Support Groups in Wakefield, MA

Are you a high school athlete looking to improve your mental game and boost your performance? Join our in-person, interactive 6-WEEK SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY GROUP and discover the tools and strategies to enhance your focus, manage stress, and perform at your peak! This group is ideal for athletes in town or club teams, who want to improve their mindset and mental strategies and enhance their performance.
Photo of Julie Cappella - Launch Psychological Associates, Psychologist, PsyD
Hosted by Launch Psychological Associates
Psychologist, PsyD
Group meets in Wakefield, MA 01880
Are you a high school athlete looking to improve your mental game and boost your performance? Join our in-person, interactive 6-WEEK SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY GROUP and discover the tools and strategies to enhance your focus, manage stress, and perform at your peak! This group is ideal for athletes in town or club teams, who want to improve their mindset and mental strategies and enhance their performance.
(781) 328-0776 View (781) 328-0776
Launching end of February 2025. Group is limited to 8 participants and will meet virtually once-a-month. This is a five-month program for people who want better boundaries and more fulfilling relationships with self and others. Includes: copy of the book “Boundaries & Protection” by Pixie Lighthorse, simple journal prompts each week, 5 virtual meetups with discussion, guided meditation, open sharing, and action steps for behavior change. Bonus: Each participant will receive a half hour phone session with facilitator at the beginning and end of the program to set intention and track progress.
Photo of Cally Stewart, Occupational Therapist, OTD, OTR/L, CH
Hosted by Cally Stewart
Occupational Therapist, OTD, OTR/L, CH
Group meets in Wakefield, MA 01880
Launching end of February 2025. Group is limited to 8 participants and will meet virtually once-a-month. This is a five-month program for people who want better boundaries and more fulfilling relationships with self and others. Includes: copy of the book “Boundaries & Protection” by Pixie Lighthorse, simple journal prompts each week, 5 virtual meetups with discussion, guided meditation, open sharing, and action steps for behavior change. Bonus: Each participant will receive a half hour phone session with facilitator at the beginning and end of the program to set intention and track progress.
(857) 376-3923 View (857) 376-3923
Counseling Services of Greater Boston in an outpatient mental health center offering therapy services to individuals, couples, and families in the Boston area and surrounding communities. We opened our Wakefield office in 2013, our Georgetown office in 2017, and our Tyngsboro office in 2020. We launched our Virtual Mental Health and Online Addiction Treatment services in 2021. We are dedicated to providing our clients with a variety of therapeutic options to ensure that they will always receive the most effective individualized treatment possible.
Photo of Dana Venable - Telehealth Addictions Services, Counselor, LMHC
Hosted by Telehealth Addictions Services
Counselor, LMHC
Group meets in Wakefield, MA 01880
Counseling Services of Greater Boston in an outpatient mental health center offering therapy services to individuals, couples, and families in the Boston area and surrounding communities. We opened our Wakefield office in 2013, our Georgetown office in 2017, and our Tyngsboro office in 2020. We launched our Virtual Mental Health and Online Addiction Treatment services in 2021. We are dedicated to providing our clients with a variety of therapeutic options to ensure that they will always receive the most effective individualized treatment possible.
(508) 413-6938 View (508) 413-6938
Are you a High School athletes looking to improve your mental game and boost your performance?Join our in-person, interactive 6-WEEK SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY GROUP and discover the tools and strategies to enhance your focus, manage stress, and perform at your peak! This group is ideal for athletes who want to improve their mindset and mental strategies and enhance their performance. Led by a former college athlete and therapist. Participate in group exercises, discussions, and real-time problem solving and connect with like-minded athletes who share your goals and challenges. Master your mind and elevate your performance!
Photo of Jonathan Roberto, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Hosted by Jonathan Roberto
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Group meets in Wakefield, MA 01880
Are you a High School athletes looking to improve your mental game and boost your performance?Join our in-person, interactive 6-WEEK SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY GROUP and discover the tools and strategies to enhance your focus, manage stress, and perform at your peak! This group is ideal for athletes who want to improve their mindset and mental strategies and enhance their performance. Led by a former college athlete and therapist. Participate in group exercises, discussions, and real-time problem solving and connect with like-minded athletes who share your goals and challenges. Master your mind and elevate your performance!
(339) 215-8279 View (339) 215-8279
This group will provide members a safe and supportive place to connect, share experiences, feelings, and insights with new mothers who understand their experience. In addition, we will cover specific issues such as emotional well being and mood changes, physical recovery, sleep patterns and fatigue, feeding and bonding with your baby, changes in relationship, self-care strategies, and returning to work (if applicable). This group is designed to take the stigma away from not being okay after having a baby, and to decrease feelings of isolation that can arise for women at this vulnerable time.
Photo of Julie Cappella - Launch Psychological Associates, Psychologist, PsyD
Hosted by Launch Psychological Associates
Psychologist, PsyD
Group meets in Wakefield, MA 01880
This group will provide members a safe and supportive place to connect, share experiences, feelings, and insights with new mothers who understand their experience. In addition, we will cover specific issues such as emotional well being and mood changes, physical recovery, sleep patterns and fatigue, feeding and bonding with your baby, changes in relationship, self-care strategies, and returning to work (if applicable). This group is designed to take the stigma away from not being okay after having a baby, and to decrease feelings of isolation that can arise for women at this vulnerable time.
(781) 328-0776 View (781) 328-0776
Life is difficult for everyone. That's why a support group can work so well. Group therapy is affordable and effective. You benefit emotionally from being understood by others, and gain communication skills and purpose when you support them. My role, as a licensed counselor, is to keep the group on track and to provide professional insights. But you will find that the most powerful thing about group therapy is the group itself. Don't wait to feel better. Call to save a spot in this group.
Photo of Cynthia Gray, Counselor, LMHC
Hosted by Cynthia Gray
Counselor, LMHC
Group meets in Wakefield, MA 01880
Life is difficult for everyone. That's why a support group can work so well. Group therapy is affordable and effective. You benefit emotionally from being understood by others, and gain communication skills and purpose when you support them. My role, as a licensed counselor, is to keep the group on track and to provide professional insights. But you will find that the most powerful thing about group therapy is the group itself. Don't wait to feel better. Call to save a spot in this group.
(781) 653-6871 View (781) 653-6871

More Groups Nearby

This group meets in Newton on Tuesdays at 6pm. The group orients participants to the organizational and emotional challenges that are typically encountered during their transition to a successful post-high school phase of life. Topics that are covered in this group include the negotiation of relationships with family members, organizational skill enhancement/use of technology, vocational stability/success, integration of clinical skills into multiple life domains, substance use, and the movement to an increased level of social/familial/financial independence.
Photo of David A. Perna - David A. Perna, PhD, Psychologist, PhD
Hosted by David A. Perna, PhD
Psychologist, PhD
Group meets in Newton, MA 02458
This group meets in Newton on Tuesdays at 6pm. The group orients participants to the organizational and emotional challenges that are typically encountered during their transition to a successful post-high school phase of life. Topics that are covered in this group include the negotiation of relationships with family members, organizational skill enhancement/use of technology, vocational stability/success, integration of clinical skills into multiple life domains, substance use, and the movement to an increased level of social/familial/financial independence.
(617) 762-5419 View (617) 762-5419
A telehealth group for individuals seeking to learn about their relationships, their attachment behavior and their choices in relationship. Designed to help people understand the difference between anxious attachment, avoidant and secure attachment and find ways to find satisfaction, stability and happiness in their relationships. You will learn about early experiences that have shaped your personality, choices and attractions. This is a mixed group of men and women limited to eight individuals. We will meet for 75 minutes weekly for a total of 10 visits and fee is $600.
Photo of Michael Ruben - Michael Ruben Couples Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, BCD
Hosted by Michael Ruben Couples Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, BCD
Group meets in Boston, MA 02116
A telehealth group for individuals seeking to learn about their relationships, their attachment behavior and their choices in relationship. Designed to help people understand the difference between anxious attachment, avoidant and secure attachment and find ways to find satisfaction, stability and happiness in their relationships. You will learn about early experiences that have shaped your personality, choices and attractions. This is a mixed group of men and women limited to eight individuals. We will meet for 75 minutes weekly for a total of 10 visits and fee is $600.
(617) 657-2636 View (617) 657-2636
Creative Teen DBT Group is a weekly one hour long DBT group which teaches essential coping skills to manage emotions, improve relationships, and navigate life's challenges. This group focuses on four key areas while using a creative modality to help foster coping skills : mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness. Led by trained professionals, DBT Skills Groups provide a safe space for participants to practice these skills alongside others who are facing similar struggles. This group are designed to be both warm and welcoming, fostering a sense of community while helping individuals develop practical tools to create positive change in their lives.
Photo of Gena Toppi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Hosted by Gena Toppi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Group meets in Rockland, MA 02370
Creative Teen DBT Group is a weekly one hour long DBT group which teaches essential coping skills to manage emotions, improve relationships, and navigate life's challenges. This group focuses on four key areas while using a creative modality to help foster coping skills : mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness. Led by trained professionals, DBT Skills Groups provide a safe space for participants to practice these skills alongside others who are facing similar struggles. This group are designed to be both warm and welcoming, fostering a sense of community while helping individuals develop practical tools to create positive change in their lives.
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Mindfulness group starting 2/26/26 at 2:00pm PST/ 5:00pm EST! Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy for Anxiety and OCD. In this group I will provide slide-deck discussion about MBCT, and how it helps anxiety and OCD. We will practice a variety of mindfulness exercises over the course of four weeks.
Photo of Ky'an Kelly, Counselor, LMHC
Hosted by Ky'an Kelly
Counselor, LMHC
Group meets in Medford, MA 02155
Mindfulness group starting 2/26/26 at 2:00pm PST/ 5:00pm EST! Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy for Anxiety and OCD. In this group I will provide slide-deck discussion about MBCT, and how it helps anxiety and OCD. We will practice a variety of mindfulness exercises over the course of four weeks.
(339) 217-7527 View (339) 217-7527
Group Encounter addresses the many issues faced by women. Covering topics from early learning, childhood struggles, impact of addiction or exposure to addiction, divorce, relationship concerns and daily stressors. Focus on self-compassion, self-esteem and self-worth tallowing renewed focus on personal possibilities. Psychoeducation, psychodynamic, mindfulness and CBT are employed to facilitate the process This is an open group; is ongoing, taking new members. Please check here for changes in schedule. updated 1/4/2026. Cost: 20.00 per group. Email interest and I will add you to the list. Looking forward to seeing you. Please bring notebook/notepad.
Photo of Leslie-Jo Sampson, Counselor, LMHC, NCC, CCTP
Hosted by Leslie-Jo Sampson
Counselor, LMHC, NCC, CCTP
Group meets in Haverhill, MA 01830
Group Encounter addresses the many issues faced by women. Covering topics from early learning, childhood struggles, impact of addiction or exposure to addiction, divorce, relationship concerns and daily stressors. Focus on self-compassion, self-esteem and self-worth tallowing renewed focus on personal possibilities. Psychoeducation, psychodynamic, mindfulness and CBT are employed to facilitate the process This is an open group; is ongoing, taking new members. Please check here for changes in schedule. updated 1/4/2026. Cost: 20.00 per group. Email interest and I will add you to the list. Looking forward to seeing you. Please bring notebook/notepad.
(978) 817-7021 View (978) 817-7021
A group of diverse men engaged in conversations about relationships, mental health, anxiety, sexuality, aging, and disability. This is an ongoing in-person group that meets on the first Saturday of each month for 2 hours. This is a new group that will meet for the first time on Saturday, January 6th, 2024. The cost for the 2 hour session is $100.
Photo of Stephen C Duclos, Marriage & Family Therapist, MEd, CST, CRC, LMFT, LMHC
Hosted by Stephen C Duclos
Marriage & Family Therapist, MEd, CST, CRC, LMFT, LMHC
Group meets in Quincy, MA 02169
A group of diverse men engaged in conversations about relationships, mental health, anxiety, sexuality, aging, and disability. This is an ongoing in-person group that meets on the first Saturday of each month for 2 hours. This is a new group that will meet for the first time on Saturday, January 6th, 2024. The cost for the 2 hour session is $100.
(617) 431-6792 View (617) 431-6792
Our DBT groups meet for 90 minutes/week for six weeks. Each week focuses on education around DBT skills and practical ways to integrate them into your life. Participants should expect a little bit of homework and should be able to commit to the full six week session. All group participants must have an ongoing relationship with an outpatient provider or other mental health professional.
Photo of Chelsea Walsh, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Hosted by Chelsea Walsh
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Group meets in Littleton, MA 01460
Our DBT groups meet for 90 minutes/week for six weeks. Each week focuses on education around DBT skills and practical ways to integrate them into your life. Participants should expect a little bit of homework and should be able to commit to the full six week session. All group participants must have an ongoing relationship with an outpatient provider or other mental health professional.
(978) 295-2714 View (978) 295-2714
I am currently enrolling women who are struggling with fertility issues to come together for mutual support and empowerment.
Photo of Deborah Goldberg McCarthy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Hosted by Deborah Goldberg McCarthy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Group meets in Wayland, MA 01778
I am currently enrolling women who are struggling with fertility issues to come together for mutual support and empowerment.
View
This twelve-week mental and physical wellness experience focuses on feminine energy. We meet on Mondays 7-830pm, Wednesdays 7-830 pm, Saturdays 1-2 pm. Participants will engage in a combination of activities such as boxing drills, outdoor group boot camps, a comprehensive nutritional assessment, meal preparation coaching, group/individual thought-therapy, and access to a supportive feminine community via a private Facebook group/zoom call. The program will be held both in-person and virtually on a weekly basis. Weekly group coaching/therapy will be held via zoom. Individual coaching/therapy sessions will be held bi-weekly.
Photo of Lakisha R. Austin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MBA, MSW
Hosted by Lakisha R. Austin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MBA, MSW
Group meets in Hyde Park, MA 02136
This twelve-week mental and physical wellness experience focuses on feminine energy. We meet on Mondays 7-830pm, Wednesdays 7-830 pm, Saturdays 1-2 pm. Participants will engage in a combination of activities such as boxing drills, outdoor group boot camps, a comprehensive nutritional assessment, meal preparation coaching, group/individual thought-therapy, and access to a supportive feminine community via a private Facebook group/zoom call. The program will be held both in-person and virtually on a weekly basis. Weekly group coaching/therapy will be held via zoom. Individual coaching/therapy sessions will be held bi-weekly.
(617) 936-7821 View (617) 936-7821
People struggling with bi polar disorder or depression will find compassion, support and most importantly crucial coping strategies in this group, which focuses on hope in recovery. Clients offer one another stories of struggle and success while learning how to manage what can be a crippling diagnosis unless managed correctly. We focus on the correct way of living with bi polar disorder and depression, reviewing the role of medications and interpersonal support along with CBT interventions that bring solace and strength.
Photo of Lauren J Slater, MA, EdD
Hosted by Lauren J Slater
Verified Verified
Group meets in Concord, MA 01742
People struggling with bi polar disorder or depression will find compassion, support and most importantly crucial coping strategies in this group, which focuses on hope in recovery. Clients offer one another stories of struggle and success while learning how to manage what can be a crippling diagnosis unless managed correctly. We focus on the correct way of living with bi polar disorder and depression, reviewing the role of medications and interpersonal support along with CBT interventions that bring solace and strength.
(978) 776-3383 View (978) 776-3383
Interpersonal therapy group for high functioning adults age 50- 75. Focuses on life transitions of mature adults ( including relationships with partners and grown children, career changes, medical challenges, retirement, and loss) and enhancing meaning, support and emotional connection in later years. Most members have histories of considerable dysfunction in their own families of origin, and many themselves are in sustained alcohol recovery.
Photo of Marsha Vannicelli, Psychologist, PhD
Hosted by Marsha Vannicelli
Psychologist, PhD
Group meets in Cambridge, MA 02138
Interpersonal therapy group for high functioning adults age 50- 75. Focuses on life transitions of mature adults ( including relationships with partners and grown children, career changes, medical challenges, retirement, and loss) and enhancing meaning, support and emotional connection in later years. Most members have histories of considerable dysfunction in their own families of origin, and many themselves are in sustained alcohol recovery.
(857) 239-0210 View (857) 239-0210
Self Love Therapy LLC is a team of licensed mental health therapists and psychiatrists who will assist you on your journey to a better sense of self through psychoeducation on ways to cope with various mental health diagnoses, how to manage personal & professional struggles, & provide overall emotional support. ? Finding love within yourself, for yourself, leads to a strong foundation that can support one’s growth and ability to cope with difficult life experiences. We aim to alleviate fear & apprehension about the therapeutic process through building genuine relationships with clients.
Photo of Brad Winter, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNPBC
Hosted by Brad Winter
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNPBC
Group meets in Newton, MA 02459
Self Love Therapy LLC is a team of licensed mental health therapists and psychiatrists who will assist you on your journey to a better sense of self through psychoeducation on ways to cope with various mental health diagnoses, how to manage personal & professional struggles, & provide overall emotional support. ? Finding love within yourself, for yourself, leads to a strong foundation that can support one’s growth and ability to cope with difficult life experiences. We aim to alleviate fear & apprehension about the therapeutic process through building genuine relationships with clients.
(617) 410-5268 View (617) 410-5268
Meet other Young Women on the Autism Spectrum and share your experiences of college, job searches, work issues, time management and organizational challenges, anxiety, depression, self-image/identity issues, dating, relationships, social skills and anything else that's on your mind.
Photo of Eva A. Mendes, Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Hosted by Eva A. Mendes
Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Group meets in Watertown, MA 02472
Meet other Young Women on the Autism Spectrum and share your experiences of college, job searches, work issues, time management and organizational challenges, anxiety, depression, self-image/identity issues, dating, relationships, social skills and anything else that's on your mind.
(617) 307-7798 View (617) 307-7798
This group is a small, supportive group for daughters of immigrants who would like to be in community with others like them. We’ll focus on how to regulate your emotions, set boundaries, and build self trust, even when different parts of your life or culture pull you in different directions. The group meets once a week for 8 weeks. Each session is one hour long and costs $40. Please reach out if you'd like to learn more or see if it's a good fit!
Photo of Noor Ibrahim, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Hosted by Noor Ibrahim
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Group meets in Boston, MA 02111
This group is a small, supportive group for daughters of immigrants who would like to be in community with others like them. We’ll focus on how to regulate your emotions, set boundaries, and build self trust, even when different parts of your life or culture pull you in different directions. The group meets once a week for 8 weeks. Each session is one hour long and costs $40. Please reach out if you'd like to learn more or see if it's a good fit!
(617) 286-6434 View (617) 286-6434

See more therapy options for Wakefield

FAQs - About Group Therapy and Support Groups

How can I find a support group in Wakefield?

To find a support group in your area, start by entering your city, zip code, or the name of the group into the search bar at the top of the page. When searching, consider whether you prefer an in-person or virtual group. This can help you decide how broad your geographic search should be. If you are open to virtual groups, you might want to search by state instead of just your city, especially if there are limited options nearby.

Once you complete your search, you can use the filters to narrow the results by selecting specialties (such as grief, trauma, or eating disorders), therapeutic approaches, age groups, and other criteria to find a group that best fits your needs.

How does group therapy work?

Group therapy is led by one or more trained therapists and provides a space where participants can process their experiences and learn from others facing similar challenges. Groups may focus on a specific issue—such as addiction, grief, physical illnesses, parenting, or caregiving—or they may center around a particular therapeutic approach, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), social skill development, or Exposure Therapy. Some groups are also designed for specific populations, such as teens, veterans, or LGBTQ+ individuals.

It’s also important to distinguish group therapy from peer-led support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous. While both can offer valuable support, therapy groups are typically led by licensed professionals and follow a more structured format. Therapy groups often meet for a fixed length of time with a consistent group of members, while many peer support groups meet for an indefinite period of time with members coming and going.

What are the benefits of group therapy?

Group therapy offers several important benefits. It brings together people facing similar challenges—whether related to mental health, physical health, or life transitions—and creates a supportive environment where participants can exchange feedback, share experiences, and learn from one another. Hearing different perspectives can help individuals discover new coping strategies and practical tools they may not have encountered on their own. Sharing personal experiences, such as coping with a serious illness or navigating family struggles, can also reduce feelings of isolation and foster a sense of connection and understanding. In addition to emotional support, group members often gain useful, real-world advice from peers who have faced similar situations.

Group therapy is typically more affordable than individual therapy and, for certain conditions, can be equally effective. Many groups also include structured activities—such as guided journaling, cognitive-behavioral exercises, or role-playing—to help participants develop concrete skills they can apply in daily life.

Is group therapy as effective as individual therapy?

It is difficult to make a blanket statement about the effectiveness of support groups, as they vary widely in focus and the conditions they address. However, support groups can be highly valuable in helping individuals gain emotional support and achieve meaningful treatment outcomes. For certain conditions, such as substance use, research has shown that group therapy can be particularly effective—sometimes just as effective as individual therapy—in supporting long-term recovery.

Many professionals attribute the effectiveness of group therapy to the unique benefits of the group setting, which fosters peer-to-peer learning and a sense of connection through shared experiences. Group settings also offer accountability and encouragement from both facilitators and fellow participants, which helps sustain motivation and supports continued progress. These factors together play a key role in promoting the overall effectiveness of group therapy.

How much does group therapy cost?

Group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy, with sessions typically costing between $50 and $75 each. In comparison, individual therapy can cost anywhere from $100 to $200 or more per session, even with insurance. Some therapists or organizations offer low-cost or free group therapy options, particularly through community centers or nonprofit organizations. In some cases, groups may require payment upfront for a set number of sessions, such as paying for six weekly sessions at the first meeting. However, many providers offer payment plans to help make participation more accessible if this upfront payment is required.

Does insurance cover group therapy?

As with individual therapy, insurance coverage for group therapy varies based on factors such as your specific insurance plan, the purpose of the group, your diagnosis, and whether the group provider is in-network. Many insurance plans cover group therapy sessions that address diagnosable mental health conditions, such as substance use disorders, anxiety, or depression.

However, groups that focus on topics not directly tied to a mental health diagnosis—such as parenting support or divorce recovery—are less likely to be covered. Because coverage can vary widely, it’s important to check with your insurance provider before joining a group to confirm whether the sessions will be covered and what out-of-pocket costs you may be responsible for.

How long does group therapy last?

The length of each group therapy session typically ranges from 45 minutes to two hours, depending on the therapy approach, the group’s goals, and how often the group meets. In some cases, group therapy is part of a larger treatment program, such as an Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP), where group sessions complement individual therapy and are scheduled as part of the program’s overall structure.

The duration of participation in a group also varies. Some groups are designed to be short-term, lasting anywhere from 6 to 24 weeks—for example, bereavement groups or skills-based groups like those using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). Other groups may be longer-term, lasting a year or more, and some ongoing support groups meet indefinitely, allowing participants to stay as long as they find the group helpful.

What are the limitations of support groups?

Support groups offer many benefits, but they also have certain limitations. Unlike therapy groups, many support groups do not provide formal therapeutic treatment and are not led by licensed mental health professionals. For individuals seeking clinical treatment for specific mental health diagnoses—such as depression, eating disorders, or substance use—individual therapy or group therapy led by a licensed professional may offer more personalized and specialized care.

The effectiveness of a support group also depends heavily on the group’s participants and the overall group dynamic. When members engage respectfully and offer constructive support, the group can foster valuable peer-to-peer learning. However, if certain participants dominate discussions, provide inaccurate advice, or create conflict, it can disrupt the group’s sense of safety and reduce its effectiveness. Confidentiality can also be harder to maintain in support groups, particularly in open groups where participants can join or leave at any time. With new members regularly entering the group, it can be more difficult to build and sustain a consistent sense of trust and privacy.