Support Groups in Lowell, MA

At Insight Center for Behavioral Health, LLC we provide individuals and their families with compassion driven care and service excellence across a continuum of culturally aware and appropriate behavioral health services. ? As a key and critical community resource, Insight Center for Behavioral Health, LLC provides compassionate care to its patients via a wide range of vital behavioral healthcare services. We treat all psychiatric and substance abuse disorders while maintaining a focus on the needs of our communities, individuals, and families. ?
Photo of Efrain Talavera - Insight Center for Behavioral Health, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, LMHC, LADC, CADC
Hosted by Insight Center for Behavioral Health
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, LMHC, LADC, CADC
Group meets in Lowell, MA 01852
At Insight Center for Behavioral Health, LLC we provide individuals and their families with compassion driven care and service excellence across a continuum of culturally aware and appropriate behavioral health services. ? As a key and critical community resource, Insight Center for Behavioral Health, LLC provides compassionate care to its patients via a wide range of vital behavioral healthcare services. We treat all psychiatric and substance abuse disorders while maintaining a focus on the needs of our communities, individuals, and families. ?
(781) 630-9878 View (781) 630-9878
A supportive 8-week therapy group for women who experience negative self-talk. This group provides a compassionate, nonjudgmental environment where women can explore emotions, challenge negative self-talk, and improve coping skills through guided discussions and mutual support. Topics include: Self-worth and Confidence, Perfectionism and Self-Criticism, Anxiety, Healthy Coping Skills, Stress Management, Resilience and Empowerment, Self-compassion and Healing. If this interests you, please reach out.
Photo of Heather Barker, Pre-Licensed Professional, LSW
Hosted by Heather Barker
Pre-Licensed Professional, LSW
Group meets in Lowell, MA 01852
A supportive 8-week therapy group for women who experience negative self-talk. This group provides a compassionate, nonjudgmental environment where women can explore emotions, challenge negative self-talk, and improve coping skills through guided discussions and mutual support. Topics include: Self-worth and Confidence, Perfectionism and Self-Criticism, Anxiety, Healthy Coping Skills, Stress Management, Resilience and Empowerment, Self-compassion and Healing. If this interests you, please reach out.
(978) 797-4874 View (978) 797-4874
Skills to navigate the emotional, cognitive, and relational aftermath of betrayal, including rebuilding trust, co-regulation with partners (if appropriate), and reauthoring narratives. This group is a 10 week group, 90 minutes per week, $30.00 per week. Next Session starting week of 2/8/2026.
Photo of Dr. Courtney M Speropolous, Counselor, PhD, LMHC, LSWA, CST
Hosted by Dr. Courtney M Speropolous
Counselor, PhD, LMHC, LSWA, CST
Group meets in Lowell, MA 01852
Skills to navigate the emotional, cognitive, and relational aftermath of betrayal, including rebuilding trust, co-regulation with partners (if appropriate), and reauthoring narratives. This group is a 10 week group, 90 minutes per week, $30.00 per week. Next Session starting week of 2/8/2026.
(781) 493-8064 View (781) 493-8064
Skills to navigate the emotional, cognitive, and relational aftermath of betrayal, including rebuilding trust, co-regulation with partners (if appropriate), and reauthoring narratives. This group is a 10 week group, 90 minutes per week, $30.00 per week. Next Session starting week of 2/8/2026.
Photo of Dr. Courtney Speropolous, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LMHC, LSWA, CST
Hosted by Dr. Courtney Speropolous
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LMHC, LSWA, CST
Group meets in Lowell, MA 01852
Skills to navigate the emotional, cognitive, and relational aftermath of betrayal, including rebuilding trust, co-regulation with partners (if appropriate), and reauthoring narratives. This group is a 10 week group, 90 minutes per week, $30.00 per week. Next Session starting week of 2/8/2026.
(339) 888-9250 View (339) 888-9250

More Groups Nearby

A major element of my CBT group is reducing the patterns of avoidance that come to control a person's life. Many people with panic and anxiety disorders experience tremendous discomfort in situations they cannot "get out of" including social gatherings, classrooms, and subway cars. The avoidance of these situations can interfere with the development of academic, professional, and personal goals, and contribute to other mental health issues, including isolation and depression. CBT has been demonstrated in clinical studies to significantly reduce these avoidance-based behaviors and return people to their normal lives and routines. Please contact me to join.
Photo of Dr. Jonathan E. Goldberg, Psychologist, PhD
Hosted by Dr. Jonathan E. Goldberg
Psychologist, PhD
Group meets in Brookline, MA 02446
A major element of my CBT group is reducing the patterns of avoidance that come to control a person's life. Many people with panic and anxiety disorders experience tremendous discomfort in situations they cannot "get out of" including social gatherings, classrooms, and subway cars. The avoidance of these situations can interfere with the development of academic, professional, and personal goals, and contribute to other mental health issues, including isolation and depression. CBT has been demonstrated in clinical studies to significantly reduce these avoidance-based behaviors and return people to their normal lives and routines. Please contact me to join.
(857) 574-0964 View (857) 574-0964
PSYCHe PLLC offers TWO once-weekly online RO-DBT Skills Groups: Tuesdays 6:00–7:30 pm EST / 5:00–6:30 pm CST and Wednesdays, 6:00–7:30 pm EST / 5:00–6:30 pm CST. RO-DBT helps those struggling with overcontrolled behavior and emotional loneliness—common in chronic depression, anxiety, Anorexia Nervosa, Avoidant Personality Disorder, OCD, and Autism Spectrum disorders. Group offers a psychoeducational, skills-based setting to learn about flexibility, openness, and social connectedness. Group is like a class, not therapy. *Please note all our services are out-of-network.
Photo of Stephanie Vaughn, Psychologist, PsyD, DBT-LBC
Hosted by Stephanie Vaughn
Psychologist, PsyD, DBT-LBC
Group meets in Boston, MA 02110
PSYCHe PLLC offers TWO once-weekly online RO-DBT Skills Groups: Tuesdays 6:00–7:30 pm EST / 5:00–6:30 pm CST and Wednesdays, 6:00–7:30 pm EST / 5:00–6:30 pm CST. RO-DBT helps those struggling with overcontrolled behavior and emotional loneliness—common in chronic depression, anxiety, Anorexia Nervosa, Avoidant Personality Disorder, OCD, and Autism Spectrum disorders. Group offers a psychoeducational, skills-based setting to learn about flexibility, openness, and social connectedness. Group is like a class, not therapy. *Please note all our services are out-of-network.
(857) 271-4038 View (857) 271-4038
SKG Wellness is a private practice whose clinicians work with clients in all walks of life. SKG Wellness strives to support people who are looking to find solace, build knowledge of strategies to cope with life’s hardships, and grow to a heightened awareness of self. Currently offering Individual and Couples Therapy.
Photo of Sarah Kilduff, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Hosted by Sarah Kilduff
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Group meets in Clinton, MA 01510
SKG Wellness is a private practice whose clinicians work with clients in all walks of life. SKG Wellness strives to support people who are looking to find solace, build knowledge of strategies to cope with life’s hardships, and grow to a heightened awareness of self. Currently offering Individual and Couples Therapy.
(978) 704-7494 View (978) 704-7494
An interpersonal therapy group for Professional Women in Transition (late 40s to mid 60s.) For high functioning women (many of whom are ACOAs) who who grew up in dysfunctional families where they learned to tend to the needs of others before attending to their own; and who find that issues from their family of origin are often replicated in current relationships, influencing communication, authenticity and intimacy.The group helps members learn more about their feelings and how to express them and about their own needs and how to get them met to form more satisfying relationships.
Photo of Marsha Vannicelli, Psychologist, PhD
Hosted by Marsha Vannicelli
Psychologist, PhD
Group meets in Cambridge, MA 02138
An interpersonal therapy group for Professional Women in Transition (late 40s to mid 60s.) For high functioning women (many of whom are ACOAs) who who grew up in dysfunctional families where they learned to tend to the needs of others before attending to their own; and who find that issues from their family of origin are often replicated in current relationships, influencing communication, authenticity and intimacy.The group helps members learn more about their feelings and how to express them and about their own needs and how to get them met to form more satisfying relationships.
(857) 239-0210 View (857) 239-0210
Change how you feel by changing the way you think! In these workshops, you'll learn effective SELF-help strategies...ways to FEEL BETTER, and DO better in your life!
Photo of Gregory Curtis - New Inspiration Teen Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CCBT, MSW
Hosted by New Inspiration Teen Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CCBT, MSW
Group meets in Arlington, MA 02474
Change how you feel by changing the way you think! In these workshops, you'll learn effective SELF-help strategies...ways to FEEL BETTER, and DO better in your life!
(339) 331-1084 View (339) 331-1084
When a client discovers their partner’s infidelity, their trust in the relationship and in the life they had together may be shattered. They often experience mental health symptoms, such as anxiety, depression, grief, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They don’t always want to stay in the relationship; they may feel ambivalent or may even want to leave. Therapy gives these clients a safe and healthy way to communicate all of their complicated emotions and concerns.
Photo of Sherrie L Vlahakis, MA, LSC, CYT
Hosted by Sherrie L Vlahakis
Verified Verified
Group meets in Concord, MA 01742
When a client discovers their partner’s infidelity, their trust in the relationship and in the life they had together may be shattered. They often experience mental health symptoms, such as anxiety, depression, grief, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They don’t always want to stay in the relationship; they may feel ambivalent or may even want to leave. Therapy gives these clients a safe and healthy way to communicate all of their complicated emotions and concerns.
(978) 254-1865 View (978) 254-1865
Therapeutic work comes alive in group. Young people make great use of their peers, and the here-and-now opportunities of group therapy, with the help of a group psychotherapist. The members currently range in age from 11 to 13. It is a heterogenous group diagnostically. For me, that means that while we are cognizant of diagnostic clinical frames, we are more attuned and focused on the unique individuals present, and how the group works together toward their individual and group goals.
Photo of Michael Murray, Counselor, LMHC, MEd
Hosted by Michael Murray
Counselor, LMHC, MEd
Group meets in Cambridge, MA 02140
Therapeutic work comes alive in group. Young people make great use of their peers, and the here-and-now opportunities of group therapy, with the help of a group psychotherapist. The members currently range in age from 11 to 13. It is a heterogenous group diagnostically. For me, that means that while we are cognizant of diagnostic clinical frames, we are more attuned and focused on the unique individuals present, and how the group works together toward their individual and group goals.
(508) 691-9264 View (508) 691-9264
Most couples have issues that are so difficult to discuss that they become a barrier to intimacy. If these conversations are left unfinished, either or both partners might experience ongoing resentment, loneliness, fear, shame, guilt or hopelessness. In this workshop couples will-1.Be introduced to a process that facilitates balanced, productive conversations. 2.Become acquainted with and practice a set of skills that support this process.3.Have a chance to draw support from other couples and individuals in the workshop. 4.Have an opportunity, by the end of the weekend, to increase intimacy by completing a difficult conversation.
Photo of Sharona Halpern, Counselor, MA, LMHC, ACC
Hosted by Sharona Halpern
Counselor, MA, LMHC, ACC
Group meets in Newton, MA 02458
Most couples have issues that are so difficult to discuss that they become a barrier to intimacy. If these conversations are left unfinished, either or both partners might experience ongoing resentment, loneliness, fear, shame, guilt or hopelessness. In this workshop couples will-1.Be introduced to a process that facilitates balanced, productive conversations. 2.Become acquainted with and practice a set of skills that support this process.3.Have a chance to draw support from other couples and individuals in the workshop. 4.Have an opportunity, by the end of the weekend, to increase intimacy by completing a difficult conversation.
(857) 919-1811 View (857) 919-1811
Founder and creator of P-A-A A peer lead community and parent support group. Parents alinetated alliance is a parents supporting for parents who have been estranged and or alineated from their adult children. This group is a safe non-judgmental space to express oneself, the challenges and whats steps have been helping you rebuild connecting to your child. This group meets on ZOOM and you can find the link by searching : P-A-A@p-a-a.org, P-A-A@p-a-a.blog
Photo of Judi M Locke, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Hosted by Judi M Locke
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Group meets in Boston, MA 02135
Founder and creator of P-A-A A peer lead community and parent support group. Parents alinetated alliance is a parents supporting for parents who have been estranged and or alineated from their adult children. This group is a safe non-judgmental space to express oneself, the challenges and whats steps have been helping you rebuild connecting to your child. This group meets on ZOOM and you can find the link by searching : P-A-A@p-a-a.org, P-A-A@p-a-a.blog
(617) 841-8493 View (617) 841-8493
Launching end of February 2025. Group is limited to 8 participants and will meet virtually once-a-month. This is a five-month program for people who want better boundaries and more fulfilling relationships with self and others. Includes: copy of the book “Boundaries & Protection” by Pixie Lighthorse, simple journal prompts each week, 5 virtual meetups with discussion, guided meditation, open sharing, and action steps for behavior change. Bonus: Each participant will receive a half hour phone session with facilitator at the beginning and end of the program to set intention and track progress.
Photo of Cally Stewart, Occupational Therapist, OTD, OTR/L, CH
Hosted by Cally Stewart
Occupational Therapist, OTD, OTR/L, CH
Group meets in Wakefield, MA 01880
Launching end of February 2025. Group is limited to 8 participants and will meet virtually once-a-month. This is a five-month program for people who want better boundaries and more fulfilling relationships with self and others. Includes: copy of the book “Boundaries & Protection” by Pixie Lighthorse, simple journal prompts each week, 5 virtual meetups with discussion, guided meditation, open sharing, and action steps for behavior change. Bonus: Each participant will receive a half hour phone session with facilitator at the beginning and end of the program to set intention and track progress.
(857) 376-3923 View (857) 376-3923
This 12-week support group brings adults with ADHD together in a supportive, non-judgmental environment. Through psychoeducation and practical strategies, participants will develop skills for managing procrastination, impulse control, attention and focus, problem-solving, emotional regulation, and stress/anxiety related to ADHD symptoms. The group also addresses self-esteem, time management, and organizational skills, fostering compassion and acceptance among members. Sessions meet weekly in Cambridge to provide ongoing support and skill development. For more information about the group schedule and enrollment, please EMAIL to: serapkantarci@17healers.org.
Photo of Serap Kantarci, Counselor, LMHC, Board, Certifi, Clinica, Supervi
Hosted by Serap Kantarci
Counselor, LMHC, Board, Certifi, Clinica, Supervi
Group meets in Cambridge, MA 02138
This 12-week support group brings adults with ADHD together in a supportive, non-judgmental environment. Through psychoeducation and practical strategies, participants will develop skills for managing procrastination, impulse control, attention and focus, problem-solving, emotional regulation, and stress/anxiety related to ADHD symptoms. The group also addresses self-esteem, time management, and organizational skills, fostering compassion and acceptance among members. Sessions meet weekly in Cambridge to provide ongoing support and skill development. For more information about the group schedule and enrollment, please EMAIL to: serapkantarci@17healers.org.
(617) 855-6562 View (617) 855-6562
You may be interested in group if you are aware of having or having had same sex or gender attraction(s), including but not limited to folks with no label or self identifying as non-binary, transgender, queer, bi-sexual, lesbian, gay, poly, kink, or ace. You may also have goals around anxiety, depression, relationships with family and/or friends, maintaining personal boundaries, feelings of isolation, trust and intimacy, or negative self image. Learning about relating to yourself and others, how family of origin issues and systemic oppression impacts you is a given in this group.
Photo of Amber Baldwin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Hosted by Amber Baldwin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Group meets in Boston, MA 02210
You may be interested in group if you are aware of having or having had same sex or gender attraction(s), including but not limited to folks with no label or self identifying as non-binary, transgender, queer, bi-sexual, lesbian, gay, poly, kink, or ace. You may also have goals around anxiety, depression, relationships with family and/or friends, maintaining personal boundaries, feelings of isolation, trust and intimacy, or negative self image. Learning about relating to yourself and others, how family of origin issues and systemic oppression impacts you is a given in this group.
(781) 317-6240 View (781) 317-6240
This is an ongoing psychotherapy group for women who want a safe and supportive environment to work on the many aftereffects of trauma. The group is a supportive and hardworking group of women who address issues of internal distress, relationship concerns, personal growth, and healing from trauma
Photo of Lois Glass, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Hosted by Lois Glass
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Group meets in Cambridge, MA 02139
This is an ongoing psychotherapy group for women who want a safe and supportive environment to work on the many aftereffects of trauma. The group is a supportive and hardworking group of women who address issues of internal distress, relationship concerns, personal growth, and healing from trauma
(781) 990-6775 View (781) 990-6775
Co-led with Louise Beck, Trained teacher of Mindful Self Compassion
Photo of John Longo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Hosted by John Longo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Group meets in Amesbury, MA 01913
Co-led with Louise Beck, Trained teacher of Mindful Self Compassion
(978) 820-7033 View (978) 820-7033
A group for retired or semi-retired women who have transitioned (or are in the process of transitioning) into a new stage of life. This is a space to build connections with others and learn new ways to approach an exciting and sometimes challenging transition. Group Facilitator: Será Godfrey-Kaplan, LICSW
Photo of Aaron Kaplan - Hope Ave Therapy, Treatment Center, PsyD, LICSW, LMHC
Hosted by Hope Ave Therapy
Treatment Center, PsyD, LICSW, LMHC
Group meets in Waltham, MA 02453
A group for retired or semi-retired women who have transitioned (or are in the process of transitioning) into a new stage of life. This is a space to build connections with others and learn new ways to approach an exciting and sometimes challenging transition. Group Facilitator: Será Godfrey-Kaplan, LICSW
(617) 992-7279 View (617) 992-7279
At our women-owned counseling practice, we deeply value acceptance and its transformative power. We offer culturally informed services that inspire and uplift, fostering trust in our providers. Dedicated to addressing specific community concerns, we use evidence-based practices such as Multicultural Counseling Competencies, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) Skills, Person-Centered Therapy, Narrative Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Internal Family Systems Therapy (IFS), and a Strength-Based Approach. Our commitment to excellence ensures we meet our clients' diverse needs effectively.
Photo of Kamyla Benitez Ramos, Pre-Licensed Professional
Hosted by Kamyla Benitez Ramos
Pre-Licensed Professional
Group meets in Boston, MA 02114
At our women-owned counseling practice, we deeply value acceptance and its transformative power. We offer culturally informed services that inspire and uplift, fostering trust in our providers. Dedicated to addressing specific community concerns, we use evidence-based practices such as Multicultural Counseling Competencies, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) Skills, Person-Centered Therapy, Narrative Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Internal Family Systems Therapy (IFS), and a Strength-Based Approach. Our commitment to excellence ensures we meet our clients' diverse needs effectively.
(888) 454-2439 View (888) 454-2439

See more therapy options for Lowell

FAQs - About Group Therapy and Support Groups

How can I find a support group in Lowell?

To find a support group in your area, start by entering your city, zip code, or the name of the group into the search bar at the top of the page. When searching, consider whether you prefer an in-person or virtual group. This can help you decide how broad your geographic search should be. If you are open to virtual groups, you might want to search by state instead of just your city, especially if there are limited options nearby.

Once you complete your search, you can use the filters to narrow the results by selecting specialties (such as grief, trauma, or eating disorders), therapeutic approaches, age groups, and other criteria to find a group that best fits your needs.

How does group therapy work?

Group therapy is led by one or more trained therapists and provides a space where participants can process their experiences and learn from others facing similar challenges. Groups may focus on a specific issue—such as addiction, grief, physical illnesses, parenting, or caregiving—or they may center around a particular therapeutic approach, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), social skill development, or Exposure Therapy. Some groups are also designed for specific populations, such as teens, veterans, or LGBTQ+ individuals.

It’s also important to distinguish group therapy from peer-led support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous. While both can offer valuable support, therapy groups are typically led by licensed professionals and follow a more structured format. Therapy groups often meet for a fixed length of time with a consistent group of members, while many peer support groups meet for an indefinite period of time with members coming and going.

What are the benefits of group therapy?

Group therapy offers several important benefits. It brings together people facing similar challenges—whether related to mental health, physical health, or life transitions—and creates a supportive environment where participants can exchange feedback, share experiences, and learn from one another. Hearing different perspectives can help individuals discover new coping strategies and practical tools they may not have encountered on their own. Sharing personal experiences, such as coping with a serious illness or navigating family struggles, can also reduce feelings of isolation and foster a sense of connection and understanding. In addition to emotional support, group members often gain useful, real-world advice from peers who have faced similar situations.

Group therapy is typically more affordable than individual therapy and, for certain conditions, can be equally effective. Many groups also include structured activities—such as guided journaling, cognitive-behavioral exercises, or role-playing—to help participants develop concrete skills they can apply in daily life.

Is group therapy as effective as individual therapy?

It is difficult to make a blanket statement about the effectiveness of support groups, as they vary widely in focus and the conditions they address. However, support groups can be highly valuable in helping individuals gain emotional support and achieve meaningful treatment outcomes. For certain conditions, such as substance use, research has shown that group therapy can be particularly effective—sometimes just as effective as individual therapy—in supporting long-term recovery.

Many professionals attribute the effectiveness of group therapy to the unique benefits of the group setting, which fosters peer-to-peer learning and a sense of connection through shared experiences. Group settings also offer accountability and encouragement from both facilitators and fellow participants, which helps sustain motivation and supports continued progress. These factors together play a key role in promoting the overall effectiveness of group therapy.

How much does group therapy cost?

Group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy, with sessions typically costing between $50 and $75 each. In comparison, individual therapy can cost anywhere from $100 to $200 or more per session, even with insurance. Some therapists or organizations offer low-cost or free group therapy options, particularly through community centers or nonprofit organizations. In some cases, groups may require payment upfront for a set number of sessions, such as paying for six weekly sessions at the first meeting. However, many providers offer payment plans to help make participation more accessible if this upfront payment is required.

Does insurance cover group therapy?

As with individual therapy, insurance coverage for group therapy varies based on factors such as your specific insurance plan, the purpose of the group, your diagnosis, and whether the group provider is in-network. Many insurance plans cover group therapy sessions that address diagnosable mental health conditions, such as substance use disorders, anxiety, or depression.

However, groups that focus on topics not directly tied to a mental health diagnosis—such as parenting support or divorce recovery—are less likely to be covered. Because coverage can vary widely, it’s important to check with your insurance provider before joining a group to confirm whether the sessions will be covered and what out-of-pocket costs you may be responsible for.

How long does group therapy last?

The length of each group therapy session typically ranges from 45 minutes to two hours, depending on the therapy approach, the group’s goals, and how often the group meets. In some cases, group therapy is part of a larger treatment program, such as an Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP), where group sessions complement individual therapy and are scheduled as part of the program’s overall structure.

The duration of participation in a group also varies. Some groups are designed to be short-term, lasting anywhere from 6 to 24 weeks—for example, bereavement groups or skills-based groups like those using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). Other groups may be longer-term, lasting a year or more, and some ongoing support groups meet indefinitely, allowing participants to stay as long as they find the group helpful.

What are the limitations of support groups?

Support groups offer many benefits, but they also have certain limitations. Unlike therapy groups, many support groups do not provide formal therapeutic treatment and are not led by licensed mental health professionals. For individuals seeking clinical treatment for specific mental health diagnoses—such as depression, eating disorders, or substance use—individual therapy or group therapy led by a licensed professional may offer more personalized and specialized care.

The effectiveness of a support group also depends heavily on the group’s participants and the overall group dynamic. When members engage respectfully and offer constructive support, the group can foster valuable peer-to-peer learning. However, if certain participants dominate discussions, provide inaccurate advice, or create conflict, it can disrupt the group’s sense of safety and reduce its effectiveness. Confidentiality can also be harder to maintain in support groups, particularly in open groups where participants can join or leave at any time. With new members regularly entering the group, it can be more difficult to build and sustain a consistent sense of trust and privacy.