Support Groups in Mill Valley, CA

Interpersonal group focusing on empowering individuals, building self confidence, and increasing skill sets including social information processing, social awareness, expectations of self and others, accurate interpretations of social cues, and effective social engagement for age group and context. Groups will be fun, engaging and skill building oriented.
Photo of Deborah J Kamins, Psychologist, PhD
Hosted by Deborah J Kamins
Psychologist, PhD
Group meets in Mill Valley, CA 94941
Interpersonal group focusing on empowering individuals, building self confidence, and increasing skill sets including social information processing, social awareness, expectations of self and others, accurate interpretations of social cues, and effective social engagement for age group and context. Groups will be fun, engaging and skill building oriented.
(415) 599-4833 View (415) 599-4833
This workshop series provides a place for middle school aged girls to connect to their creativity, know themselves better and unwind from daily stresses of school, adolescence, and social media. This group uses various expressive arts techniques to therapeutically enhance emotional growth. Each week will focus on a different part of the adolescent experience using an artistic medium that aligns with the emotional process for that week. No prior artistic skill is needed, this a workshop that all teens can relate to and benefit from. This workshop enhances confidence and social connections while providing techniques for dealing with all emotions.
Photo of Boe Elizabeth Roberts, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Hosted by Boe Elizabeth Roberts
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Group meets in Mill Valley, CA 94941
This workshop series provides a place for middle school aged girls to connect to their creativity, know themselves better and unwind from daily stresses of school, adolescence, and social media. This group uses various expressive arts techniques to therapeutically enhance emotional growth. Each week will focus on a different part of the adolescent experience using an artistic medium that aligns with the emotional process for that week. No prior artistic skill is needed, this a workshop that all teens can relate to and benefit from. This workshop enhances confidence and social connections while providing techniques for dealing with all emotions.
(415) 630-4538 View (415) 630-4538
Sometimes relationships fall into unhealthy territory because the vision of what each partner wants out of their partnership has changed over time, or wasn’t clear from the beginning. In this group, we help couples re-imagine their relationships by fine tuning and clarifying individual expectations and ideas about what their relationship is and what they want out of it. When these unexplored and unexpressed areas are uncovered and brought to light, the relationship can function on a more genuine and honest level, giving an opportunity for each partner to find what they want in their experience of relationship.
Photo of Laura Rose, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Hosted by Laura Rose
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Group meets in Mill Valley, CA 94941
Sometimes relationships fall into unhealthy territory because the vision of what each partner wants out of their partnership has changed over time, or wasn’t clear from the beginning. In this group, we help couples re-imagine their relationships by fine tuning and clarifying individual expectations and ideas about what their relationship is and what they want out of it. When these unexplored and unexpressed areas are uncovered and brought to light, the relationship can function on a more genuine and honest level, giving an opportunity for each partner to find what they want in their experience of relationship.
(415) 335-4199 View (415) 335-4199
Relationships can be complicated. This is an ongoing process group that focuses on examining significant relationships in all aspects of life; family, personal, partner, social, work, school, faith and spirit. The members are thoughtful and insightful, and support each other's efforts as they practice building new relationship skills within the context of this group.
Photo of Lois Friedlander, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CGP, MT-BC
Hosted by Lois Friedlander
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CGP, MT-BC
Group meets in Mill Valley, CA 94941
Relationships can be complicated. This is an ongoing process group that focuses on examining significant relationships in all aspects of life; family, personal, partner, social, work, school, faith and spirit. The members are thoughtful and insightful, and support each other's efforts as they practice building new relationship skills within the context of this group.
(415) 813-4015 View (415) 813-4015
Children leaving home can cause a particular kind of grief that can take parents and caregivers by surprise. This 3-week group will explore what's coming up for you and how to shift roles from hands-on parenting to finding a new focus and joy. I facilitate in a supportive and playful atmosphere. Please email or phone to register. Visit my website marianneshinetherapy. This Group is no longer happening. I work individually in person or online .
Photo of Marianne Shine Therapy, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, RDT, CHT
Hosted by Marianne Shine Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, RDT, CHT
Group meets in Mill Valley, CA 94941
Children leaving home can cause a particular kind of grief that can take parents and caregivers by surprise. This 3-week group will explore what's coming up for you and how to shift roles from hands-on parenting to finding a new focus and joy. I facilitate in a supportive and playful atmosphere. Please email or phone to register. Visit my website marianneshinetherapy. This Group is no longer happening. I work individually in person or online .
(415) 650-1780 View (415) 650-1780
Adolescence is a time of significant growth and change, and peer support plays a crucial role during this period. Group therapy creates a unique space where teens can practice empathy, learn from one another, and build resilience together. Today, thousands of teens are struggling with a nicotine dependence. I approach this issue with genuine empathy, understanding that they are up against one of the most addictive substances in human history. Teens need real support and effective strategies to free themselves from these powerful dependencies. Together, we will go through the process of quitting nicotine and find healthier coping strategies.
Photo of McKenna Becker, Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW
Hosted by McKenna Becker
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW
Group meets in Mill Valley, CA 94941
Adolescence is a time of significant growth and change, and peer support plays a crucial role during this period. Group therapy creates a unique space where teens can practice empathy, learn from one another, and build resilience together. Today, thousands of teens are struggling with a nicotine dependence. I approach this issue with genuine empathy, understanding that they are up against one of the most addictive substances in human history. Teens need real support and effective strategies to free themselves from these powerful dependencies. Together, we will go through the process of quitting nicotine and find healthier coping strategies.
(415) 936-8043 View (415) 936-8043
A space for women and those who experience life through a feminine lens to connect, reflect, and grow. Through guided conversations, nature-inspired practices, and a supportive community, we explore themes of resilience, balance, and transformation. Whether you're seeking grounding, renewal, or deeper connections with a likeminded community, this circle offers a nurturing environment to share your journey. Come as you are—grow as you wish. Plus, our community embarks on biannual adventures, co-created by the group, to deepen our connection with nature and each other.
Photo of Symbria Coultas, Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, APCC
Hosted by Symbria Coultas
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, APCC
Group meets in Mill Valley, CA 94941
A space for women and those who experience life through a feminine lens to connect, reflect, and grow. Through guided conversations, nature-inspired practices, and a supportive community, we explore themes of resilience, balance, and transformation. Whether you're seeking grounding, renewal, or deeper connections with a likeminded community, this circle offers a nurturing environment to share your journey. Come as you are—grow as you wish. Plus, our community embarks on biannual adventures, co-created by the group, to deepen our connection with nature and each other.
(805) 600-5283 View (805) 600-5283
Parenting a child with Anxiety/OCD between 4-13 yrs old? Can't find a therapist or get your child to go to therapy? Maybe your kid is in therapy but not seeing progress. (SPACE) Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions Approach developed at the YALE Child Study Center works with caregivers of children with anxiety/OCD. Studies show that working with caregivers, children’s symptoms of anxiety improve significantly. ** Join us for a Parent Group based on SPACE and learn evidence-based skills that will leave you more confident in managing anxiety with your kids!
Photo of Kat Schoolland, Marriage & Family Therapist, CA10337, ORT2523
Hosted by Kat Schoolland
Marriage & Family Therapist, CA10337, ORT2523
Group meets in Mill Valley, CA 94941
Parenting a child with Anxiety/OCD between 4-13 yrs old? Can't find a therapist or get your child to go to therapy? Maybe your kid is in therapy but not seeing progress. (SPACE) Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions Approach developed at the YALE Child Study Center works with caregivers of children with anxiety/OCD. Studies show that working with caregivers, children’s symptoms of anxiety improve significantly. ** Join us for a Parent Group based on SPACE and learn evidence-based skills that will leave you more confident in managing anxiety with your kids!
(415) 493-9229 View (415) 493-9229
Discover the research-based tools of successful relationships and marriages. These workshops are designed to strengthen relationships through engaging presentations and experiential activities. All of its information is backed by years of dedicated research and application to real-life couples. Dates in 2011: Feb.26-27, June 18-19, and Sept.24-25. This workshop has drawn rave reviews! Go to our website at ACouplesWorkshop.com to register and read the testimonials.
Photo of Timothy West, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Hosted by Timothy West
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Group meets in Mill Valley, CA 94941
Discover the research-based tools of successful relationships and marriages. These workshops are designed to strengthen relationships through engaging presentations and experiential activities. All of its information is backed by years of dedicated research and application to real-life couples. Dates in 2011: Feb.26-27, June 18-19, and Sept.24-25. This workshop has drawn rave reviews! Go to our website at ACouplesWorkshop.com to register and read the testimonials.
(415) 689-8715 View (415) 689-8715
A workshop to help Neurodivergent couples or couples with different neuro types navigate conflict, communication, and create more a more balanced home life. Only offered 1x a year and a minimum number of participants required. Contact if interested.
Photo of Patricia O'Laughlin, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, ATR
Hosted by Patricia O'Laughlin
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, ATR
Group meets in Mill Valley, CA 94941
A workshop to help Neurodivergent couples or couples with different neuro types navigate conflict, communication, and create more a more balanced home life. Only offered 1x a year and a minimum number of participants required. Contact if interested.
(323) 419-4744 View (323) 419-4744
Time, organization and planning are key areas of challenge when one has ADHD and similar neurocognitive diagnoses that affect executive functioning in daily life. This structured, interactive group approach is research-validated. 12 2-hour meetings online currently.
Photo of Holly Seerley, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Hosted by Holly Seerley
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Group meets in Mill Valley, CA 94941
Time, organization and planning are key areas of challenge when one has ADHD and similar neurocognitive diagnoses that affect executive functioning in daily life. This structured, interactive group approach is research-validated. 12 2-hour meetings online currently.
(415) 682-6482 View (415) 682-6482
This group is fun and relaxing for both parent and baby. Come and connect with other parents. This Infant Massage Communication class is 90 mins long and is designed for infants 2 weeks to 8 months. You will learn to respond to your baby's specific non verbal cues with techniques for stimulation and playfulness as well as quiet time holding. The small class size allows for individual attention. Participants will learn a full baby massage with techniques specifically addressing: gas and colic; colds and congestion; healthy sleep patterns; and playful stretches which encourage healthy physical and emotional development.
Photo of Cherry Jones, Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Hosted by Cherry Jones
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Group meets in Mill Valley, CA 94941
This group is fun and relaxing for both parent and baby. Come and connect with other parents. This Infant Massage Communication class is 90 mins long and is designed for infants 2 weeks to 8 months. You will learn to respond to your baby's specific non verbal cues with techniques for stimulation and playfulness as well as quiet time holding. The small class size allows for individual attention. Participants will learn a full baby massage with techniques specifically addressing: gas and colic; colds and congestion; healthy sleep patterns; and playful stretches which encourage healthy physical and emotional development.
(415) 417-0843 View (415) 417-0843
Utilizing research from neuroscience on the emotional brain, you will learn skills and approaches to communication that will bring down the emotional escalations, help you to feel safer, improve the clarity of your communication, stop predictable & recurrent mutually reactive interactions and deepen the mutual understanding and connection between you. This is a structured, experiential series of workshops based on the developmental model of couples therapy. This series is not for couples in deep crisis. Currently online.
Photo of Holly Seerley, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Hosted by Holly Seerley
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Group meets in Mill Valley, CA 94941
Utilizing research from neuroscience on the emotional brain, you will learn skills and approaches to communication that will bring down the emotional escalations, help you to feel safer, improve the clarity of your communication, stop predictable & recurrent mutually reactive interactions and deepen the mutual understanding and connection between you. This is a structured, experiential series of workshops based on the developmental model of couples therapy. This series is not for couples in deep crisis. Currently online.
(415) 682-6482 View (415) 682-6482
Group limited to 6 women, This is a support group for women who are actively being of service out in their community and feel the need to receive support from like minded women to recharge and digest personal and global challenges. Format of group will include a mindfulness meditation and discussion about self care and how to combat what the Buddhist texts call the three poisons of Hatred, greed and delusion, which impact us personally and globally. Contact me directly to see if you are a good fit for this group.
Photo of Cherry Jones, Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Hosted by Cherry Jones
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Group meets in Mill Valley, CA 94941
Group limited to 6 women, This is a support group for women who are actively being of service out in their community and feel the need to receive support from like minded women to recharge and digest personal and global challenges. Format of group will include a mindfulness meditation and discussion about self care and how to combat what the Buddhist texts call the three poisons of Hatred, greed and delusion, which impact us personally and globally. Contact me directly to see if you are a good fit for this group.
(415) 417-0843 View (415) 417-0843
Relationships can be complicated. This group provides a place to discuss, explore and discover new ways of relating interpersonally with others in all group settings, including family, community, work, school, spiritual, and more. Contact the facilitator to complete a preliminary goal setting interview: Lois Friedlander, LMFT/CGP 415-383-3337/Clinical Faculty/UCSF Certified Group Psychotherapist.
Photo of Lois Friedlander, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CGP, MT-BC
Hosted by Lois Friedlander
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CGP, MT-BC
Group meets in Mill Valley, CA 94941
Relationships can be complicated. This group provides a place to discuss, explore and discover new ways of relating interpersonally with others in all group settings, including family, community, work, school, spiritual, and more. Contact the facilitator to complete a preliminary goal setting interview: Lois Friedlander, LMFT/CGP 415-383-3337/Clinical Faculty/UCSF Certified Group Psychotherapist.
(415) 813-4015 View (415) 813-4015
Photo of Holly Seerley, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Hosted by Holly Seerley
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Group meets in Mill Valley, CA 94941
(415) 682-6482 View (415) 682-6482

More Groups Nearby

There is a shortage of elders and mature men to guide our youth and support our adults in leaving behind their boy-psychology and embrace maturity. This group aims to introduce and deepen a notion that has been lost in contemporary society: the mature masculine as an available stage for men. Utilizing the work of Moore and Gillette in their seminal book, "King Warrior, Magician, Lover", and exploring character styles through the Enneagram of Personality character model, we intend to offer a safe container to allow members to experience, via psychoeducation and group process, their very journey toward Mature Masculinity.
Photo of Paulo Rebello, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Hosted by Paulo Rebello
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Group meets in San Francisco, CA 94114
There is a shortage of elders and mature men to guide our youth and support our adults in leaving behind their boy-psychology and embrace maturity. This group aims to introduce and deepen a notion that has been lost in contemporary society: the mature masculine as an available stage for men. Utilizing the work of Moore and Gillette in their seminal book, "King Warrior, Magician, Lover", and exploring character styles through the Enneagram of Personality character model, we intend to offer a safe container to allow members to experience, via psychoeducation and group process, their very journey toward Mature Masculinity.
(510) 369-1502 View (510) 369-1502
This group will offer therapists, interns and trainees the opportunity to explore client material and countertransferential issues through the use of the following modalities: *Guided visualization to establish topics, goals and to gain clarity *Expressive arts to awaken and apply our creativity: collage, sandtray, drawing, sculpting, enactments, movement, painting, multi-modal techniques. *Group sharing of our insights and artwork, exploring our therapeutic relationships and developing innovative strategies for our work in a safe, non-judgmental, non-shaming and confidential environment. *Opportunity to experiment with group work and the arts. Those who are interested may elect to facilitate group processes.
Photo of Merideth Bowen Shamszad, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Hosted by Merideth Bowen Shamszad
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Group meets in Emeryville, CA 94608
This group will offer therapists, interns and trainees the opportunity to explore client material and countertransferential issues through the use of the following modalities: *Guided visualization to establish topics, goals and to gain clarity *Expressive arts to awaken and apply our creativity: collage, sandtray, drawing, sculpting, enactments, movement, painting, multi-modal techniques. *Group sharing of our insights and artwork, exploring our therapeutic relationships and developing innovative strategies for our work in a safe, non-judgmental, non-shaming and confidential environment. *Opportunity to experiment with group work and the arts. Those who are interested may elect to facilitate group processes.
(510) 878-3048 View (510) 878-3048
Parenting is an ongoing process that fun, exciting, loving, frustrating, creative, mundane, easy, skilled, predictable, unpredictable, challenging etc.! No one does it perfectly. The minute we feel like we get something wired, our kids change. Our group is here to support one another with professional guidance, peer experience and camaraderie. Open to parental figures of kids all ages between 2-11 and 12-18 (depending on the group) we check-in and work in different sub-groups as appropriate for the theme of the conversation or exercise. (No children at the meetings.) Can add to the Life Tune-UP group.
Photo of Kate Moore Meyers, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Hosted by Kate Moore Meyers
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Group meets in San Francisco, CA 94127
Parenting is an ongoing process that fun, exciting, loving, frustrating, creative, mundane, easy, skilled, predictable, unpredictable, challenging etc.! No one does it perfectly. The minute we feel like we get something wired, our kids change. Our group is here to support one another with professional guidance, peer experience and camaraderie. Open to parental figures of kids all ages between 2-11 and 12-18 (depending on the group) we check-in and work in different sub-groups as appropriate for the theme of the conversation or exercise. (No children at the meetings.) Can add to the Life Tune-UP group.
(650) 334-0585 View (650) 334-0585
Your past doesn’t define you. This 6-week trauma-processing group provides a safe space for adult survivors of childhood physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. Through guided discussions, coping strategies, and inner child healing, you’ll gain tools to manage triggers, set boundaries, and build resilience. Connect with others who understand your journey and reclaim control over your life. You are stronger than you think. Reach out for a free diagnostic tool and a 20-minute consultation to see if this group is right for you. Healing is possible—you don’t have to do it alone.
Photo of Sheron Gershelis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Hosted by Sheron Gershelis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Group meets in San Francisco, CA 94132
Your past doesn’t define you. This 6-week trauma-processing group provides a safe space for adult survivors of childhood physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. Through guided discussions, coping strategies, and inner child healing, you’ll gain tools to manage triggers, set boundaries, and build resilience. Connect with others who understand your journey and reclaim control over your life. You are stronger than you think. Reach out for a free diagnostic tool and a 20-minute consultation to see if this group is right for you. Healing is possible—you don’t have to do it alone.
(415) 964-4623 View (415) 964-4623

See more therapy options for Mill Valley

FAQs - About Group Therapy and Support Groups

How can I find a support group in Mill Valley?

To find a support group in your area, start by entering your city, zip code, or the name of the group into the search bar at the top of the page. When searching, consider whether you prefer an in-person or virtual group. This can help you decide how broad your geographic search should be. If you are open to virtual groups, you might want to search by state instead of just your city, especially if there are limited options nearby.

Once you complete your search, you can use the filters to narrow the results by selecting specialties (such as grief, trauma, or eating disorders), therapeutic approaches, age groups, and other criteria to find a group that best fits your needs.

How does group therapy work?

Group therapy is led by one or more trained therapists and provides a space where participants can process their experiences and learn from others facing similar challenges. Groups may focus on a specific issue—such as addiction, grief, physical illnesses, parenting, or caregiving—or they may center around a particular therapeutic approach, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), social skill development, or Exposure Therapy. Some groups are also designed for specific populations, such as teens, veterans, or LGBTQ+ individuals.

It’s also important to distinguish group therapy from peer-led support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous. While both can offer valuable support, therapy groups are typically led by licensed professionals and follow a more structured format. Therapy groups often meet for a fixed length of time with a consistent group of members, while many peer support groups meet for an indefinite period of time with members coming and going.

What are the benefits of group therapy?

Group therapy offers several important benefits. It brings together people facing similar challenges—whether related to mental health, physical health, or life transitions—and creates a supportive environment where participants can exchange feedback, share experiences, and learn from one another. Hearing different perspectives can help individuals discover new coping strategies and practical tools they may not have encountered on their own. Sharing personal experiences, such as coping with a serious illness or navigating family struggles, can also reduce feelings of isolation and foster a sense of connection and understanding. In addition to emotional support, group members often gain useful, real-world advice from peers who have faced similar situations.

Group therapy is typically more affordable than individual therapy and, for certain conditions, can be equally effective. Many groups also include structured activities—such as guided journaling, cognitive-behavioral exercises, or role-playing—to help participants develop concrete skills they can apply in daily life.

Is group therapy as effective as individual therapy?

It is difficult to make a blanket statement about the effectiveness of support groups, as they vary widely in focus and the conditions they address. However, support groups can be highly valuable in helping individuals gain emotional support and achieve meaningful treatment outcomes. For certain conditions, such as substance use, research has shown that group therapy can be particularly effective—sometimes just as effective as individual therapy—in supporting long-term recovery.

Many professionals attribute the effectiveness of group therapy to the unique benefits of the group setting, which fosters peer-to-peer learning and a sense of connection through shared experiences. Group settings also offer accountability and encouragement from both facilitators and fellow participants, which helps sustain motivation and supports continued progress. These factors together play a key role in promoting the overall effectiveness of group therapy.

How much does group therapy cost?

Group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy, with sessions typically costing between $50 and $75 each. In comparison, individual therapy can cost anywhere from $100 to $200 or more per session, even with insurance. Some therapists or organizations offer low-cost or free group therapy options, particularly through community centers or nonprofit organizations. In some cases, groups may require payment upfront for a set number of sessions, such as paying for six weekly sessions at the first meeting. However, many providers offer payment plans to help make participation more accessible if this upfront payment is required.

Does insurance cover group therapy?

As with individual therapy, insurance coverage for group therapy varies based on factors such as your specific insurance plan, the purpose of the group, your diagnosis, and whether the group provider is in-network. Many insurance plans cover group therapy sessions that address diagnosable mental health conditions, such as substance use disorders, anxiety, or depression.

However, groups that focus on topics not directly tied to a mental health diagnosis—such as parenting support or divorce recovery—are less likely to be covered. Because coverage can vary widely, it’s important to check with your insurance provider before joining a group to confirm whether the sessions will be covered and what out-of-pocket costs you may be responsible for.

How long does group therapy last?

The length of each group therapy session typically ranges from 45 minutes to two hours, depending on the therapy approach, the group’s goals, and how often the group meets. In some cases, group therapy is part of a larger treatment program, such as an Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP), where group sessions complement individual therapy and are scheduled as part of the program’s overall structure.

The duration of participation in a group also varies. Some groups are designed to be short-term, lasting anywhere from 6 to 24 weeks—for example, bereavement groups or skills-based groups like those using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). Other groups may be longer-term, lasting a year or more, and some ongoing support groups meet indefinitely, allowing participants to stay as long as they find the group helpful.

What are the limitations of support groups?

Support groups offer many benefits, but they also have certain limitations. Unlike therapy groups, many support groups do not provide formal therapeutic treatment and are not led by licensed mental health professionals. For individuals seeking clinical treatment for specific mental health diagnoses—such as depression, eating disorders, or substance use—individual therapy or group therapy led by a licensed professional may offer more personalized and specialized care.

The effectiveness of a support group also depends heavily on the group’s participants and the overall group dynamic. When members engage respectfully and offer constructive support, the group can foster valuable peer-to-peer learning. However, if certain participants dominate discussions, provide inaccurate advice, or create conflict, it can disrupt the group’s sense of safety and reduce its effectiveness. Confidentiality can also be harder to maintain in support groups, particularly in open groups where participants can join or leave at any time. With new members regularly entering the group, it can be more difficult to build and sustain a consistent sense of trust and privacy.