Support Groups in Takoma Park, MD
At WIHMS, we believe that people are resilient, sacred and powerful. That our lives, no matter how hard, have meaning and that our past struggles, no matter how painful, can lead to a future of strength and joy. We believe that individuals are healthy at their core and a path forward must be about finding and celebrating what is already whole within. Whether you are searching for your first mental health provider or a different approach to your mental health care, a team that can help you find new solutions to old challenges. Our website is washingtonimh.com

At WIHMS, we believe that people are resilient, sacred and powerful. That our lives, no matter how hard, have meaning and that our past struggles, no matter how painful, can lead to a future of strength and joy. We believe that individuals are healthy at their core and a path forward must be about finding and celebrating what is already whole within. Whether you are searching for your first mental health provider or a different approach to your mental health care, a team that can help you find new solutions to old challenges. Our website is washingtonimh.com
In today's ever-evolving social and political landscape, the achievements and triumphs of unapologetically successful Black Women in the professional world are gaining the recognition they truly deserve. We will use the book "The Other BLACK Girl" as a foundation to unpack and explore topics like systemic and internalized racism, Black female experiences, workplace privilege, and the role of media in shaping racial representations. Our gatherings provide a comforting refuge—a space where Black Women can engage in self-discovery, reflect on their lives, and build meaningful relationships.

In today's ever-evolving social and political landscape, the achievements and triumphs of unapologetically successful Black Women in the professional world are gaining the recognition they truly deserve. We will use the book "The Other BLACK Girl" as a foundation to unpack and explore topics like systemic and internalized racism, Black female experiences, workplace privilege, and the role of media in shaping racial representations. Our gatherings provide a comforting refuge—a space where Black Women can engage in self-discovery, reflect on their lives, and build meaningful relationships.
Whether you are a new or experienced parent, birth leaves a lasting impact, regardless of how “fine” the baby is afterward. When your birth doesn’t go as planned, you can experience feelings of helplessness, terror, and intense fear for your own life or the life of your baby. In this workshop, you will set a new course for healing your birth experience in a safe and validating space. Using art therapy, you will begin the process of putting the pieces back together with support and empathy from the members of the group.

Hosted by Ali Piacente
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC, LCPAT, ATR-BC
Group meets in Takoma Park, MD 20912
Whether you are a new or experienced parent, birth leaves a lasting impact, regardless of how “fine” the baby is afterward. When your birth doesn’t go as planned, you can experience feelings of helplessness, terror, and intense fear for your own life or the life of your baby. In this workshop, you will set a new course for healing your birth experience in a safe and validating space. Using art therapy, you will begin the process of putting the pieces back together with support and empathy from the members of the group.
Join our Adolescent Peer Group - a safe space for teens to explore and grow. Using Internal Family Systems and Mentalization Theory, we focus on building empathy and addressing crucial teen issues like relationships, academics, identity, and self-esteem. Topics include coping skills, social skills, acceptance, boundaries, self-worth, overcoming fear, and anger management. Elevate communication and resilience. #AdolescentSupport #PeerGroupTherapy #EmpathyBuilding

Join our Adolescent Peer Group - a safe space for teens to explore and grow. Using Internal Family Systems and Mentalization Theory, we focus on building empathy and addressing crucial teen issues like relationships, academics, identity, and self-esteem. Topics include coping skills, social skills, acceptance, boundaries, self-worth, overcoming fear, and anger management. Elevate communication and resilience. #AdolescentSupport #PeerGroupTherapy #EmpathyBuilding
Our intimate Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) groups are a unique approach that combines the power of Ketamine with Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapy for a holistic and warm healing experience. At HPC, we understand that mental well-being is a delicate balance, and our KAP-IFS groups offer a supportive space for individuals navigating treatment-resistant mental health conditions. Whether you're seeking relief from depression, PTSD, or simply exploring existential and spiritual growth, our dedicated team at HPC is here to guide you on a path of healing. Embrace the warmth of community and discovery in our KAP groups.

Our intimate Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) groups are a unique approach that combines the power of Ketamine with Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapy for a holistic and warm healing experience. At HPC, we understand that mental well-being is a delicate balance, and our KAP-IFS groups offer a supportive space for individuals navigating treatment-resistant mental health conditions. Whether you're seeking relief from depression, PTSD, or simply exploring existential and spiritual growth, our dedicated team at HPC is here to guide you on a path of healing. Embrace the warmth of community and discovery in our KAP groups.
As a PANS Mama of 3, I'm here to support the recovery of your fried nervous system! Come be a part of a supportive virtual group where you will not only have a chance to talk, but to also heal through the use of trauma and EMDR informed interventions meant for traumatic stress. Other cohort day/times available, along with trauma-informed yoga options. Please visit us at https://sararodriguezcoaching.com for more details or email Sara Rodriguez at creativecounselingconnections@yahoo.com. Other times/cohorts forming. This is an ongoing group, feel free to sign up anytime! Interest link: https://forms.gle/u1cysLkbPaJe4nm19

Hosted by Elise Celli- Chronic Illness, Grief
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Group meets in Takoma Park, MD 20912
As a PANS Mama of 3, I'm here to support the recovery of your fried nervous system! Come be a part of a supportive virtual group where you will not only have a chance to talk, but to also heal through the use of trauma and EMDR informed interventions meant for traumatic stress. Other cohort day/times available, along with trauma-informed yoga options. Please visit us at https://sararodriguezcoaching.com for more details or email Sara Rodriguez at creativecounselingconnections@yahoo.com. Other times/cohorts forming. This is an ongoing group, feel free to sign up anytime! Interest link: https://forms.gle/u1cysLkbPaJe4nm19
More Groups Nearby
The group will provide a supportive space for preteens (ages 10-14) with a diagnosis of OCD. Based on principles of ERP, ACT, and CBT, sessions will focus on building community, understanding, and acceptance. Group meetings will last 1 hour and include individual and group activities. We will incorporate play and creativity to keep the group fun and lighthearted.

Hosted by Hannah Breckenridge
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LCSW, LICSW
Group meets in Bethesda, MD 20814
The group will provide a supportive space for preteens (ages 10-14) with a diagnosis of OCD. Based on principles of ERP, ACT, and CBT, sessions will focus on building community, understanding, and acceptance. Group meetings will last 1 hour and include individual and group activities. We will incorporate play and creativity to keep the group fun and lighthearted.
Held at the Birds and the Bees Maternity Center, this group will combine support with other community members in postpartum with embodied bonding/attunement guidance through the Dyad Dances structure by Dance of Life, LLC. Come share in the delights and difficulties of the postpartum stage and learn some useful tools for self- and co-regulating with your baby while bonding in an embodied way. Held the 2nd Tuesday of every month starting on 5/12/26.

Hosted by Kristine Purcell
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, BC-DMT, LCPC, PMH-C
Group meets in Severna Park, MD 21146
Held at the Birds and the Bees Maternity Center, this group will combine support with other community members in postpartum with embodied bonding/attunement guidance through the Dyad Dances structure by Dance of Life, LLC. Come share in the delights and difficulties of the postpartum stage and learn some useful tools for self- and co-regulating with your baby while bonding in an embodied way. Held the 2nd Tuesday of every month starting on 5/12/26.
Girls ages 10-14 years old. 6 weeks; Virtual. Skill Building, Communication, Regulating Emotions. Develop tools for healthy relationships. Contact to Register.

Hosted by Eleni Alexiou
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-C
Group meets in Rockville, MD 20850
Girls ages 10-14 years old. 6 weeks; Virtual. Skill Building, Communication, Regulating Emotions. Develop tools for healthy relationships. Contact to Register.
Challenge and change their perspective to help manage stress, regulate emotions, and have confidence to face the challenges of their everyday life. Maryland Therapy Collective's mood management and coping skills group is built on the foundation of Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) while also incorporating units of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Narrative Therapy. This gives clients the opportunity to learn skills from different modalities to empower them to use what is most helpful and relevant for them while also collaborating with others on shared concerns.

Hosted by Rachel Bender
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC, C-DBT, CCTP
Group meets in Olney, MD 20832
Challenge and change their perspective to help manage stress, regulate emotions, and have confidence to face the challenges of their everyday life. Maryland Therapy Collective's mood management and coping skills group is built on the foundation of Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) while also incorporating units of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Narrative Therapy. This gives clients the opportunity to learn skills from different modalities to empower them to use what is most helpful and relevant for them while also collaborating with others on shared concerns.
Trauma-focused group therapy provides trauma survivors with a chance to share their experiences with others who understand what they've been through. This group runs for eight weeks. May 1 to June 19 2024. Weekly virtual on Wednesdays 7 pm to 8:00pm. Eight to 10 adult participants.

Hosted by Hummingbird Counseling and Therapeutic Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LCPCS, LCPC, LPC, NCC
Group meets in Oxon Hill, MD 20745
Trauma-focused group therapy provides trauma survivors with a chance to share their experiences with others who understand what they've been through. This group runs for eight weeks. May 1 to June 19 2024. Weekly virtual on Wednesdays 7 pm to 8:00pm. Eight to 10 adult participants.
Do you dread “that time of the month?” Do you experience stress, fatigue, and mood changes? Do you feel at odd with yourself when trying to accomplish tasks? Did you know this could be your cycle? Often we are pressured to conform to a 24/7 culture when we are in fact cyclical beings...Learn Menstrual Cycle Awareness to become in sync with yourself and harness the natural powers of your monthly rhythm. Each session will include didactic learning, group sharing, attunement to body and concrete practices to try. (Wellness group, not therapy--open to any who can join virtually)

Hosted by Kristine Purcell
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, BC-DMT, LCPC, PMH-C
Group meets in Annapolis, MD 21409
Do you dread “that time of the month?” Do you experience stress, fatigue, and mood changes? Do you feel at odd with yourself when trying to accomplish tasks? Did you know this could be your cycle? Often we are pressured to conform to a 24/7 culture when we are in fact cyclical beings...Learn Menstrual Cycle Awareness to become in sync with yourself and harness the natural powers of your monthly rhythm. Each session will include didactic learning, group sharing, attunement to body and concrete practices to try. (Wellness group, not therapy--open to any who can join virtually)
This group addresses issues specific to adolescents suffering from both addiction and mental illness. It has a strong focus on changing behaviors and beliefs systems that no longer serve clients in healthy ways. The group has a strong CBT focus and incorporates Auricular Therapy and mindfulness.

Hosted by Martin Counseling and Associates, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, ADS, CMFSW
Group meets in Ellicott City, MD 21042
This group addresses issues specific to adolescents suffering from both addiction and mental illness. It has a strong focus on changing behaviors and beliefs systems that no longer serve clients in healthy ways. The group has a strong CBT focus and incorporates Auricular Therapy and mindfulness.
A DBT multifamily group brings together adolescents and their parents or caregivers to learn and practice Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) skills. The group focuses on building emotional regulation, distress tolerance, mindfulness, and interpersonal effectiveness for both teens and their families. By learning these skills together, families can better understand each other’s experiences, improve communication, and reduce conflicts. Led by a trained therapist, the group fosters a collaborative, supportive environment where families can address challenges collectively, strengthen relationships, and create a healthier dynamic at home. The shared learning process promotes accountability, connection, and growth for both teens and parents.

A DBT multifamily group brings together adolescents and their parents or caregivers to learn and practice Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) skills. The group focuses on building emotional regulation, distress tolerance, mindfulness, and interpersonal effectiveness for both teens and their families. By learning these skills together, families can better understand each other’s experiences, improve communication, and reduce conflicts. Led by a trained therapist, the group fosters a collaborative, supportive environment where families can address challenges collectively, strengthen relationships, and create a healthier dynamic at home. The shared learning process promotes accountability, connection, and growth for both teens and parents.
All too often, kids (5-15 yo) with behavioral issues at home or school (impulsivity, inattention, rule breaking, homework difficulties, aggression) are simply diagnosed with ADHD and medicated into submission - with poor outcomes or troublesome side-effects. Alternatively, kids demand constant monitoring or discipline enforcement, leaving parents and families disrupted, angry and stressed. Prognostically, kids can grow up to have conduct disorders, personality malformations, substance abuse problems, mood disorders and adult ADHD. Not good. This weekly, 10-session program is an alternative approach: directed at empowering parents with positive incentive and reinforcement strategies, smart and effective discipline and punishment techniques.

All too often, kids (5-15 yo) with behavioral issues at home or school (impulsivity, inattention, rule breaking, homework difficulties, aggression) are simply diagnosed with ADHD and medicated into submission - with poor outcomes or troublesome side-effects. Alternatively, kids demand constant monitoring or discipline enforcement, leaving parents and families disrupted, angry and stressed. Prognostically, kids can grow up to have conduct disorders, personality malformations, substance abuse problems, mood disorders and adult ADHD. Not good. This weekly, 10-session program is an alternative approach: directed at empowering parents with positive incentive and reinforcement strategies, smart and effective discipline and punishment techniques.
A time set aside to only engage in trauma work - specifically EMDR in an intensive format. Doing EMDR in an intensive style (2-4.5 hours per session) invites you to find relief faster maximizing your healing. An intensive can help you feel less triggered or activated around traumatic events or adverse life experiences rather quickly while, at the same time, helping you learn skills to manage or regulate your nervous system. Inquire here:
www.nylutherapeuticsolutions.com

A time set aside to only engage in trauma work - specifically EMDR in an intensive format. Doing EMDR in an intensive style (2-4.5 hours per session) invites you to find relief faster maximizing your healing. An intensive can help you feel less triggered or activated around traumatic events or adverse life experiences rather quickly while, at the same time, helping you learn skills to manage or regulate your nervous system. Inquire here:
www.nylutherapeuticsolutions.com
Our Teen Life & Skills Group empowers teens through engaging discussions and activities focused on anxiety management, healthy peer relationships, self-image, and emotional regulation. This supportive space fosters growth, resilience, and confidence while providing psychoeducation and real-life tools to help teens navigate challenges and thrive socially, emotionally, and mentally.

Hosted by Teen Life And Social Skills Group (Virtual)
Psychologist, PhD, PsyD, MA
Group meets in Bowie, MD 20715
Our Teen Life & Skills Group empowers teens through engaging discussions and activities focused on anxiety management, healthy peer relationships, self-image, and emotional regulation. This supportive space fosters growth, resilience, and confidence while providing psychoeducation and real-life tools to help teens navigate challenges and thrive socially, emotionally, and mentally.
This group is for adults who struggle with anxious attachment and relationship anxiety, which can include fear of abandonment, reassurance seeking, people pleasing, overthinking texts, and feeling activated by mixed signals or emotional distance. For example this might be for people who are getting stuck in situationships, chasing avoidant partners, tolerating breadcrumbing, losing themselves in relationships, or confusing intensity with intimacy. Through discussion led by Taylor, as well as mindfulness and mind/body exercises, participants will explore attachment triggers, boundaries, limerence, self-abandonment, and recurring relationship patterns while learning to build more secure, mutual, and emotionally available connections.

This group is for adults who struggle with anxious attachment and relationship anxiety, which can include fear of abandonment, reassurance seeking, people pleasing, overthinking texts, and feeling activated by mixed signals or emotional distance. For example this might be for people who are getting stuck in situationships, chasing avoidant partners, tolerating breadcrumbing, losing themselves in relationships, or confusing intensity with intimacy. Through discussion led by Taylor, as well as mindfulness and mind/body exercises, participants will explore attachment triggers, boundaries, limerence, self-abandonment, and recurring relationship patterns while learning to build more secure, mutual, and emotionally available connections.
Group members are high functioning successful adults working on improving their relationships, self efficacy, self esteem and mood. Group goals are to recognize, understand and work through dysfunctional patterns which get in the way of having more in our lives. Group offers a confidential, supportive yet challenging structure to gain insights from the relationships formed in the room.

Group members are high functioning successful adults working on improving their relationships, self efficacy, self esteem and mood. Group goals are to recognize, understand and work through dysfunctional patterns which get in the way of having more in our lives. Group offers a confidential, supportive yet challenging structure to gain insights from the relationships formed in the room.
I have an adult group that meets weekly. It is a relatively small group which allows us to focus on specific topics and gives everyone time to share what's on their mind. We discuss relationships, interactions between mood, behavior, and experience, find ways to make healthy choices, and explore underlying factors with a focus on improving insight and clarity. It is a dynamic, interpersonal group where members support each other, offer feedback and encouragement, and appropriately challenge when necessary with compassion and care.

Hosted by Deana Albert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-C
Group meets in Columbia, MD 21044
I have an adult group that meets weekly. It is a relatively small group which allows us to focus on specific topics and gives everyone time to share what's on their mind. We discuss relationships, interactions between mood, behavior, and experience, find ways to make healthy choices, and explore underlying factors with a focus on improving insight and clarity. It is a dynamic, interpersonal group where members support each other, offer feedback and encouragement, and appropriately challenge when necessary with compassion and care.
See more therapy options for Takoma Park
FAQs - About Group Therapy and Support Groups
How can I find a support group in Takoma Park?
To find a support group in your area, start by entering your city, zip code, or the name of the group into the search bar at the top of the page. When searching, consider whether you prefer an in-person or virtual group. This can help you decide how broad your geographic search should be. If you are open to virtual groups, you might want to search by state instead of just your city, especially if there are limited options nearby.
Once you complete your search, you can use the filters to narrow the results by selecting specialties (such as grief, trauma, or eating disorders), therapeutic approaches, age groups, and other criteria to find a group that best fits your needs.
Once you complete your search, you can use the filters to narrow the results by selecting specialties (such as grief, trauma, or eating disorders), therapeutic approaches, age groups, and other criteria to find a group that best fits your needs.
How does group therapy work?
Group therapy is led by one or more trained therapists and provides a space where participants can process their experiences and learn from others facing similar challenges. Groups may focus on a specific issue—such as addiction, grief, physical illnesses, parenting, or caregiving—or they may center around a particular therapeutic approach, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), social skill development, or Exposure Therapy. Some groups are also designed for specific populations, such as teens, veterans, or LGBTQ+ individuals.
It’s also important to distinguish group therapy from peer-led support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous. While both can offer valuable support, therapy groups are typically led by licensed professionals and follow a more structured format. Therapy groups often meet for a fixed length of time with a consistent group of members, while many peer support groups meet for an indefinite period of time with members coming and going.
It’s also important to distinguish group therapy from peer-led support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous. While both can offer valuable support, therapy groups are typically led by licensed professionals and follow a more structured format. Therapy groups often meet for a fixed length of time with a consistent group of members, while many peer support groups meet for an indefinite period of time with members coming and going.
What are the benefits of group therapy?
Group therapy offers several important benefits. It brings together people facing similar challenges—whether related to mental health, physical health, or life transitions—and creates a supportive environment where participants can exchange feedback, share experiences, and learn from one another. Hearing different perspectives can help individuals discover new coping strategies and practical tools they may not have encountered on their own. Sharing personal experiences, such as coping with a serious illness or navigating family struggles, can also reduce feelings of isolation and foster a sense of connection and understanding. In addition to emotional support, group members often gain useful, real-world advice from peers who have faced similar situations.
Group therapy is typically more affordable than individual therapy and, for certain conditions, can be equally effective. Many groups also include structured activities—such as guided journaling, cognitive-behavioral exercises, or role-playing—to help participants develop concrete skills they can apply in daily life.
Group therapy is typically more affordable than individual therapy and, for certain conditions, can be equally effective. Many groups also include structured activities—such as guided journaling, cognitive-behavioral exercises, or role-playing—to help participants develop concrete skills they can apply in daily life.
Is group therapy as effective as individual therapy?
It is difficult to make a blanket statement about the effectiveness of support groups, as they vary widely in focus and the conditions they address. However, support groups can be highly valuable in helping individuals gain emotional support and achieve meaningful treatment outcomes. For certain conditions, such as substance use, research has shown that group therapy can be particularly effective—sometimes just as effective as individual therapy—in supporting long-term recovery.
Many professionals attribute the effectiveness of group therapy to the unique benefits of the group setting, which fosters peer-to-peer learning and a sense of connection through shared experiences. Group settings also offer accountability and encouragement from both facilitators and fellow participants, which helps sustain motivation and supports continued progress. These factors together play a key role in promoting the overall effectiveness of group therapy.
Many professionals attribute the effectiveness of group therapy to the unique benefits of the group setting, which fosters peer-to-peer learning and a sense of connection through shared experiences. Group settings also offer accountability and encouragement from both facilitators and fellow participants, which helps sustain motivation and supports continued progress. These factors together play a key role in promoting the overall effectiveness of group therapy.
How much does group therapy cost?
Group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy, with sessions typically costing between $50 and $75 each. In comparison, individual therapy can cost anywhere from $100 to $200 or more per session, even with insurance. Some therapists or organizations offer low-cost or free group therapy options, particularly through community centers or nonprofit organizations. In some cases, groups may require payment upfront for a set number of sessions, such as paying for six weekly sessions at the first meeting. However, many providers offer payment plans to help make participation more accessible if this upfront payment is required.
Does insurance cover group therapy?
As with individual therapy, insurance coverage for group therapy varies based on factors such as your specific insurance plan, the purpose of the group, your diagnosis, and whether the group provider is in-network. Many insurance plans cover group therapy sessions that address diagnosable mental health conditions, such as substance use disorders, anxiety, or depression.
However, groups that focus on topics not directly tied to a mental health diagnosis—such as parenting support or divorce recovery—are less likely to be covered. Because coverage can vary widely, it’s important to check with your insurance provider before joining a group to confirm whether the sessions will be covered and what out-of-pocket costs you may be responsible for.
However, groups that focus on topics not directly tied to a mental health diagnosis—such as parenting support or divorce recovery—are less likely to be covered. Because coverage can vary widely, it’s important to check with your insurance provider before joining a group to confirm whether the sessions will be covered and what out-of-pocket costs you may be responsible for.
How long does group therapy last?
The length of each group therapy session typically ranges from 45 minutes to two hours, depending on the therapy approach, the group’s goals, and how often the group meets. In some cases, group therapy is part of a larger treatment program, such as an Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP), where group sessions complement individual therapy and are scheduled as part of the program’s overall structure.
The duration of participation in a group also varies. Some groups are designed to be short-term, lasting anywhere from 6 to 24 weeks—for example, bereavement groups or skills-based groups like those using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). Other groups may be longer-term, lasting a year or more, and some ongoing support groups meet indefinitely, allowing participants to stay as long as they find the group helpful.
The duration of participation in a group also varies. Some groups are designed to be short-term, lasting anywhere from 6 to 24 weeks—for example, bereavement groups or skills-based groups like those using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). Other groups may be longer-term, lasting a year or more, and some ongoing support groups meet indefinitely, allowing participants to stay as long as they find the group helpful.
What are the limitations of support groups?
Support groups offer many benefits, but they also have certain limitations. Unlike therapy groups, many support groups do not provide formal therapeutic treatment and are not led by licensed mental health professionals. For individuals seeking clinical treatment for specific mental health diagnoses—such as depression, eating disorders, or substance use—individual therapy or group therapy led by a licensed professional may offer more personalized and specialized care.
The effectiveness of a support group also depends heavily on the group’s participants and the overall group dynamic. When members engage respectfully and offer constructive support, the group can foster valuable peer-to-peer learning. However, if certain participants dominate discussions, provide inaccurate advice, or create conflict, it can disrupt the group’s sense of safety and reduce its effectiveness. Confidentiality can also be harder to maintain in support groups, particularly in open groups where participants can join or leave at any time. With new members regularly entering the group, it can be more difficult to build and sustain a consistent sense of trust and privacy.
The effectiveness of a support group also depends heavily on the group’s participants and the overall group dynamic. When members engage respectfully and offer constructive support, the group can foster valuable peer-to-peer learning. However, if certain participants dominate discussions, provide inaccurate advice, or create conflict, it can disrupt the group’s sense of safety and reduce its effectiveness. Confidentiality can also be harder to maintain in support groups, particularly in open groups where participants can join or leave at any time. With new members regularly entering the group, it can be more difficult to build and sustain a consistent sense of trust and privacy.


