Support Groups in Essex County, MA

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This is an ongoing (VIRTUAL)group for people struggling with sex and love addiction issues. The group is biweekly and limited to 15 participants. The group is 75 minutes and cost is $50 per session. Please contact me for more information and for a free consultation to determine if this is right for you.
Photo of Michael V Porter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Hosted by Michael V Porter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Group meets in Beverly, MA 01915
This is an ongoing (VIRTUAL)group for people struggling with sex and love addiction issues. The group is biweekly and limited to 15 participants. The group is 75 minutes and cost is $50 per session. Please contact me for more information and for a free consultation to determine if this is right for you.
(978) 631-4179 View (978) 631-4179
It is never too early or too late to engage in lifestyle interventions for healthy aging! A body of research indicates that lifestyle interventions can help prevent dementia. An estimated 40% of dementia is attributed to risk factors (e.g., diabetes, depression, physical inactivity) and 40% of risk factors are modifiable. In this non-judgmental group, you will learn about the latest brain health research, identify goals, and create your own lifestyle management program. Motivational challenges will be addressed. Successes, great or small, will be celebrated.
Photo of Dr. Jacqueline Hogan, Psychologist, PhD
Hosted by Dr. Jacqueline Hogan
Psychologist, PhD
Group meets in Newburyport, MA 01950
It is never too early or too late to engage in lifestyle interventions for healthy aging! A body of research indicates that lifestyle interventions can help prevent dementia. An estimated 40% of dementia is attributed to risk factors (e.g., diabetes, depression, physical inactivity) and 40% of risk factors are modifiable. In this non-judgmental group, you will learn about the latest brain health research, identify goals, and create your own lifestyle management program. Motivational challenges will be addressed. Successes, great or small, will be celebrated.
(978) 541-4308 View (978) 541-4308
This unique online coaching group is crafted specifically for couples who struggle interpersonally and are seeking to improve their relationships. The Relationship Lab is perfect for anyone who values peaceful, close connections and is ready to build stronger, more harmonious relationships. YOU! By the end of the 4 session group, you will have a solid understanding how your unique traits interact with others; how to manage your emotions more effectively and how to communicate in ways that reduce misunderstandings and foster trust. The Relationship Lab will give you the tools to create lasting, positive relationships in all areas of your life!
Photo of Barbara Steele Martin, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Hosted by Barbara Steele Martin
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Group meets in Beverly, MA 01915
This unique online coaching group is crafted specifically for couples who struggle interpersonally and are seeking to improve their relationships. The Relationship Lab is perfect for anyone who values peaceful, close connections and is ready to build stronger, more harmonious relationships. YOU! By the end of the 4 session group, you will have a solid understanding how your unique traits interact with others; how to manage your emotions more effectively and how to communicate in ways that reduce misunderstandings and foster trust. The Relationship Lab will give you the tools to create lasting, positive relationships in all areas of your life!
(617) 446-3066 View (617) 446-3066
Group Encounter addresses the many issues faced by women. Covering topics from early learning, childhood struggles, impact of addiction or exposure to addiction, divorce, relationship concerns and daily stressors. Focus on self-compassion, self-esteem and self-worth tallowing renewed focus on personal possibilities. Psychoeducation, psychodynamic, mindfulness and CBT are employed to facilitate the process This is an open group; is ongoing, taking new members. Please check here for changes in schedule. updated 1/4/2026. Cost: 20.00 per group. Email interest and I will add you to the list. Looking forward to seeing you. Please bring notebook/notepad.
Photo of Leslie-Jo Sampson, Counselor, LMHC, NCC, CCTP
Hosted by Leslie-Jo Sampson
Counselor, LMHC, NCC, CCTP
Group meets in Haverhill, MA 01830
Group Encounter addresses the many issues faced by women. Covering topics from early learning, childhood struggles, impact of addiction or exposure to addiction, divorce, relationship concerns and daily stressors. Focus on self-compassion, self-esteem and self-worth tallowing renewed focus on personal possibilities. Psychoeducation, psychodynamic, mindfulness and CBT are employed to facilitate the process This is an open group; is ongoing, taking new members. Please check here for changes in schedule. updated 1/4/2026. Cost: 20.00 per group. Email interest and I will add you to the list. Looking forward to seeing you. Please bring notebook/notepad.
(978) 817-7021 View (978) 817-7021
Individuals gain knowledge of addiction as a disorder and brainstorm solutions together & learn healthy coping skills. Participants share experiences of their recovery and provide support for each other regarding daily living. Group members appreciate coming each Monday knowing that others care about their successes & challenges. Come build a recovery plan. Individuals enjoy having a seasoned therapist experienced in steering a therapeutic message. Maybe AA/NA not for you. Encouraged not forced on you. Group cost $25. Call Scott Carpenter for interview. Currently 2 slots available before group becomes closed.
Photo of R Scott Carpenter, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LADC
Hosted by R Scott Carpenter
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LADC
Group meets in Beverly, MA 01915
Individuals gain knowledge of addiction as a disorder and brainstorm solutions together & learn healthy coping skills. Participants share experiences of their recovery and provide support for each other regarding daily living. Group members appreciate coming each Monday knowing that others care about their successes & challenges. Come build a recovery plan. Individuals enjoy having a seasoned therapist experienced in steering a therapeutic message. Maybe AA/NA not for you. Encouraged not forced on you. Group cost $25. Call Scott Carpenter for interview. Currently 2 slots available before group becomes closed.
(978) 451-6050 View (978) 451-6050
This is a peer resource-sharing and support group for those living with dementia and care partners.
Photo of Emily Kearns, PhD, RMT, SEP
Hosted by Emily Kearns
Verified Verified
Group meets in Andover, MA 01810
This is a peer resource-sharing and support group for those living with dementia and care partners.
(978) 216-5124 View (978) 216-5124
Move, sing, play and learn together in this group taught by a Dance Movement Psychotherapist certified in Infant Mental Health. The focus of this playful group will be to encourage developmentally appropriate exploration, bonding activities and support for caregivers. The studio is specifically designed with an obstacle course for babies to integrate their motor skills and practice socializing. You will learn songs and dances to recreate at home. Three group offerings: Newborn-8 months just beginning to move, roll and sit up. 8- 16 months for babies crawling and venturing out. 16-30 month olds who are walking to running.
Photo of Elizabeth Silveira, Counselor, MA, LMHC, BC-DMT
Hosted by Elizabeth Silveira
Counselor, MA, LMHC, BC-DMT
Group meets in Ipswich, MA 01938
Move, sing, play and learn together in this group taught by a Dance Movement Psychotherapist certified in Infant Mental Health. The focus of this playful group will be to encourage developmentally appropriate exploration, bonding activities and support for caregivers. The studio is specifically designed with an obstacle course for babies to integrate their motor skills and practice socializing. You will learn songs and dances to recreate at home. Three group offerings: Newborn-8 months just beginning to move, roll and sit up. 8- 16 months for babies crawling and venturing out. 16-30 month olds who are walking to running.
(978) 253-4722 View (978) 253-4722
Having a new baby can be a wonderfully difficult time and often can feel very isolating. Bring your stroller and your baby to join other mothers as you share in your challenges and learn skills to help navigate this phase of life. Each group starts with a brief psychotherapist-led discussion followed by pairing up to walk and talk with another mom before reconvening to reflect and share. Groups meet for three sessions on Saturday mornings. Next group runs May 16th-May 30th. Cost is $180 for all sessions.
Photo of Karen Shanahan, Counselor, LMHC
Hosted by Karen Shanahan
Counselor, LMHC
Group meets in Lynn, MA 01902
Having a new baby can be a wonderfully difficult time and often can feel very isolating. Bring your stroller and your baby to join other mothers as you share in your challenges and learn skills to help navigate this phase of life. Each group starts with a brief psychotherapist-led discussion followed by pairing up to walk and talk with another mom before reconvening to reflect and share. Groups meet for three sessions on Saturday mornings. Next group runs May 16th-May 30th. Cost is $180 for all sessions.
(978) 354-7476 View (978) 354-7476
In this Group members strengthen their capacity to listen to others and to themselves, explore their present experience, and express themselves with clarity and confidence. They typically leave the group each week feeling stronger, more connected, more clear, and more ready to take on the challenges in their lives.
Photo of Mark Nickolas, Counselor, PhD, MDiv, LMHC
Hosted by Mark Nickolas
Counselor, PhD, MDiv, LMHC
Group meets in Marblehead, MA 01945
In this Group members strengthen their capacity to listen to others and to themselves, explore their present experience, and express themselves with clarity and confidence. They typically leave the group each week feeling stronger, more connected, more clear, and more ready to take on the challenges in their lives.
(617) 501-1083 View (617) 501-1083
Darwin Gillett, Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker, will show participants ways to reduce negative emotions through discovering the body's subtle energies. EFT has been clinically effective in thousands of cases and proving dramatically successful in relieving fears and phobias, panic and anxiety, depression, allergies, and hundreds of physical symptoms. It often works where nothing else will.
Photo of Darwin Gillett, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, ACH
Hosted by Darwin Gillett
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, ACH
Group meets in Newburyport, MA 01950
Darwin Gillett, Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker, will show participants ways to reduce negative emotions through discovering the body's subtle energies. EFT has been clinically effective in thousands of cases and proving dramatically successful in relieving fears and phobias, panic and anxiety, depression, allergies, and hundreds of physical symptoms. It often works where nothing else will.
(978) 743-9903 View (978) 743-9903
This group is for youth looking for a safe space to share related experiences and build community. Topics of discussion will include self-esteem, stress management, bullying, talking with parents and finding outside supports. Age range is from 7th-12th grade. Intake appointment required prior to starting group. Group to run for 5 weeks over the summer. Reach out for more information and feel free to ask about payment options!
Photo of Meghan Gonyea, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Hosted by Meghan Gonyea
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Group meets in Newburyport, MA 01950
This group is for youth looking for a safe space to share related experiences and build community. Topics of discussion will include self-esteem, stress management, bullying, talking with parents and finding outside supports. Age range is from 7th-12th grade. Intake appointment required prior to starting group. Group to run for 5 weeks over the summer. Reach out for more information and feel free to ask about payment options!
(413) 961-5567 View (413) 961-5567
Through music listening, imagery, and reflection, connect with your inner resources. By deeply experiencing your positive resources within and matching it to music you can learn to access them with greater ease, and in the process re-wire your brain. The goals of the group: * Identify and strengthen positive resources within * Strengthen ability to be in the present moment * Build resilience and capacity to deal with the stresses of life * Practice self-care strategies using music. Playlists of music with be offered and shared every week. You will learn how to use your own preferred music to increase your wellbeing and vitality.
Photo of Christine Anne Routhier, Counselor, LMHC, MT-BC
Hosted by Christine Anne Routhier
Counselor, LMHC, MT-BC
Group meets in Gloucester, MA 01930
Through music listening, imagery, and reflection, connect with your inner resources. By deeply experiencing your positive resources within and matching it to music you can learn to access them with greater ease, and in the process re-wire your brain. The goals of the group: * Identify and strengthen positive resources within * Strengthen ability to be in the present moment * Build resilience and capacity to deal with the stresses of life * Practice self-care strategies using music. Playlists of music with be offered and shared every week. You will learn how to use your own preferred music to increase your wellbeing and vitality.
(978) 377-8003 View (978) 377-8003
*CURRENTLY ON PAUSE.* Processing Polyamory is a processing group for adults (25+) exploring non-monogamy and open relationships. Connect with others sharing similar relationship journeys and challenges in a validating space that doesn’t question or judge your decisions. You’ll gain: Enhanced clarity about personal boundaries, needs, and relationship values, Connection with others sharing similar relationship experiences and challenges, Practical approaches to time management and energy, Deeper understanding of your attachment style in multiple relationships, Freedom from the "Am I doing this wrong?" spiral, and Greater emotional resilience when facing relationship changes and challenges.
Photo of Elise Robinson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW, CCATP, CSTIP
Hosted by Elise Robinson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW, CCATP, CSTIP
Group meets in Lawrence, MA 01840
*CURRENTLY ON PAUSE.* Processing Polyamory is a processing group for adults (25+) exploring non-monogamy and open relationships. Connect with others sharing similar relationship journeys and challenges in a validating space that doesn’t question or judge your decisions. You’ll gain: Enhanced clarity about personal boundaries, needs, and relationship values, Connection with others sharing similar relationship experiences and challenges, Practical approaches to time management and energy, Deeper understanding of your attachment style in multiple relationships, Freedom from the "Am I doing this wrong?" spiral, and Greater emotional resilience when facing relationship changes and challenges.
(908) 827-6450 View (908) 827-6450
Contemporary Counseling and Wellness offers teletherapy and psychological evaluations related to immigration cases to clients in Massachusetts in English and Spanish.
Photo of Kelsey Martin, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Hosted by Kelsey Martin
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Group meets in Haverhill, MA 01835
Contemporary Counseling and Wellness offers teletherapy and psychological evaluations related to immigration cases to clients in Massachusetts in English and Spanish.
(351) 200-4627 View (351) 200-4627
Do you feel anxious to speak up, to be around other people, or to be visible? This group is for you if you: identify as a woman; want to feel more safe; are critical of yourself; fear judgment; and desire your true authentic self to be seen, heard, and understood. Get skills and support to interrupt Fight/Flight/Freeze/Fawn reactions. Learn how to create safe, confident, and authentic interactions in this group and in your life. Meeting on Zoom, we will be physically distant yet emotionally together. An initial phone interview is required.
Photo of Lakshmi Linda Sirois, Counselor, LMHC, BC-DMT, KRIC
Hosted by Lakshmi Linda Sirois
Counselor, LMHC, BC-DMT, KRIC
Group meets in Ipswich, MA 01938
Do you feel anxious to speak up, to be around other people, or to be visible? This group is for you if you: identify as a woman; want to feel more safe; are critical of yourself; fear judgment; and desire your true authentic self to be seen, heard, and understood. Get skills and support to interrupt Fight/Flight/Freeze/Fawn reactions. Learn how to create safe, confident, and authentic interactions in this group and in your life. Meeting on Zoom, we will be physically distant yet emotionally together. An initial phone interview is required.
(978) 903-3071 View (978) 903-3071
Struggling to stay organized, focused, or motivated? This group gives teens practical tools to manage anxiety while strengthening executive functioning skills that lead to real-life success. Whether you’re a parent, teen, or young adult, these groups are here to remind you: you don’t have to figure it out alone. Spots are limited—reach out today to learn more or save your place!
Photo of Sara P Silva - Avista Counseling LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Hosted by Avista Counseling LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Group meets in Andover, MA 01810
Struggling to stay organized, focused, or motivated? This group gives teens practical tools to manage anxiety while strengthening executive functioning skills that lead to real-life success. Whether you’re a parent, teen, or young adult, these groups are here to remind you: you don’t have to figure it out alone. Spots are limited—reach out today to learn more or save your place!
(508) 465-2047 View (508) 465-2047
At M³, we believe therapy should be tailored to the individual—not one-size-fits-all. Our diverse team of clinicians offers a range of specialties, from trauma-informed care to relationship and identity work. We integrate evidence-based practices like CBT, DBT, SFBT, and narrative therapy, always grounded in empathy and collaboration. Sessions are guided by your goals, values, and pace. We create a supportive, nonjudgmental space to explore challenges and build the tools needed for resilience and growth. We’re committed to affirming care for neurodivergent clients, LGBTQIA+ individuals, and anyone seeking authentic, respectful support.
Photo of Theodore Ng, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Hosted by Theodore Ng
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Group meets in Peabody, MA 01960
At M³, we believe therapy should be tailored to the individual—not one-size-fits-all. Our diverse team of clinicians offers a range of specialties, from trauma-informed care to relationship and identity work. We integrate evidence-based practices like CBT, DBT, SFBT, and narrative therapy, always grounded in empathy and collaboration. Sessions are guided by your goals, values, and pace. We create a supportive, nonjudgmental space to explore challenges and build the tools needed for resilience and growth. We’re committed to affirming care for neurodivergent clients, LGBTQIA+ individuals, and anyone seeking authentic, respectful support.
(978) 267-9671 View (978) 267-9671
Groups forming now! This trauma-focused therapy group for adults integrates Internal Family Systems (IFS) “parts work” and mindfulness-based interventions. Participants explore the dynamics of their “parts”, learn to reconnect with Self-energy, and develop healthier internal dialogue. Mindfulness, self-compassion, and somatic techniques enhance awareness of present experiences of body-mind promoting regulation. Sessions provide a space for individuals to share, validate, process, and integrate their traumatic experiences and engage in a process of healing the wounds sustained.. Clients will learn about IFS work with “protectors”, meditation, and the mind-body connection in a non-pathologizing environment.
Photo of Ryoen Elizabeth Drewello, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Hosted by Ryoen Elizabeth Drewello
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Group meets in Haverhill, MA 01830
Groups forming now! This trauma-focused therapy group for adults integrates Internal Family Systems (IFS) “parts work” and mindfulness-based interventions. Participants explore the dynamics of their “parts”, learn to reconnect with Self-energy, and develop healthier internal dialogue. Mindfulness, self-compassion, and somatic techniques enhance awareness of present experiences of body-mind promoting regulation. Sessions provide a space for individuals to share, validate, process, and integrate their traumatic experiences and engage in a process of healing the wounds sustained.. Clients will learn about IFS work with “protectors”, meditation, and the mind-body connection in a non-pathologizing environment.
(351) 200-7079 View (351) 200-7079
The Artful Life Counseling Center and Studio is a safe and playful space for growth, creativity and learning through the creative arts. We offer individual, family and group counseling, specializing in expressive arts therapy. We also provide monthly art groups and workshops on a variety of subjects.
Photo of Natalie Blue - The Artful Life Counseling Center and Studio, Counselor, MA, LMHC, LCSW, LICSW
Hosted by The Artful Life Counseling Center and Studio
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LCSW, LICSW
Group meets in Salem, MA 01970
The Artful Life Counseling Center and Studio is a safe and playful space for growth, creativity and learning through the creative arts. We offer individual, family and group counseling, specializing in expressive arts therapy. We also provide monthly art groups and workshops on a variety of subjects.
(978) 354-7369 View (978) 354-7369
Th goal of the group is to create a supportive community for parents and caregivers of neurodiverse children. Each group will have a topic, but the focus of the group will be on sharing experiences, seeking support, and receiving clinical guidance from the group leader.
Photo of Rachel Moore Woodward, Counselor, LMHC
Hosted by Rachel Moore Woodward
Counselor, LMHC
Group meets in Amesbury, MA 01913
Th goal of the group is to create a supportive community for parents and caregivers of neurodiverse children. Each group will have a topic, but the focus of the group will be on sharing experiences, seeking support, and receiving clinical guidance from the group leader.
(978) 584-9437 View (978) 584-9437

See more therapy options for Essex County

FAQs - About Group Therapy and Support Groups

How can I find a support group in Essex County?

To find a support group in your area, start by entering your city, zip code, or the name of the group into the search bar at the top of the page. When searching, consider whether you prefer an in-person or virtual group. This can help you decide how broad your geographic search should be. If you are open to virtual groups, you might want to search by state instead of just your city, especially if there are limited options nearby.

Once you complete your search, you can use the filters to narrow the results by selecting specialties (such as grief, trauma, or eating disorders), therapeutic approaches, age groups, and other criteria to find a group that best fits your needs.

How does group therapy work?

Group therapy is led by one or more trained therapists and provides a space where participants can process their experiences and learn from others facing similar challenges. Groups may focus on a specific issue—such as addiction, grief, physical illnesses, parenting, or caregiving—or they may center around a particular therapeutic approach, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), social skill development, or Exposure Therapy. Some groups are also designed for specific populations, such as teens, veterans, or LGBTQ+ individuals.

It’s also important to distinguish group therapy from peer-led support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous. While both can offer valuable support, therapy groups are typically led by licensed professionals and follow a more structured format. Therapy groups often meet for a fixed length of time with a consistent group of members, while many peer support groups meet for an indefinite period of time with members coming and going.

What are the benefits of group therapy?

Group therapy offers several important benefits. It brings together people facing similar challenges—whether related to mental health, physical health, or life transitions—and creates a supportive environment where participants can exchange feedback, share experiences, and learn from one another. Hearing different perspectives can help individuals discover new coping strategies and practical tools they may not have encountered on their own. Sharing personal experiences, such as coping with a serious illness or navigating family struggles, can also reduce feelings of isolation and foster a sense of connection and understanding. In addition to emotional support, group members often gain useful, real-world advice from peers who have faced similar situations.

Group therapy is typically more affordable than individual therapy and, for certain conditions, can be equally effective. Many groups also include structured activities—such as guided journaling, cognitive-behavioral exercises, or role-playing—to help participants develop concrete skills they can apply in daily life.

Is group therapy as effective as individual therapy?

It is difficult to make a blanket statement about the effectiveness of support groups, as they vary widely in focus and the conditions they address. However, support groups can be highly valuable in helping individuals gain emotional support and achieve meaningful treatment outcomes. For certain conditions, such as substance use, research has shown that group therapy can be particularly effective—sometimes just as effective as individual therapy—in supporting long-term recovery.

Many professionals attribute the effectiveness of group therapy to the unique benefits of the group setting, which fosters peer-to-peer learning and a sense of connection through shared experiences. Group settings also offer accountability and encouragement from both facilitators and fellow participants, which helps sustain motivation and supports continued progress. These factors together play a key role in promoting the overall effectiveness of group therapy.

How much does group therapy cost?

Group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy, with sessions typically costing between $50 and $75 each. In comparison, individual therapy can cost anywhere from $100 to $200 or more per session, even with insurance. Some therapists or organizations offer low-cost or free group therapy options, particularly through community centers or nonprofit organizations. In some cases, groups may require payment upfront for a set number of sessions, such as paying for six weekly sessions at the first meeting. However, many providers offer payment plans to help make participation more accessible if this upfront payment is required.

Does insurance cover group therapy?

As with individual therapy, insurance coverage for group therapy varies based on factors such as your specific insurance plan, the purpose of the group, your diagnosis, and whether the group provider is in-network. Many insurance plans cover group therapy sessions that address diagnosable mental health conditions, such as substance use disorders, anxiety, or depression.

However, groups that focus on topics not directly tied to a mental health diagnosis—such as parenting support or divorce recovery—are less likely to be covered. Because coverage can vary widely, it’s important to check with your insurance provider before joining a group to confirm whether the sessions will be covered and what out-of-pocket costs you may be responsible for.

How long does group therapy last?

The length of each group therapy session typically ranges from 45 minutes to two hours, depending on the therapy approach, the group’s goals, and how often the group meets. In some cases, group therapy is part of a larger treatment program, such as an Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP), where group sessions complement individual therapy and are scheduled as part of the program’s overall structure.

The duration of participation in a group also varies. Some groups are designed to be short-term, lasting anywhere from 6 to 24 weeks—for example, bereavement groups or skills-based groups like those using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). Other groups may be longer-term, lasting a year or more, and some ongoing support groups meet indefinitely, allowing participants to stay as long as they find the group helpful.

What are the limitations of support groups?

Support groups offer many benefits, but they also have certain limitations. Unlike therapy groups, many support groups do not provide formal therapeutic treatment and are not led by licensed mental health professionals. For individuals seeking clinical treatment for specific mental health diagnoses—such as depression, eating disorders, or substance use—individual therapy or group therapy led by a licensed professional may offer more personalized and specialized care.

The effectiveness of a support group also depends heavily on the group’s participants and the overall group dynamic. When members engage respectfully and offer constructive support, the group can foster valuable peer-to-peer learning. However, if certain participants dominate discussions, provide inaccurate advice, or create conflict, it can disrupt the group’s sense of safety and reduce its effectiveness. Confidentiality can also be harder to maintain in support groups, particularly in open groups where participants can join or leave at any time. With new members regularly entering the group, it can be more difficult to build and sustain a consistent sense of trust and privacy.