Cross-Cultural Psychology
Discovering Harmony in Balinese Culture
The principles of Tri Hita Karana guide Balinese life in harmony and spirituality.
Updated October 7, 2024 Reviewed by Abigail Fagan
Key points
- Tri Hita Karana emphasises harmony in relationships, nature reverence, and divine guidance.
- Balinese culture's rituals and communal life foster deep spirituality and interconnectedness.
- Embracing Tri Hita Karana offers insights for leading a balanced, harmonious life in any culture.
Stepping into Bali, travelers from Western cultures are often struck by the island's vibrant traditions and deep spiritual beliefs. During my three incredible weeks of holidaying and traveling around Indonesia, I was privileged to explore the rich mosaic of Balinese culture, where every aspect of life is filled with meaning and spirituality. Among the many fascinating elements of Balinese Hinduism, one belief stood out as a symbol of universal balance: Tri Hita Karana.
The Three Guiding Principles of Tri Hita Karana
As a local Balinese named Ketut explained to me in Ubud, Tri Hita Karana is both a symbol and a way of life for the Balinese. It encapsulates three guiding principles that reflect the core values of Balinese society and their approach to living in harmony with the world around them.
1. Relationship Harmony and Mutual Respect
The first principle of Tri Hita Karana emphasises the importance of relationship harmony and mutual respect. In Balinese culture, everyone is seen as part of a larger community, where cooperation and mutual support are essential. This principle was beautifully illustrated to me by Ketut, a local from Ibud, who shared stories of how the village community comes together to celebrate life's milestones—births, weddings, and other significant events. In Bali, no one can isolate themselves; everyone participates in communal life, ensuring that relationships are nurtured and harmony is maintained.
2. Connection With Nature and Ensuring Balance
The second principle highlights the Balinese reverence for nature and their commitment to maintaining balance. The Balinese practice various rituals and ceremonies to honour the earth, water, and other natural elements, reflecting their deep connection with nature. This aspect of Tri Hita Karana teaches us the importance of living sustainably and respecting the delicate balance that sustains all life.
3. Belief in Divine Guidance
The third principle of Tri Hita Karana underscores the belief in divine guidance. The Balinese believe that a higher power governs the universe and that maintaining a spiritual connection with this power is essential for a fulfilling life. This belief manifests in daily offerings, temple visits, and numerous festivals punctuating the Balinese calendar. The faith that the divine will guide and protect them is a cornerstone of Balinese life, providing a sense of purpose and direction.
A Lesson in Community and Spirituality
Throughout my journey in Bali, I was deeply moved by the sense of community and spirituality that permeates every aspect of Balinese life. As Ketut relayed, village life is a testament to the strength and resilience that come from living according to the principles of Tri Hita Karana. The collective effort to help one another and celebrate together fosters a sense of belonging and interconnectedness that is both inspiring and humbling. Here are some examples of traditions I experienced during my travels to Bali:
Traditional Daily Offering: Canang Sari
The daily offering of the Canang Sari in Bali symbolises gratitude and devotion. It is a communal activity involving family members made from palm leaves, colourful flowers, and food. These offerings are placed at the entrance of family homes, shops, sidewalks, ledges, and temples. This ritual reinforces community bonds and respect for the spiritual world, uniting everyone in a shared expression of faith.
Births, Weddings, and Funerals
In Bali, births, weddings, and funerals are elaborate ceremonies involving the entire community. Weddings unite families and villages with traditional music and dance, while funerals provide communal support for the bereaved. These events emphasise strong community bonds and deep spiritual connections, showcasing Balinese solidarity and faith.
Greetings: Om Swastyastu
"Om Swastyastu," meaning "may you be blessed and safe," is a traditional Balinese greeting. Accompanied by a prayer-like gesture and a slight bow, it reflects deep spirituality and respect. This practice fosters mutual reverence and harmony, reinforcing the sacredness of human interactions and the spiritual foundation of Balinese society.
Embracing Tri Hita Karana in Western Cultures
For travelers from Western cultures, the lessons of Tri Hita Karana offer valuable insights into leading a balanced and harmonious life. In Balinese culture, embracing the principles of relationship harmony, respect for nature, and faith in divine guidance can help us develop a deeper connection with ourselves, others, and the world around us. Ketut's explanation of Tri Hita Karana was a beautiful reminder of the interconnectedness of life and the importance of living in harmony with each other, nature and the divine.
References
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Eiseman, F. B., & Eiseman, F. B. (1990). Bali: Sekala and Niskala: Essays on Religion, Ritual, and Art. Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd.
Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books.
Wiener, M. J. (1995). Visible and Invisible Realms: Power, Magic, and Colonial Conquest in Bali. University of Chicago Press.
Covarrubias, M. (1937). Island of Bali. Oxford University Press.
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