals and share their stories.
A life skills group for neurodivergent adults age 18+ Figuring out how to "adult" in a world that wasn’t designed for your brain can feel overwhelming. This inclusive, supportive group is for autistic adults who want to build confidence, develop executive functioning strategies, and connect with others who get it. Whether you’re new to independence or still trying to find your rhythm, you are welcome here.

Hosted by Bree Normandin
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, LCAS, CCS-I
Group meets in Hendersonville, NC 28792
A life skills group for neurodivergent adults age 18+ Figuring out how to "adult" in a world that wasn’t designed for your brain can feel overwhelming. This inclusive, supportive group is for autistic adults who want to build confidence, develop executive functioning strategies, and connect with others who get it. Whether you’re new to independence or still trying to find your rhythm, you are welcome here.
Women with moderate mental health concerns (anxiety, depression, life transitions) who desire community and connection What: Small therapeutic support group utilizing creativity, talk therapy, and experiential work to heal in community. Downtown HendersonVille When: Weekly 1-hour groups starting January 7, 2026 @ 9am And Why? Therapy can be expensive, AND, powerful healing occurs in relational spaces. This group makes both possible. Cost: $35 per session, 8 weekly sessions. Maximum 8 participants. Questionnaire and individual welcome session prior to start.

Hosted by Safe Space Therapy Center
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Group meets in Hendersonville, NC 28792
Women with moderate mental health concerns (anxiety, depression, life transitions) who desire community and connection What: Small therapeutic support group utilizing creativity, talk therapy, and experiential work to heal in community. Downtown HendersonVille When: Weekly 1-hour groups starting January 7, 2026 @ 9am And Why? Therapy can be expensive, AND, powerful healing occurs in relational spaces. This group makes both possible. Cost: $35 per session, 8 weekly sessions. Maximum 8 participants. Questionnaire and individual welcome session prior to start.
Child Tantrums & ADHD Support (Ages 6–10): Is your child struggling with meltdowns, sensory needs, anxiety, or anger? Our specialized Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) and Spirituality sessions build lasting resilience through fun, neurocognitive exercises. We use a unique play-based approach—incorporating art, music, dance, and storytelling—to strengthen emotional skills and the family bond. Our Christian-centered framework nurtures a healthy mind-body connection by integrating universal ancient Yogi truths and animal wisdom to teach deep empathy and kindness. We offer individual sessions, groups, and workshops. Heal, grow, and connect with expert Child SEL Spirituality in Asheville, NC. 828 - 576 - 3608

Child Tantrums & ADHD Support (Ages 6–10): Is your child struggling with meltdowns, sensory needs, anxiety, or anger? Our specialized Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) and Spirituality sessions build lasting resilience through fun, neurocognitive exercises. We use a unique play-based approach—incorporating art, music, dance, and storytelling—to strengthen emotional skills and the family bond. Our Christian-centered framework nurtures a healthy mind-body connection by integrating universal ancient Yogi truths and animal wisdom to teach deep empathy and kindness. We offer individual sessions, groups, and workshops. Heal, grow, and connect with expert Child SEL Spirituality in Asheville, NC. 828 - 576 - 3608
Men's group focusing on "Chronically Problematic Sexual Behaviors" (i.e. compulsive porn, compulsive sex, compulsive use of dating apps, etc.). This group meets every other Thurs. from 6.30-8pm and is clouded. We use a the empirically validated "30 Task Model" developed by Dr. Patrick Carnes and various exercises from the book "Erotic Intelligence," and workbook "Sexual Reflections, A Workbook for Designing and Celebrating Your Healthy Sex Plan," by Dr. Alex Katehakis. The group looks at how their sexual behaviors impact their 1) Values, 2) Commitments, 3) Consequences, 4) Self-Control and 5) Sexual Responsibility.

Hosted by Eric Belsterling
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD Stu, LCAS, CSAT-S, CMAT, CCS
Group meets in Asheville, NC 28801
Men's group focusing on "Chronically Problematic Sexual Behaviors" (i.e. compulsive porn, compulsive sex, compulsive use of dating apps, etc.). This group meets every other Thurs. from 6.30-8pm and is clouded. We use a the empirically validated "30 Task Model" developed by Dr. Patrick Carnes and various exercises from the book "Erotic Intelligence," and workbook "Sexual Reflections, A Workbook for Designing and Celebrating Your Healthy Sex Plan," by Dr. Alex Katehakis. The group looks at how their sexual behaviors impact their 1) Values, 2) Commitments, 3) Consequences, 4) Self-Control and 5) Sexual Responsibility.
See more therapy options for Black Mountain
FAQs - About Group Therapy and Support Groups
How can I find a support group in Black Mountain?
To find a support group in your area, start by entering your city, zip code, or the name of the group into the search bar at the top of the page. When searching, consider whether you prefer an in-person or virtual group. This can help you decide how broad your geographic search should be. If you are open to virtual groups, you might want to search by state instead of just your city, especially if there are limited options nearby.
Once you complete your search, you can use the filters to narrow the results by selecting specialties (such as grief, trauma, or eating disorders), therapeutic approaches, age groups, and other criteria to find a group that best fits your needs.
Once you complete your search, you can use the filters to narrow the results by selecting specialties (such as grief, trauma, or eating disorders), therapeutic approaches, age groups, and other criteria to find a group that best fits your needs.
How does group therapy work?
Group therapy is led by one or more trained therapists and provides a space where participants can process their experiences and learn from others facing similar challenges. Groups may focus on a specific issue—such as addiction, grief, physical illnesses, parenting, or caregiving—or they may center around a particular therapeutic approach, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), social skill development, or Exposure Therapy. Some groups are also designed for specific populations, such as teens, veterans, or LGBTQ+ individuals.
It’s also important to distinguish group therapy from peer-led support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous. While both can offer valuable support, therapy groups are typically led by licensed professionals and follow a more structured format. Therapy groups often meet for a fixed length of time with a consistent group of members, while many peer support groups meet for an indefinite period of time with members coming and going.
It’s also important to distinguish group therapy from peer-led support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous. While both can offer valuable support, therapy groups are typically led by licensed professionals and follow a more structured format. Therapy groups often meet for a fixed length of time with a consistent group of members, while many peer support groups meet for an indefinite period of time with members coming and going.
What are the benefits of group therapy?
Group therapy offers several important benefits. It brings together people facing similar challenges—whether related to mental health, physical health, or life transitions—and creates a supportive environment where participants can exchange feedback, share experiences, and learn from one another. Hearing different perspectives can help individuals discover new coping strategies and practical tools they may not have encountered on their own. Sharing personal experiences, such as coping with a serious illness or navigating family struggles, can also reduce feelings of isolation and foster a sense of connection and understanding. In addition to emotional support, group members often gain useful, real-world advice from peers who have faced similar situations.
Group therapy is typically more affordable than individual therapy and, for certain conditions, can be equally effective. Many groups also include structured activities—such as guided journaling, cognitive-behavioral exercises, or role-playing—to help participants develop concrete skills they can apply in daily life.
Group therapy is typically more affordable than individual therapy and, for certain conditions, can be equally effective. Many groups also include structured activities—such as guided journaling, cognitive-behavioral exercises, or role-playing—to help participants develop concrete skills they can apply in daily life.
Is group therapy as effective as individual therapy?
It is difficult to make a blanket statement about the effectiveness of support groups, as they vary widely in focus and the conditions they address. However, support groups can be highly valuable in helping individuals gain emotional support and achieve meaningful treatment outcomes. For certain conditions, such as substance use, research has shown that group therapy can be particularly effective—sometimes just as effective as individual therapy—in supporting long-term recovery.
Many professionals attribute the effectiveness of group therapy to the unique benefits of the group setting, which fosters peer-to-peer learning and a sense of connection through shared experiences. Group settings also offer accountability and encouragement from both facilitators and fellow participants, which helps sustain motivation and supports continued progress. These factors together play a key role in promoting the overall effectiveness of group therapy.
Many professionals attribute the effectiveness of group therapy to the unique benefits of the group setting, which fosters peer-to-peer learning and a sense of connection through shared experiences. Group settings also offer accountability and encouragement from both facilitators and fellow participants, which helps sustain motivation and supports continued progress. These factors together play a key role in promoting the overall effectiveness of group therapy.
How much does group therapy cost?
Group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy, with sessions typically costing between $50 and $75 each. In comparison, individual therapy can cost anywhere from $100 to $200 or more per session, even with insurance. Some therapists or organizations offer low-cost or free group therapy options, particularly through community centers or nonprofit organizations. In some cases, groups may require payment upfront for a set number of sessions, such as paying for six weekly sessions at the first meeting. However, many providers offer payment plans to help make participation more accessible if this upfront payment is required.
Does insurance cover group therapy?
As with individual therapy, insurance coverage for group therapy varies based on factors such as your specific insurance plan, the purpose of the group, your diagnosis, and whether the group provider is in-network. Many insurance plans cover group therapy sessions that address diagnosable mental health conditions, such as substance use disorders, anxiety, or depression.
However, groups that focus on topics not directly tied to a mental health diagnosis—such as parenting support or divorce recovery—are less likely to be covered. Because coverage can vary widely, it’s important to check with your insurance provider before joining a group to confirm whether the sessions will be covered and what out-of-pocket costs you may be responsible for.
However, groups that focus on topics not directly tied to a mental health diagnosis—such as parenting support or divorce recovery—are less likely to be covered. Because coverage can vary widely, it’s important to check with your insurance provider before joining a group to confirm whether the sessions will be covered and what out-of-pocket costs you may be responsible for.
How long does group therapy last?
The length of each group therapy session typically ranges from 45 minutes to two hours, depending on the therapy approach, the group’s goals, and how often the group meets. In some cases, group therapy is part of a larger treatment program, such as an Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP), where group sessions complement individual therapy and are scheduled as part of the program’s overall structure.
The duration of participation in a group also varies. Some groups are designed to be short-term, lasting anywhere from 6 to 24 weeks—for example, bereavement groups or skills-based groups like those using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). Other groups may be longer-term, lasting a year or more, and some ongoing support groups meet indefinitely, allowing participants to stay as long as they find the group helpful.
The duration of participation in a group also varies. Some groups are designed to be short-term, lasting anywhere from 6 to 24 weeks—for example, bereavement groups or skills-based groups like those using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). Other groups may be longer-term, lasting a year or more, and some ongoing support groups meet indefinitely, allowing participants to stay as long as they find the group helpful.
What are the limitations of support groups?
Support groups offer many benefits, but they also have certain limitations. Unlike therapy groups, many support groups do not provide formal therapeutic treatment and are not led by licensed mental health professionals. For individuals seeking clinical treatment for specific mental health diagnoses—such as depression, eating disorders, or substance use—individual therapy or group therapy led by a licensed professional may offer more personalized and specialized care.
The effectiveness of a support group also depends heavily on the group’s participants and the overall group dynamic. When members engage respectfully and offer constructive support, the group can foster valuable peer-to-peer learning. However, if certain participants dominate discussions, provide inaccurate advice, or create conflict, it can disrupt the group’s sense of safety and reduce its effectiveness. Confidentiality can also be harder to maintain in support groups, particularly in open groups where participants can join or leave at any time. With new members regularly entering the group, it can be more difficult to build and sustain a consistent sense of trust and privacy.
The effectiveness of a support group also depends heavily on the group’s participants and the overall group dynamic. When members engage respectfully and offer constructive support, the group can foster valuable peer-to-peer learning. However, if certain participants dominate discussions, provide inaccurate advice, or create conflict, it can disrupt the group’s sense of safety and reduce its effectiveness. Confidentiality can also be harder to maintain in support groups, particularly in open groups where participants can join or leave at any time. With new members regularly entering the group, it can be more difficult to build and sustain a consistent sense of trust and privacy.


