Support Groups in San Leandro, CA

Domestic violence is an abuse within a relationship where there should be love and trust. This program helps participants understand the dynamics of domestic violence and take responsibility for there actions. Our approach treats clients with dignity and respect. The goal is to equip participants with the skills necessary to make choices that enhance individual and family growth.This domestic violence program is appropriate for a majority family violent / abusive issues. We are Alameda County certified. We serve both voluntary and court-mandated clients.
Photo of Vaughn L Baker - Associated Counseling Services , Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Hosted by Associated Counseling Services
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Group meets in San Leandro, CA 94577
Domestic violence is an abuse within a relationship where there should be love and trust. This program helps participants understand the dynamics of domestic violence and take responsibility for there actions. Our approach treats clients with dignity and respect. The goal is to equip participants with the skills necessary to make choices that enhance individual and family growth.This domestic violence program is appropriate for a majority family violent / abusive issues. We are Alameda County certified. We serve both voluntary and court-mandated clients.
(510) 573-7314 View (510) 573-7314
This San Leandro Couples Collective provides a supportive, experiential learning opportunity for couples to strengthen collaborative communication tools and practices. The Purpose of this Group is for Couples to: ?~ Anchor relational security, intimate connection, trust and love ?~ Build confidence in approaching significant conversations, navigating differences and defusing conflict ?~ Cultivate reflective listening, empathy and attunement skills to deepen mutual understanding ?~ Decrease defensiveness and strengthen mutual respect ?~ Increase skills for clearing grievances and managing repair conversations ?~ Nurture affection, appreciation, admiration and positive sentiment cycles ?~ Clarify shared values and develop more shared meaning ?~ Reviving and enhancing romantic, intimate and sexual connectedness
Photo of Michael S Gelbart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACSW
Hosted by Michael S Gelbart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACSW
Group meets in San Leandro, CA 94577
This San Leandro Couples Collective provides a supportive, experiential learning opportunity for couples to strengthen collaborative communication tools and practices. The Purpose of this Group is for Couples to: ?~ Anchor relational security, intimate connection, trust and love ?~ Build confidence in approaching significant conversations, navigating differences and defusing conflict ?~ Cultivate reflective listening, empathy and attunement skills to deepen mutual understanding ?~ Decrease defensiveness and strengthen mutual respect ?~ Increase skills for clearing grievances and managing repair conversations ?~ Nurture affection, appreciation, admiration and positive sentiment cycles ?~ Clarify shared values and develop more shared meaning ?~ Reviving and enhancing romantic, intimate and sexual connectedness
(510) 314-8363 View (510) 314-8363
Please go to startingoutstrong.info for more information as I operate free groups through Alameda County Public Health twice a year, summer and spring.
Photo of Angela Vincent Polk, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Hosted by Angela Vincent Polk
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Group meets in San Leandro, CA 94577
Please go to startingoutstrong.info for more information as I operate free groups through Alameda County Public Health twice a year, summer and spring.
(510) 876-4753 View (510) 876-4753
I offer periodic one day workshops in The Work of Byron Katie. The Work of Byron Katie helps people see and question their painful thoughts or beliefs to bring them more peace. Learn the basic steps of inquiry to be able to do The Work on your own or with a partner.
Photo of Kristie A Vogel, Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Hosted by Kristie A Vogel
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Group meets in San Leandro, CA 94577
I offer periodic one day workshops in The Work of Byron Katie. The Work of Byron Katie helps people see and question their painful thoughts or beliefs to bring them more peace. Learn the basic steps of inquiry to be able to do The Work on your own or with a partner.
(510) 358-8596 View (510) 358-8596
As a practicing clinician, having worked in public child welfare and supporting clinicians in obtaining licensure and opening their own private practice, this group is to support new and on-going entrepreneurs in their professional endeavors. Contact for invoice and will receive link for session with receipt.
Photo of Colette Katuala, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Hosted by Colette Katuala
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Group meets in San Leandro, CA 94577
As a practicing clinician, having worked in public child welfare and supporting clinicians in obtaining licensure and opening their own private practice, this group is to support new and on-going entrepreneurs in their professional endeavors. Contact for invoice and will receive link for session with receipt.
(341) 222-3963 View (341) 222-3963
Photo of Vaughn L Baker - Associated Counseling Services , Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Hosted by Associated Counseling Services
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Group meets in San Leandro, CA 94577
(510) 573-7314 View (510) 573-7314

More Groups Nearby

This online group meets once a month and is designed to help adults with ADD live a better life by building better habits such as: Setting small goals and motivating your self to sty on track and get things done, improving your time management, organization, and follow through skills, reducing procrastination and impulsive behaviors. For more information or to register please call Best Self at (408) 813-5324 and visit us on-line at: www.bestself.today
Photo of Sherian Lee, Marriage & Family Therapist, Brain, Spotter, Best, Self, Coach
Hosted by Sherian Lee
Marriage & Family Therapist, Brain, Spotter, Best, Self, Coach
Group meets in Los Altos, CA 94024
This online group meets once a month and is designed to help adults with ADD live a better life by building better habits such as: Setting small goals and motivating your self to sty on track and get things done, improving your time management, organization, and follow through skills, reducing procrastination and impulsive behaviors. For more information or to register please call Best Self at (408) 813-5324 and visit us on-line at: www.bestself.today
(408) 638-2300 View (408) 638-2300
A weekend workshop for couples looking to get closer, improve their sex life, learn how to manage conflict, and learn how to stay together for the long haul. Based on 40 years of research and as effective as 6 months of therapy. For information on dates and cost visit www.sfbaycounseling.com
Photo of LeMel Firestone-Palerm, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPCC, CGT
Hosted by LeMel Firestone-Palerm
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPCC, CGT
Group meets in Cupertino, CA 95014
A weekend workshop for couples looking to get closer, improve their sex life, learn how to manage conflict, and learn how to stay together for the long haul. Based on 40 years of research and as effective as 6 months of therapy. For information on dates and cost visit www.sfbaycounseling.com
(626) 768-9958 View (626) 768-9958
"Success Without Stress" is a weekly group for adults who are stuck, stressed or unfulfilled in their careers. Topics include dealing with workplace bullies, resolving conflicts, being assertive, not aggressive and overcoming motivation blocks.
Photo of Cheryl R Woodruff, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Hosted by Cheryl R Woodruff
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Group meets in San Rafael, CA 94903
"Success Without Stress" is a weekly group for adults who are stuck, stressed or unfulfilled in their careers. Topics include dealing with workplace bullies, resolving conflicts, being assertive, not aggressive and overcoming motivation blocks.
(424) 254-5005 View (424) 254-5005
This Fall, we’re offering a therapy group for women returning to the dating world after time away—due to divorce, loss, parenting, or personal growth. Through a somatic, psychodynamic, and relational lens, we’ll explore how nervous system patterns, attachment history, and life experience shape connection. Participants will clarify what they want in relationships while also reconnecting with themselves. The group offers support, reflection, and shared experience in a nonjudgmental space. We begin with an in-person session in nature, followed by weekly virtual meetings. Co-facilitated by two licensed clinical social workers. Prior individual therapy experience is recommended.
Photo of Eva Klein, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Hosted by Eva Klein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Group meets in Oakland, CA 94618
This Fall, we’re offering a therapy group for women returning to the dating world after time away—due to divorce, loss, parenting, or personal growth. Through a somatic, psychodynamic, and relational lens, we’ll explore how nervous system patterns, attachment history, and life experience shape connection. Participants will clarify what they want in relationships while also reconnecting with themselves. The group offers support, reflection, and shared experience in a nonjudgmental space. We begin with an in-person session in nature, followed by weekly virtual meetings. Co-facilitated by two licensed clinical social workers. Prior individual therapy experience is recommended.
(510) 640-8279 View (510) 640-8279
Join our 8-week Brainspotting Group to heal from trauma and reduce symptoms like anxiety, depression, relationship issues, avoidance, nightmares, and flashbacks. Using Brainspotting, a somatic therapy that targets where trauma is stored in the brain, you’ll process deep emotional pain that talk therapy often can’t reach. Each session blends psychoeducation, group discussions, and Brainspotting exercises to help alleviate trauma symptoms and activate the brain’s natural healing abilities. Connect with others on a similar journey, share experiences, and work through challenges in a safe, supportive environment. Experience the transformative power of trauma healing and recovery.
Photo of Lucille Tran, Counselor, APCC
Hosted by Lucille Tran
Counselor, APCC
Group meets in San Francisco, CA 94132
Join our 8-week Brainspotting Group to heal from trauma and reduce symptoms like anxiety, depression, relationship issues, avoidance, nightmares, and flashbacks. Using Brainspotting, a somatic therapy that targets where trauma is stored in the brain, you’ll process deep emotional pain that talk therapy often can’t reach. Each session blends psychoeducation, group discussions, and Brainspotting exercises to help alleviate trauma symptoms and activate the brain’s natural healing abilities. Connect with others on a similar journey, share experiences, and work through challenges in a safe, supportive environment. Experience the transformative power of trauma healing and recovery.
(628) 666-6752 View (628) 666-6752
Are you a healthcare worker that's feeling exhausted, depleted, having difficulty managing your other care tasks at home whether that be parenting or doing your dishes? You don't have to bear the burden alone! We'll use somatic and relational tools, as well as the framework from Emily Nagoski's book Burnout, to support you in a way that goes beyond "self-care" and helps you connect back to meaning, purpose, and to the truest part of yourself. Please reach out for more information.
Photo of Shelly Lev-Er, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Hosted by Shelly Lev-Er
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Group meets in Berkeley, CA 94705
Are you a healthcare worker that's feeling exhausted, depleted, having difficulty managing your other care tasks at home whether that be parenting or doing your dishes? You don't have to bear the burden alone! We'll use somatic and relational tools, as well as the framework from Emily Nagoski's book Burnout, to support you in a way that goes beyond "self-care" and helps you connect back to meaning, purpose, and to the truest part of yourself. Please reach out for more information.
(707) 664-7961 View (707) 664-7961
Foresight helps you find your path to mental wellness. We’re a community of mental health experts who offer a dynamic range of care that flexes with your particular needs and goals. Our team includes licensed therapists, psychiatric providers, researchers, a dedicated care team and more who bring you a thoughtful experience that blends traditional therapy with a technology-backed approach. Our providers build meaningful relationships with you, and our digital member experience helps enhance your care in between sessions. We help you go deeper inward, getting to know you well, and heal and grow on the path that feels right for you.
Photo of Matthew Bader, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Hosted by Matthew Bader
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Group meets in Berkeley, CA 94705
Foresight helps you find your path to mental wellness. We’re a community of mental health experts who offer a dynamic range of care that flexes with your particular needs and goals. Our team includes licensed therapists, psychiatric providers, researchers, a dedicated care team and more who bring you a thoughtful experience that blends traditional therapy with a technology-backed approach. Our providers build meaningful relationships with you, and our digital member experience helps enhance your care in between sessions. We help you go deeper inward, getting to know you well, and heal and grow on the path that feels right for you.
(341) 758-5185 View (341) 758-5185
Join our 8-week Brainspotting Group to heal from trauma and reduce symptoms like anxiety, depression, relationship issues, avoidance, nightmares, and flashbacks. Using Brainspotting, a somatic therapy that targets where trauma is stored in the brain, you’ll process deep emotional pain that talk therapy often can’t reach. Each session blends psychoeducation, group discussions, and Brainspotting exercises to help alleviate trauma symptoms and activate the brain’s natural healing abilities. Connect with others on a similar journey, share experiences, and work through challenges in a safe, supportive environment. Experience the transformative power of trauma healing and recovery.
Photo of Kendra Lewis, Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW, DBT, IFS
Hosted by Kendra Lewis
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW, DBT, IFS
Group meets in Berkeley, CA 94704
Join our 8-week Brainspotting Group to heal from trauma and reduce symptoms like anxiety, depression, relationship issues, avoidance, nightmares, and flashbacks. Using Brainspotting, a somatic therapy that targets where trauma is stored in the brain, you’ll process deep emotional pain that talk therapy often can’t reach. Each session blends psychoeducation, group discussions, and Brainspotting exercises to help alleviate trauma symptoms and activate the brain’s natural healing abilities. Connect with others on a similar journey, share experiences, and work through challenges in a safe, supportive environment. Experience the transformative power of trauma healing and recovery.
(415) 985-8759 View (415) 985-8759
Discover the research-based tools of successful relationships and marriages. These workshops are designed to strengthen relationships through engaging presentations and experiential activities. All of its information is backed by years of dedicated research and application to real-life couples. Dates in 2011: Feb.26-27, June 18-19, and Sept.24-25. This workshop has drawn rave reviews! Go to our website at ACouplesWorkshop.com to register and read the testimonials.
Photo of Timothy West, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Hosted by Timothy West
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Group meets in Mill Valley, CA 94941
Discover the research-based tools of successful relationships and marriages. These workshops are designed to strengthen relationships through engaging presentations and experiential activities. All of its information is backed by years of dedicated research and application to real-life couples. Dates in 2011: Feb.26-27, June 18-19, and Sept.24-25. This workshop has drawn rave reviews! Go to our website at ACouplesWorkshop.com to register and read the testimonials.
(415) 689-8715 View (415) 689-8715
I run a DBT Group for young adults. We address the challenges faced by many young adults today. Concerns addressed include: anxiety, depression, trauma, mood challenges, career issues, relationship problems, and finding meaning/life satisfaction. Group members will have a chance to share about their lives, and to give/receive feedback, to the degree they feel comfortable. Members will also explore and challenge unhelpful core beliefs, while also building a supportive community. Group sessions learn and practice cognitive behavioral therapy skills (CBT) and follow the dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) curriculum developed by Marsha Linehan.
Photo of Zoe Gillispie, Psychologist, PhD
Hosted by Zoe Gillispie
Psychologist, PhD
Group meets in Redwood City, CA 94063
I run a DBT Group for young adults. We address the challenges faced by many young adults today. Concerns addressed include: anxiety, depression, trauma, mood challenges, career issues, relationship problems, and finding meaning/life satisfaction. Group members will have a chance to share about their lives, and to give/receive feedback, to the degree they feel comfortable. Members will also explore and challenge unhelpful core beliefs, while also building a supportive community. Group sessions learn and practice cognitive behavioral therapy skills (CBT) and follow the dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) curriculum developed by Marsha Linehan.
(650) 581-9040 View (650) 581-9040
This is a consultation group for psychotherapists which focuses on enhancing the therapist's understanding of her Countertransference and potential intersecting vulnerabilities with patients to facilitate both personal and professional development. This group meets on the second Friday of the month. Participation requires prior approval by instructor.
Photo of Susan Diamond Moore, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACSW
Hosted by Susan Diamond Moore
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACSW
Group meets in Berkeley, CA 94705
This is a consultation group for psychotherapists which focuses on enhancing the therapist's understanding of her Countertransference and potential intersecting vulnerabilities with patients to facilitate both personal and professional development. This group meets on the second Friday of the month. Participation requires prior approval by instructor.
(510) 985-4589 View (510) 985-4589
Healthy Hearts Women's Therapy Group - Love and Relationship Addiction, Process and Psychoeducation Group - Addicted to love? Stuck in negative or abusive relationships? Have a hard time being alone? Constantly seeking that elusive "perfect" relationship? Groups are on-going. $90 per weekly 90 minute group session. Limited availability. Small group size. Confidential and a safe place to grow and explore. Call Patty Shirley today, to set up an interview appointment and to get more information, at 925-212-1018.
Photo of Patty Shirley, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPCC, CATC, CCTP, BCN
Hosted by Patty Shirley
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPCC, CATC, CCTP, BCN
Group meets in Walnut Creek, CA 94598
Healthy Hearts Women's Therapy Group - Love and Relationship Addiction, Process and Psychoeducation Group - Addicted to love? Stuck in negative or abusive relationships? Have a hard time being alone? Constantly seeking that elusive "perfect" relationship? Groups are on-going. $90 per weekly 90 minute group session. Limited availability. Small group size. Confidential and a safe place to grow and explore. Call Patty Shirley today, to set up an interview appointment and to get more information, at 925-212-1018.
(925) 212-1018 View (925) 212-1018
Do you crave deeper and more meaningful connections? This connection-focused group will help you discover more about yourself in relation to others through expressive arts activities, experiential exercises, and relating to other group members. You will be invited to self-reflect upon what you experience with others in the group, to practice empathic listening skills, and to develop your capacity to share & relate on a deeper level. You will be invited to notice challenges that come up in the process within a safe space. You do not need to have any experience with the arts in order to participate.
Photo of Fei A Hu, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Hosted by Fei A Hu
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Group meets in Berkeley, CA 94704
Do you crave deeper and more meaningful connections? This connection-focused group will help you discover more about yourself in relation to others through expressive arts activities, experiential exercises, and relating to other group members. You will be invited to self-reflect upon what you experience with others in the group, to practice empathic listening skills, and to develop your capacity to share & relate on a deeper level. You will be invited to notice challenges that come up in the process within a safe space. You do not need to have any experience with the arts in order to participate.
(510) 800-5874 View (510) 800-5874
Your past doesn’t define you. This 6-week trauma-processing group provides a safe space for adult survivors of childhood physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. Through guided discussions, coping strategies, and inner child healing, you’ll gain tools to manage triggers, set boundaries, and build resilience. Connect with others who understand your journey and reclaim control over your life. You are stronger than you think. Reach out for a free diagnostic tool and a 20-minute consultation to see if this group is right for you. Healing is possible—you don’t have to do it alone.
Photo of Elizabeth Huck, Associate Clinical Social Worker, IFS, DBT, EMDR
Hosted by Elizabeth Huck
Associate Clinical Social Worker, IFS, DBT, EMDR
Group meets in Oakland, CA 94609
Your past doesn’t define you. This 6-week trauma-processing group provides a safe space for adult survivors of childhood physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. Through guided discussions, coping strategies, and inner child healing, you’ll gain tools to manage triggers, set boundaries, and build resilience. Connect with others who understand your journey and reclaim control over your life. You are stronger than you think. Reach out for a free diagnostic tool and a 20-minute consultation to see if this group is right for you. Healing is possible—you don’t have to do it alone.
(415) 704-6912 View (415) 704-6912

See more therapy options for San Leandro

FAQs - About Group Therapy and Support Groups

How can I find a support group in San Leandro?

To find a support group in your area, start by entering your city, zip code, or the name of the group into the search bar at the top of the page. When searching, consider whether you prefer an in-person or virtual group. This can help you decide how broad your geographic search should be. If you are open to virtual groups, you might want to search by state instead of just your city, especially if there are limited options nearby.

Once you complete your search, you can use the filters to narrow the results by selecting specialties (such as grief, trauma, or eating disorders), therapeutic approaches, age groups, and other criteria to find a group that best fits your needs.

How does group therapy work?

Group therapy is led by one or more trained therapists and provides a space where participants can process their experiences and learn from others facing similar challenges. Groups may focus on a specific issue—such as addiction, grief, physical illnesses, parenting, or caregiving—or they may center around a particular therapeutic approach, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), social skill development, or Exposure Therapy. Some groups are also designed for specific populations, such as teens, veterans, or LGBTQ+ individuals.

It’s also important to distinguish group therapy from peer-led support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous. While both can offer valuable support, therapy groups are typically led by licensed professionals and follow a more structured format. Therapy groups often meet for a fixed length of time with a consistent group of members, while many peer support groups meet for an indefinite period of time with members coming and going.

What are the benefits of group therapy?

Group therapy offers several important benefits. It brings together people facing similar challenges—whether related to mental health, physical health, or life transitions—and creates a supportive environment where participants can exchange feedback, share experiences, and learn from one another. Hearing different perspectives can help individuals discover new coping strategies and practical tools they may not have encountered on their own. Sharing personal experiences, such as coping with a serious illness or navigating family struggles, can also reduce feelings of isolation and foster a sense of connection and understanding. In addition to emotional support, group members often gain useful, real-world advice from peers who have faced similar situations.

Group therapy is typically more affordable than individual therapy and, for certain conditions, can be equally effective. Many groups also include structured activities—such as guided journaling, cognitive-behavioral exercises, or role-playing—to help participants develop concrete skills they can apply in daily life.

Is group therapy as effective as individual therapy?

It is difficult to make a blanket statement about the effectiveness of support groups, as they vary widely in focus and the conditions they address. However, support groups can be highly valuable in helping individuals gain emotional support and achieve meaningful treatment outcomes. For certain conditions, such as substance use, research has shown that group therapy can be particularly effective—sometimes just as effective as individual therapy—in supporting long-term recovery.

Many professionals attribute the effectiveness of group therapy to the unique benefits of the group setting, which fosters peer-to-peer learning and a sense of connection through shared experiences. Group settings also offer accountability and encouragement from both facilitators and fellow participants, which helps sustain motivation and supports continued progress. These factors together play a key role in promoting the overall effectiveness of group therapy.

How much does group therapy cost?

Group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy, with sessions typically costing between $50 and $75 each. In comparison, individual therapy can cost anywhere from $100 to $200 or more per session, even with insurance. Some therapists or organizations offer low-cost or free group therapy options, particularly through community centers or nonprofit organizations. In some cases, groups may require payment upfront for a set number of sessions, such as paying for six weekly sessions at the first meeting. However, many providers offer payment plans to help make participation more accessible if this upfront payment is required.

Does insurance cover group therapy?

As with individual therapy, insurance coverage for group therapy varies based on factors such as your specific insurance plan, the purpose of the group, your diagnosis, and whether the group provider is in-network. Many insurance plans cover group therapy sessions that address diagnosable mental health conditions, such as substance use disorders, anxiety, or depression.

However, groups that focus on topics not directly tied to a mental health diagnosis—such as parenting support or divorce recovery—are less likely to be covered. Because coverage can vary widely, it’s important to check with your insurance provider before joining a group to confirm whether the sessions will be covered and what out-of-pocket costs you may be responsible for.

How long does group therapy last?

The length of each group therapy session typically ranges from 45 minutes to two hours, depending on the therapy approach, the group’s goals, and how often the group meets. In some cases, group therapy is part of a larger treatment program, such as an Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP), where group sessions complement individual therapy and are scheduled as part of the program’s overall structure.

The duration of participation in a group also varies. Some groups are designed to be short-term, lasting anywhere from 6 to 24 weeks—for example, bereavement groups or skills-based groups like those using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). Other groups may be longer-term, lasting a year or more, and some ongoing support groups meet indefinitely, allowing participants to stay as long as they find the group helpful.

What are the limitations of support groups?

Support groups offer many benefits, but they also have certain limitations. Unlike therapy groups, many support groups do not provide formal therapeutic treatment and are not led by licensed mental health professionals. For individuals seeking clinical treatment for specific mental health diagnoses—such as depression, eating disorders, or substance use—individual therapy or group therapy led by a licensed professional may offer more personalized and specialized care.

The effectiveness of a support group also depends heavily on the group’s participants and the overall group dynamic. When members engage respectfully and offer constructive support, the group can foster valuable peer-to-peer learning. However, if certain participants dominate discussions, provide inaccurate advice, or create conflict, it can disrupt the group’s sense of safety and reduce its effectiveness. Confidentiality can also be harder to maintain in support groups, particularly in open groups where participants can join or leave at any time. With new members regularly entering the group, it can be more difficult to build and sustain a consistent sense of trust and privacy.