Support Groups in San Diego, CA

Losing a pet can be an incredibly painful and isolating experience. Therapy-Connection is preparing to launch a Pet Loss Grief Support program that offers a supportive space for individuals coping with the loss of a beloved companion animal. The program will include a grief support group and optional individual counseling, led by a licensed or associate clinician experienced in grief work. We are currently gathering interest before finalizing dates and format. To receive updates and be notified when registration opens, join the interest list here: https://form.typeform.com/to/Y1c3tZ8a.
Photo of Antonio Marotta - Therapy-Connection, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Hosted by Therapy-Connection
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92108
Losing a pet can be an incredibly painful and isolating experience. Therapy-Connection is preparing to launch a Pet Loss Grief Support program that offers a supportive space for individuals coping with the loss of a beloved companion animal. The program will include a grief support group and optional individual counseling, led by a licensed or associate clinician experienced in grief work. We are currently gathering interest before finalizing dates and format. To receive updates and be notified when registration opens, join the interest list here: https://form.typeform.com/to/Y1c3tZ8a.
(619) 848-6945 View (619) 848-6945
Weekly SoNA Groups hosted by Brenda Stephens. Everyone is welcome!! Please visit www.narctrauma.com to see schedule.
Photo of Brenda Stephens, Counselor, MS, LPCC, LMHC, LPC
Hosted by Brenda Stephens
Counselor, MS, LPCC, LMHC, LPC
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92103
Weekly SoNA Groups hosted by Brenda Stephens. Everyone is welcome!! Please visit www.narctrauma.com to see schedule.
(619) 304-4031 View (619) 304-4031
By arrangement with therapist.
Photo of Donna M Chapman, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Hosted by Donna M Chapman
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92108
By arrangement with therapist.
(619) 780-2559 View (619) 780-2559
A small group to sail in San Diego bay. We will focus on mindfulness, calm, team building, learning to sail. To discuss life events, coping strategies and build social support.This happens when the weather is warmer. I am a lic US boat Captain. Other groups in office or out doors to be announced.
Photo of Candace Lyn Redcliff, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Hosted by Candace Lyn Redcliff
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92103
A small group to sail in San Diego bay. We will focus on mindfulness, calm, team building, learning to sail. To discuss life events, coping strategies and build social support.This happens when the weather is warmer. I am a lic US boat Captain. Other groups in office or out doors to be announced.
(619) 604-4870 View (619) 604-4870
Therapy, in Motion! We learn & practice with a dynamic tool kit of resources to move through life, fully embodied - supporting self-discovery, connection & healing. Through structured exercises, verbal guidance, open periods of dance/movement, & supportive music, I guide students through the phases of the Movement Cycle: Open Attention (arriving, warming up and preparing the body for movement); Enter (the body, a theme and the present moment); Explore (broadening, deepening, expanding and moving with Core Movement Resources); Settle (digest, integrate, helping re-map the nervous system & allowing new embodied pathways to be encoded).
Photo of Michelle Marie Kilcoyne, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, MPH, CMP
Hosted by Michelle Marie Kilcoyne
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, MPH, CMP
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92104
Therapy, in Motion! We learn & practice with a dynamic tool kit of resources to move through life, fully embodied - supporting self-discovery, connection & healing. Through structured exercises, verbal guidance, open periods of dance/movement, & supportive music, I guide students through the phases of the Movement Cycle: Open Attention (arriving, warming up and preparing the body for movement); Enter (the body, a theme and the present moment); Explore (broadening, deepening, expanding and moving with Core Movement Resources); Settle (digest, integrate, helping re-map the nervous system & allowing new embodied pathways to be encoded).
(805) 919-8671 View (805) 919-8671
A 10-week support group for women who have experienced trauma from sexual betrayal (infidelity, sexual addiction, etc.). This group will be led by Kelly Robinson, LMFT and Certified Partner Trauma Therapist (CPTT) Candidate. Betrayal trauma is often an isolating and lonely experience. Our hope is for this group to be a safe haven for you to connect with others who have similar experiences so that, together, we can grieve, learn, heal and feel less alone. The cost of the group is $70/session. Space in this group is limited. An initial assessment session is required before joining the group.
Photo of Kelly Robinson, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Hosted by Kelly Robinson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92108
A 10-week support group for women who have experienced trauma from sexual betrayal (infidelity, sexual addiction, etc.). This group will be led by Kelly Robinson, LMFT and Certified Partner Trauma Therapist (CPTT) Candidate. Betrayal trauma is often an isolating and lonely experience. Our hope is for this group to be a safe haven for you to connect with others who have similar experiences so that, together, we can grieve, learn, heal and feel less alone. The cost of the group is $70/session. Space in this group is limited. An initial assessment session is required before joining the group.
(619) 330-0073 View (619) 330-0073
*NEW ROUND STARTING AUGUST 2025* Body image disturbance can be one of the most debilitating eating disorder symptoms and is one of the last symptoms to remit for many of our clients. This group will address a wide range of body image topics (e.g., societal/cultural influences, diet culture myths, social media consumption, thinking styles and cognitive lenses, body neutrality, and body checking, comparisons, and avoidance behaviors) and utilize interventions from cognitive-behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, exposure and response prevention, and self-compassion. The group is best-suited for clients who are actively pursuing recovery and are excited to explore these topics.
Photo of Terra Towne, Psychologist, PhD
Hosted by Terra Towne
Psychologist, PhD
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92117
*NEW ROUND STARTING AUGUST 2025* Body image disturbance can be one of the most debilitating eating disorder symptoms and is one of the last symptoms to remit for many of our clients. This group will address a wide range of body image topics (e.g., societal/cultural influences, diet culture myths, social media consumption, thinking styles and cognitive lenses, body neutrality, and body checking, comparisons, and avoidance behaviors) and utilize interventions from cognitive-behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, exposure and response prevention, and self-compassion. The group is best-suited for clients who are actively pursuing recovery and are excited to explore these topics.
(858) 358-5909 View (858) 358-5909
This is a group where we look at impulsive eating behaviors and learn intuitive eating. This is a process based approach that ultimately teaches you how to have a healthy relationship with food and where you become the expert of your own body and what it needs. You will learn how to trust your ability to meet your own needs and will be able to distinguish between physical and emotional feelings, and develop body wisdom.
Photo of Elaine M. Quattro, Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Hosted by Elaine M. Quattro
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92122
This is a group where we look at impulsive eating behaviors and learn intuitive eating. This is a process based approach that ultimately teaches you how to have a healthy relationship with food and where you become the expert of your own body and what it needs. You will learn how to trust your ability to meet your own needs and will be able to distinguish between physical and emotional feelings, and develop body wisdom.
(858) 422-3709 View (858) 422-3709
These groups help men cope with their history of non-consensual sex, either sexual abuse in childhood or sexual assault in adulthood. These experiences have lifelong repercussions in emotional, psychological and interpersonal realms. The group provides participants a safe place to talk about what was done to them, how it affected them, changes they want to make in their lives and paths that might take them there. Group work is vitally important to Survivors because it helps them confront two of the most toxic effects of sexual abuse/assault: shame and isolation. The group offers a supportive place to heal.
Photo of C. Allen Ruyle, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CGP
Hosted by C. Allen Ruyle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CGP
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92108
These groups help men cope with their history of non-consensual sex, either sexual abuse in childhood or sexual assault in adulthood. These experiences have lifelong repercussions in emotional, psychological and interpersonal realms. The group provides participants a safe place to talk about what was done to them, how it affected them, changes they want to make in their lives and paths that might take them there. Group work is vitally important to Survivors because it helps them confront two of the most toxic effects of sexual abuse/assault: shame and isolation. The group offers a supportive place to heal.
(619) 821-2477 View (619) 821-2477
This is a place LEOs come together and normalize their unique experiences. The job of an officer is extremely demanding. Officers deserve the support to maintain their mental health. Mental health related issues are the number one reason that officers lose their jobs. It is important to provide our peace officers with appropriate services so that they can do their jobs with a clear mind. This group can be attended in person or virtually.
Photo of Dr. Alan Acre, Psychologist, PsyD
Hosted by Dr. Alan Acre
Psychologist, PsyD
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92123
This is a place LEOs come together and normalize their unique experiences. The job of an officer is extremely demanding. Officers deserve the support to maintain their mental health. Mental health related issues are the number one reason that officers lose their jobs. It is important to provide our peace officers with appropriate services so that they can do their jobs with a clear mind. This group can be attended in person or virtually.
(619) 566-7336 View (619) 566-7336
SD Wellness Group is dedicated to quality care. All of our providers are board-certified and specialize in psychiatric treatment. While we primarily focus on medication management, we aim to offer holistic and innovative treatments. Our providers also work closely with primary care and psychotherapists in the community to ensure well-coordinated treatment. In an effort to expand access to SD Wellness Group, we also offer a telemedicine program. Patients are given the unique option to establish a relationship with one of our providers who can manage medication and assess the need for ongoing treatment.
Photo of Deomel Soriano, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP-C, MSN
Hosted by Deomel Soriano
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP-C, MSN
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92103
SD Wellness Group is dedicated to quality care. All of our providers are board-certified and specialize in psychiatric treatment. While we primarily focus on medication management, we aim to offer holistic and innovative treatments. Our providers also work closely with primary care and psychotherapists in the community to ensure well-coordinated treatment. In an effort to expand access to SD Wellness Group, we also offer a telemedicine program. Patients are given the unique option to establish a relationship with one of our providers who can manage medication and assess the need for ongoing treatment.
(858) 281-0652 View (858) 281-0652
Join an ongoing, 1 a week, psychotherapy group for any type of pregnancy loss for couples and/or women only. The group will focus on grieving the loss, and exploring and healing the impact on your self and relationships. You will learn coping skills and develop hope for the future. The group will be held in a non judgmental, non-religious environment. The group is conducted by a licensed clinical psychologist with expertise in trauma and loss. Please contact Dr. Maker at 858-531-1122 for details.
Photo of Azmaira H Maker, Psychologist, PhD
Hosted by Azmaira H Maker
Psychologist, PhD
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92130
Join an ongoing, 1 a week, psychotherapy group for any type of pregnancy loss for couples and/or women only. The group will focus on grieving the loss, and exploring and healing the impact on your self and relationships. You will learn coping skills and develop hope for the future. The group will be held in a non judgmental, non-religious environment. The group is conducted by a licensed clinical psychologist with expertise in trauma and loss. Please contact Dr. Maker at 858-531-1122 for details.
(858) 367-0931 View (858) 367-0931
This is a curriculum-based group for individuals undergoing immigration proceedings or whose loved ones are involved in an immigration process. Please call the office for more information or to sign up.
Photo of Mariela G Shibley, Psychologist, PsyD
Hosted by Mariela G Shibley
Psychologist, PsyD
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92101
This is a curriculum-based group for individuals undergoing immigration proceedings or whose loved ones are involved in an immigration process. Please call the office for more information or to sign up.
(619) 900-4189 View (619) 900-4189
At the Trauma and PTSD Healing Center, we help adults heal from PTSD, trauma, loss, and relational wounds at your own pace. Using EMDR, CPT, ACT, and self-compassion practices, we guide you to process pain, manage emotions, and rebuild safety and self-trust. Healing here is more than easing symptoms — it’s reclaiming your voice, confidence, and power to thrive. We provide tools for healthy boundaries, self-advocacy, and everyday self-care. Free 15-minute consultations available. Virtual sessions available anywhere in California and Nevada.
Photo of Janina Scarlet, Psychologist, PhD
Hosted by Janina Scarlet
Psychologist, PhD
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92108
At the Trauma and PTSD Healing Center, we help adults heal from PTSD, trauma, loss, and relational wounds at your own pace. Using EMDR, CPT, ACT, and self-compassion practices, we guide you to process pain, manage emotions, and rebuild safety and self-trust. Healing here is more than easing symptoms — it’s reclaiming your voice, confidence, and power to thrive. We provide tools for healthy boundaries, self-advocacy, and everyday self-care. Free 15-minute consultations available. Virtual sessions available anywhere in California and Nevada.
(858) 260-3499 View (858) 260-3499
In January 2026, I will offer this virtual group, I will provide a nurturing enviornment for healing and support, where empathy and compassion form the foundation. Participants are encourage to share their stories in a safe space, fostering a camaraderie among members who truly understand one another's journey. With thoughtful questions we delve deeper into individual experiences promoting reflection and growth. I offer guidance and insights that help navigate loss. Please email to be put on the list for December. 10 people per group so please email to be invited asap to the next group. coachingwithandrea@gmail.com
Photo of Andrea Lambert - coaching With Andrea, Masters, ACC
Hosted by coaching With Andrea
Verified Verified
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92101
In January 2026, I will offer this virtual group, I will provide a nurturing enviornment for healing and support, where empathy and compassion form the foundation. Participants are encourage to share their stories in a safe space, fostering a camaraderie among members who truly understand one another's journey. With thoughtful questions we delve deeper into individual experiences promoting reflection and growth. I offer guidance and insights that help navigate loss. Please email to be put on the list for December. 10 people per group so please email to be invited asap to the next group. coachingwithandrea@gmail.com
(858) 428-2407 View (858) 428-2407
This in-person therapy group is designed for adult women to unwind and relieve stress through relaxing watercolor painting, drawing, and mark-making. Group members will be given an prompt to guide self-reflection and inspire their artwork, with the goal of sharing & receiving emotional support while channeling self-expression. Group will remain open to new members, pending availability (maximum 6). Facilitated by Kelly Fait, LPCC. Supplies provided. **Contact Kelly to sign up. info@kellyfaitcounseling.com
Photo of Kelly Fait, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Hosted by Kelly Fait
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92119
This in-person therapy group is designed for adult women to unwind and relieve stress through relaxing watercolor painting, drawing, and mark-making. Group members will be given an prompt to guide self-reflection and inspire their artwork, with the goal of sharing & receiving emotional support while channeling self-expression. Group will remain open to new members, pending availability (maximum 6). Facilitated by Kelly Fait, LPCC. Supplies provided. **Contact Kelly to sign up. info@kellyfaitcounseling.com
(760) 279-8683 View (760) 279-8683
Women’s Trauma & Substance Use Skills Group is a 12-week group based on the Seeking Safety curriculum. This is an evidence-based program for trauma/PTSD symptoms and substance use. Each week, we’ll learn and practice skills you can use to manage trauma symptoms (grounding, managing triggers/cravings, boundaries, healthy supports, and self-care). This is a structured, skills-based group focused on helping women change their relationship with substances. In-person in Point Loma. 4–6 members. $50/session ($600 total), paid up front. Schedule a consult call to check fit and reserve your spot!
Photo of Alexa Grossman - Alexa Grossman | EMDR and KAP Therapist (CA/IN/OH), Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAC, ERPSCC
Hosted by Alexa Grossman | EMDR and KAP Therapist (CA/IN/OH)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAC, ERPSCC
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92106
Women’s Trauma & Substance Use Skills Group is a 12-week group based on the Seeking Safety curriculum. This is an evidence-based program for trauma/PTSD symptoms and substance use. Each week, we’ll learn and practice skills you can use to manage trauma symptoms (grounding, managing triggers/cravings, boundaries, healthy supports, and self-care). This is a structured, skills-based group focused on helping women change their relationship with substances. In-person in Point Loma. 4–6 members. $50/session ($600 total), paid up front. Schedule a consult call to check fit and reserve your spot!
(619) 413-0446 View (619) 413-0446
Learn positive ways to deal with parenting issues with Positive Discipline (positivediscipline.com): bedtime routines, talking back, chores not done, sibling rivalry, and much more. PD presents fun way to learn 50+ tools to approach parenting in a new way and it works! $150 for 6 wks, for Parents (of children ages 4-12), Parents of Teens. Please call or email for more details.
Photo of Janet Choung, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Hosted by Janet Choung
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92111
Learn positive ways to deal with parenting issues with Positive Discipline (positivediscipline.com): bedtime routines, talking back, chores not done, sibling rivalry, and much more. PD presents fun way to learn 50+ tools to approach parenting in a new way and it works! $150 for 6 wks, for Parents (of children ages 4-12), Parents of Teens. Please call or email for more details.
(858) 345-4214 View (858) 345-4214
A safe, inclusive, and nonjudgmental virtual space for all current and former sex workers to connect and find support. This group fosters community, empowerment, and resilience while addressing topics such as boundaries, relationships, healing, and navigating stigma. We emphasize confidentiality, respect, and compassion. Cameras remain on to build trust, and members are asked to share mindfully to ensure the space feels supportive for all. Open to all genders, free of charge, and focused on reducing isolation while honoring the unique strengths of those in the sex industry.
Photo of Caitanya Cook, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Hosted by Caitanya Cook
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92104
A safe, inclusive, and nonjudgmental virtual space for all current and former sex workers to connect and find support. This group fosters community, empowerment, and resilience while addressing topics such as boundaries, relationships, healing, and navigating stigma. We emphasize confidentiality, respect, and compassion. Cameras remain on to build trust, and members are asked to share mindfully to ensure the space feels supportive for all. Open to all genders, free of charge, and focused on reducing isolation while honoring the unique strengths of those in the sex industry.
(619) 505-2697 View (619) 505-2697
Seeking Safety is a present-focused therapy that helps clients attain safety from trauma (including PTSD) and substance abuse by emphasizing coping skills, grounding techniques, and education. If you are interested in joining this group, please reach out- when the group is full, I will be reaching out to whomever expressed interest, in order, to create a time which works with the schedules of those attending.
Photo of Cynamon Weston, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Hosted by Cynamon Weston
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Group meets in San Diego, CA 92103
Seeking Safety is a present-focused therapy that helps clients attain safety from trauma (including PTSD) and substance abuse by emphasizing coping skills, grounding techniques, and education. If you are interested in joining this group, please reach out- when the group is full, I will be reaching out to whomever expressed interest, in order, to create a time which works with the schedules of those attending.
(619) 350-4620 View (619) 350-4620

See more therapy options for San Diego

FAQs - About Group Therapy and Support Groups

How can I find a support group in San Diego?

To find a support group in your area, start by entering your city, zip code, or the name of the group into the search bar at the top of the page. When searching, consider whether you prefer an in-person or virtual group. This can help you decide how broad your geographic search should be. If you are open to virtual groups, you might want to search by state instead of just your city, especially if there are limited options nearby.

Once you complete your search, you can use the filters to narrow the results by selecting specialties (such as grief, trauma, or eating disorders), therapeutic approaches, age groups, and other criteria to find a group that best fits your needs.

How does group therapy work?

Group therapy is led by one or more trained therapists and provides a space where participants can process their experiences and learn from others facing similar challenges. Groups may focus on a specific issue—such as addiction, grief, physical illnesses, parenting, or caregiving—or they may center around a particular therapeutic approach, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), social skill development, or Exposure Therapy. Some groups are also designed for specific populations, such as teens, veterans, or LGBTQ+ individuals.

It’s also important to distinguish group therapy from peer-led support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous. While both can offer valuable support, therapy groups are typically led by licensed professionals and follow a more structured format. Therapy groups often meet for a fixed length of time with a consistent group of members, while many peer support groups meet for an indefinite period of time with members coming and going.

What are the benefits of group therapy?

Group therapy offers several important benefits. It brings together people facing similar challenges—whether related to mental health, physical health, or life transitions—and creates a supportive environment where participants can exchange feedback, share experiences, and learn from one another. Hearing different perspectives can help individuals discover new coping strategies and practical tools they may not have encountered on their own. Sharing personal experiences, such as coping with a serious illness or navigating family struggles, can also reduce feelings of isolation and foster a sense of connection and understanding. In addition to emotional support, group members often gain useful, real-world advice from peers who have faced similar situations.

Group therapy is typically more affordable than individual therapy and, for certain conditions, can be equally effective. Many groups also include structured activities—such as guided journaling, cognitive-behavioral exercises, or role-playing—to help participants develop concrete skills they can apply in daily life.

Is group therapy as effective as individual therapy?

It is difficult to make a blanket statement about the effectiveness of support groups, as they vary widely in focus and the conditions they address. However, support groups can be highly valuable in helping individuals gain emotional support and achieve meaningful treatment outcomes. For certain conditions, such as substance use, research has shown that group therapy can be particularly effective—sometimes just as effective as individual therapy—in supporting long-term recovery.

Many professionals attribute the effectiveness of group therapy to the unique benefits of the group setting, which fosters peer-to-peer learning and a sense of connection through shared experiences. Group settings also offer accountability and encouragement from both facilitators and fellow participants, which helps sustain motivation and supports continued progress. These factors together play a key role in promoting the overall effectiveness of group therapy.

How much does group therapy cost?

Group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy, with sessions typically costing between $50 and $75 each. In comparison, individual therapy can cost anywhere from $100 to $200 or more per session, even with insurance. Some therapists or organizations offer low-cost or free group therapy options, particularly through community centers or nonprofit organizations. In some cases, groups may require payment upfront for a set number of sessions, such as paying for six weekly sessions at the first meeting. However, many providers offer payment plans to help make participation more accessible if this upfront payment is required.

Does insurance cover group therapy?

As with individual therapy, insurance coverage for group therapy varies based on factors such as your specific insurance plan, the purpose of the group, your diagnosis, and whether the group provider is in-network. Many insurance plans cover group therapy sessions that address diagnosable mental health conditions, such as substance use disorders, anxiety, or depression.

However, groups that focus on topics not directly tied to a mental health diagnosis—such as parenting support or divorce recovery—are less likely to be covered. Because coverage can vary widely, it’s important to check with your insurance provider before joining a group to confirm whether the sessions will be covered and what out-of-pocket costs you may be responsible for.

How long does group therapy last?

The length of each group therapy session typically ranges from 45 minutes to two hours, depending on the therapy approach, the group’s goals, and how often the group meets. In some cases, group therapy is part of a larger treatment program, such as an Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP), where group sessions complement individual therapy and are scheduled as part of the program’s overall structure.

The duration of participation in a group also varies. Some groups are designed to be short-term, lasting anywhere from 6 to 24 weeks—for example, bereavement groups or skills-based groups like those using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). Other groups may be longer-term, lasting a year or more, and some ongoing support groups meet indefinitely, allowing participants to stay as long as they find the group helpful.

What are the limitations of support groups?

Support groups offer many benefits, but they also have certain limitations. Unlike therapy groups, many support groups do not provide formal therapeutic treatment and are not led by licensed mental health professionals. For individuals seeking clinical treatment for specific mental health diagnoses—such as depression, eating disorders, or substance use—individual therapy or group therapy led by a licensed professional may offer more personalized and specialized care.

The effectiveness of a support group also depends heavily on the group’s participants and the overall group dynamic. When members engage respectfully and offer constructive support, the group can foster valuable peer-to-peer learning. However, if certain participants dominate discussions, provide inaccurate advice, or create conflict, it can disrupt the group’s sense of safety and reduce its effectiveness. Confidentiality can also be harder to maintain in support groups, particularly in open groups where participants can join or leave at any time. With new members regularly entering the group, it can be more difficult to build and sustain a consistent sense of trust and privacy.