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Attachment
Creative Art Therapy and Attachment Work
Creative arts therapies are brain-wise approaches to attachment problems.
Posted September 9, 2013
There is a growing understanding in the field of art therapy about the neurobiology of how early sensory intervention supports positive and successful attachment between caregiver and child. In Creative Arts and Play Therapy with Attachment Problems, Dr. David Crenshaw and I, along with a group of experts, examine the broader topic of just how play, art, music, dance/movement, and drama therapies are effective and brain-wise approaches to enhance attachment. Just as attachment theory continues to be informed by the growing understanding of the brain, applications of the creative arts therapies are being clarified within the context of neuroscience and psychobiology. This two-part article reviews five key areas in creative arts therapies and attachment; this first part discusses how creative arts therapies are sensory-based interventions and are forms of non-verbal communication. Because these approaches involve right hemisphere dominance, they are beneficial to attachment work where “right-brain-to-right-brain” connections between therapist and client are essential.
Sensory-Based Interventions
First and foremost, the creative arts therapies provide sensory experiences; that is, they are predominantly activities that are visual, kinesthetic, tactile, olfactory and auditory in nature. In fact, each creative arts therapy is multi-sensorial; for example, music therapy not only involves sound, but also includes vibration, rhythm and movement. Dramatic enactment may include vocalization, visual impact, and other sensory aspects. Dance/movement therapy encompasses a variety of body-oriented sensations and art therapy is not limited to images because it also provides a variety of tactile and kinesthetic experiences.
Research on attachment disorders underscores the importance of sensory-based approaches in treatment that encourage active participation and include multi-sensory qualities. Perry (2008) presents a neurodevelopmental perspective, the essential role of sensory-based experiences in early childhood, and how they enhance secure attachment, affiliation with others, empathy and self-regulation. He observes that our history as a human species has always included wellness practices such as holding each other, engaging in dance, song, image creation, and storytelling, and sharing celebrations and family rituals. These actions were used in early healing practices and, according to Perry, are now known to be effective in altering neural systems involved in stress responses and developing secure attachment. Similarly, the arts therapies are normalizing experiences for children and trauma-informed practices in that they involve experiences that children in all cultures recognize (Malchiodi, 2008).
Siegel (2012) offers another perspective that clarifies the role of the creative arts therapies in treating attachment disorders from a sensory perspective. He cites the importance of “critical micromoments” of interaction with clients that include the client’s tone of voice, postures, facial expressions, eye contact, and motion that he believes provide clue to the individual’s psychobiology. These sensory-based cues become particularly important in identifying and formulating strategies for addressing disrupted, insecure or disorganized attachment. Siegel also proposes the use of experientially-based methods such as drawing to help individuals become aware of sensations, emotions, images and relationships.
Non-Verbal Communication
Nonverbal communication is our most basic form of communication and it is how caregiver and infant initially connect in those first years of life (Schore, 2003). While most creative arts therapies involve talk, they are also defined as non-verbal approaches because self-expression through an activity becomes a major source of communication. For children in particular, non-verbal means of communication are an important part of any therapy because children do not always have the words to accurately convey feelings and experiences.
Because thoughts and feelings are not strictly verbal and are not limited to storage as verbal language in the brain, expressive modalities are particularly useful in helping individuals communicate aspects of memories and stories that may not be readily available through conversation. Memories in particular have been reported to emerge through touch, imagery, or carefully guided body movements. For some individuals, conveying a memory or story through one or more expressive modality is more easily tolerated than verbalization. For example, children who have been severely traumatized may repeat experiences through play or art activity when the trauma memories are particularly complex or overwhelming (Gil, 2006; Malchiodi, 2008). Additionally, non-verbal expression through a painting, play activity, imaginative roleplay, or movement may be a corrective experience, in and of itself, for some individuals.
Right Hemisphere Dominance
In the field of attachment, it is widely accepted that what happens early in life in terms of relationships impacts brain development and is essential to secure attachment. Neuroplasticity (also called brain plasticity) is the ability of the brain to renew and, in some cases, to even rewire itself to compensate for deficits or injuries. Brain plasticity is more easily accessible early in life, underscoring the importance of appropriate intervention with young children in order to not only enhance attachment, but also to support the development of appropriate affect regulation, interpersonal skills, and cognition.
The right hemisphere of the brain is particularly active during early interactions between very young children and caregivers and that stores the internal working model for attachment relationships and affect regulation (Schore, 2003). Interactions between baby and caretaker are right-brain mediated because during infancy the right cortex is developing more quickly than the left. Siegel (2012) also observes that just as the left hemisphere requires exposure to language to grow, the right hemisphere requires emotional stimulation to develop properly. He proposes that the output of the right brain is expressed in “non-word-based ways” such as drawing a picture or using a visual image to describe feelings or events.
Research on the impact of trauma proposes that highly charged emotional experiences are encoded by the limbic system and right brain as sensory memories (van der Kolk, 2006). Consequently, expression and processing of these memories on a sensory level is an important part of successful intervention. Current thinking about trauma supports the effect of childhood trauma on right-left brain integration (Teicher, 2000) and that more sensory-based interventions be effective because they do not rely on the individual’s use of left-brain language for processing and are predominately right-brain driven.
Attachment Essential Reads
In brief, it’s an exciting time for the creative arts therapies as we learn more about how they can effect change and support positive attachment. In Part Two, I’ll discuss two other key aspects of the creative arts therapies in attachment work—affect regulation and relational therapy.
Be well,
Cathy Malchiodi, PhD, LPCC, LPAT, ATR-BC
References
Doidge, N. (2007). The brain that changes itself. New York: Penguin.
Gil, E. (2006). Helping abused and traumatized children. New York: Guilford Press.
Malchiodi, C. (2008). Creative interventions with traumatized children. New York: Guilford Press.
Perry, B. (2008). Foreword. In C. Malchiodi (Ed.), Creative Interventions with Traumatized Children (pp. ix-xi). New York: Guilford Press.
Schore, A. (2003). Affect regulation and the repair of the self. New York: Norton.
Siegel, D. (2012). The developing mind (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Teicher, M.H. (2000). Wounds that won't heal: The neurobiology of child abuse. Cerebrum, 2 (4) 50-62.
van der Kolk, B. (2006). Clinical applications of neuroscience research in PTSD. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1071(4), 277-293.
