Therapists in Boerne, TX

Photo of Erika Rose Unberhagen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boerne, TX
Erika Rose Unberhagen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCDC
Verified Verified
Boerne, TX 78006
My experience as a 14-year law enforcement officer led to my understanding of the unique and often complex issues that arise from serving communities and country, including addiction and trauma. I use evidence-based practices with a unique and holistic approach to healing and understand the culture and language associated with veteran and first responder communities. Drawing upon my Native American roots, I incorporate indigenous techniques when appropriate for the client.
My experience as a 14-year law enforcement officer led to my understanding of the unique and often complex issues that arise from serving communities and country, including addiction and trauma. I use evidence-based practices with a unique and holistic approach to healing and understand the culture and language associated with veteran and first responder communities. Drawing upon my Native American roots, I incorporate indigenous techniques when appropriate for the client.
(830) 271-2923 View (830) 271-2923
Photo of Eryn Chastain, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boerne, TX
Eryn Chastain
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CGCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boerne, TX 78006
I work with clients in all adult life stages who struggle with life! Grief, trauma, anxiety, transitions, relationships- lets navigate through the human experience together.
I work with clients in all adult life stages who struggle with life! Grief, trauma, anxiety, transitions, relationships- lets navigate through the human experience together.
(830) 219-4153 View (830) 219-4153
Photo of Acorn Counseling PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Boerne, TX
Acorn Counseling PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boerne, TX 78006
Thank you for your interest in counseling! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor originally trained at St Mary's University in 2006, with special training in EMDR that can help with trauma, stress, and depression. I see counseling as creating a space for us to collaborate in support of your goals. All sessions are an hour long no matter the payment plan, and I offer early day and evening appointments for your convenience. I look forward to meeting you! Please note that I will be calling from 830.981.5330 if you send an email. Thank you!
Thank you for your interest in counseling! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor originally trained at St Mary's University in 2006, with special training in EMDR that can help with trauma, stress, and depression. I see counseling as creating a space for us to collaborate in support of your goals. All sessions are an hour long no matter the payment plan, and I offer early day and evening appointments for your convenience. I look forward to meeting you! Please note that I will be calling from 830.981.5330 if you send an email. Thank you!
(830) 500-5148 View (830) 500-5148
Photo of Ricardo de la Pena in Boerne, TX
Ricardo de la Pena
MA, BCBA, LBA
Verified Verified
Boerne, TX 78015
Hello! I am a BCBA with over 8 years in the field. I offer help to individuals of all ages with behavioral struggles. With experience in pediatrics and adults, I can provide insightful knowledge and strategies to help overcome many barriers. Let’s talk! www.upliftingaba.com
Hello! I am a BCBA with over 8 years in the field. I offer help to individuals of all ages with behavioral struggles. With experience in pediatrics and adults, I can provide insightful knowledge and strategies to help overcome many barriers. Let’s talk! www.upliftingaba.com
(830) 971-0401 View (830) 971-0401
Photo of Christian Counseling Center Boerne, Licensed Professional Counselor in Boerne, TX
Christian Counseling Center Boerne
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
Boerne, TX 78006
Is emotional pain, anxiety, depression, or lack of focus interfering with your personal fulfillment? Life may have given you trauma, but together we can create a new and better direction. Difficult relationships, grief, unwanted or racing thoughts, cause panic attacks, sleeplessness, fears, anger, or addictions. As an experienced counselor and retired school teacher, I am trained to address these symptoms using EMDR, Prayer, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and more. Whether it's in my office in Boerne or online, Therapy can be the key in opening new doors for you.
Is emotional pain, anxiety, depression, or lack of focus interfering with your personal fulfillment? Life may have given you trauma, but together we can create a new and better direction. Difficult relationships, grief, unwanted or racing thoughts, cause panic attacks, sleeplessness, fears, anger, or addictions. As an experienced counselor and retired school teacher, I am trained to address these symptoms using EMDR, Prayer, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and more. Whether it's in my office in Boerne or online, Therapy can be the key in opening new doors for you.
(830) 224-2822 View (830) 224-2822
Photo of Heidi Conlin with Genesis Counseling Center, Marriage & Family Therapist in Boerne, TX
Heidi Conlin with Genesis Counseling Center
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Boerne, TX 78006
I provide affordable counseling to couples, adults, adolescents and children. I recognize that it is difficult to talk with a stranger about problems and therefore, I strive to see my clients' problems through their eyes. I am open minded in order to create a comfortable and non-judgmental atmosphere for change. I help my clients make small changes to their lives in order to achieve bigger goals.
I provide affordable counseling to couples, adults, adolescents and children. I recognize that it is difficult to talk with a stranger about problems and therefore, I strive to see my clients' problems through their eyes. I am open minded in order to create a comfortable and non-judgmental atmosphere for change. I help my clients make small changes to their lives in order to achieve bigger goals.
(830) 256-0682 View (830) 256-0682
Photo of Jamie Panizza-Kimball, Licensed Professional Counselor in Boerne, TX
Jamie Panizza-Kimball
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boerne, TX 78006  (Online Only)
Does it feel like you are stuck? Are you sick and tired of feeling confused, lonely, worthless, lost, broken? Is it hard to even get out of bed since your loss? Does transitioning to the next phase in life seem out of reach? How determined are you to find love again? How desperate are you for a solution to feel the same way you once did? If you are reading this, then now is the time to take a new journey for yourself. You are ready to dive deep within to determine your self-worth. You can heal from your grief/loss/divorce/breakup!
Does it feel like you are stuck? Are you sick and tired of feeling confused, lonely, worthless, lost, broken? Is it hard to even get out of bed since your loss? Does transitioning to the next phase in life seem out of reach? How determined are you to find love again? How desperate are you for a solution to feel the same way you once did? If you are reading this, then now is the time to take a new journey for yourself. You are ready to dive deep within to determine your self-worth. You can heal from your grief/loss/divorce/breakup!
(830) 219-4064 View (830) 219-4064
Photo of Danny Wade, Licensed Professional Counselor in Boerne, TX
Danny Wade
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Boerne, TX 78006
I've never seen anything as beautiful and thrilling as watching the heart of a man or woman set free from what have has held it captive for years. As I sit with you, I will be privileged to walk with you through your struggles and wounds and watch freedom begin to take form. Suffering and abuse and all sorts of wounds occur, and the result is that we develop self-protective strategies that hamper relationships. Whether I'm working for your marriage or yourself as an individual, my commitment to you is to try to help you identify lies and embrace truth.
I've never seen anything as beautiful and thrilling as watching the heart of a man or woman set free from what have has held it captive for years. As I sit with you, I will be privileged to walk with you through your struggles and wounds and watch freedom begin to take form. Suffering and abuse and all sorts of wounds occur, and the result is that we develop self-protective strategies that hamper relationships. Whether I'm working for your marriage or yourself as an individual, my commitment to you is to try to help you identify lies and embrace truth.
(830) 743-9968 View (830) 743-9968
Photo of Patricia K Ptak, Licensed Professional Counselor in Boerne, TX
Patricia K Ptak
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, EMDR
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Boerne, TX 78006
EMDR Certified Therapist. Stop feeling worried, anxious or depressed. Do you struggle with feeling good about yourself or feeling unfulfilled in your relationships? Do you want to improve your motivation and achievements? Sounds like you need a change, and there is no better time than now. I have focused my work on helping the individual and family heal from a place of love and understanding. Pulling from multiple evidence based counseling techniques and foundations of counseling including CBT and EMDR, I blend authentic caring with here and now problem solving and skill building to handle the ebb and flow of life.
EMDR Certified Therapist. Stop feeling worried, anxious or depressed. Do you struggle with feeling good about yourself or feeling unfulfilled in your relationships? Do you want to improve your motivation and achievements? Sounds like you need a change, and there is no better time than now. I have focused my work on helping the individual and family heal from a place of love and understanding. Pulling from multiple evidence based counseling techniques and foundations of counseling including CBT and EMDR, I blend authentic caring with here and now problem solving and skill building to handle the ebb and flow of life.
(830) 428-1457 View (830) 428-1457
Photo of Nancy A Logan, Psychologist in Boerne, TX
Nancy A Logan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Boerne, TX 78015  (Online Only)
I enjoy helping individuals find joy and purpose in life; helping learn to minimize self-defeating choices and patterns; learning to be relaxed and at peace; discovering ways to get along with others; forgiving self and/or others; and supporting someone with recovering from the difficulties that life can bring. I prefer to work to build upon strengths and to discover the possibilities that exist to improve situations and challenges.
I enjoy helping individuals find joy and purpose in life; helping learn to minimize self-defeating choices and patterns; learning to be relaxed and at peace; discovering ways to get along with others; forgiving self and/or others; and supporting someone with recovering from the difficulties that life can bring. I prefer to work to build upon strengths and to discover the possibilities that exist to improve situations and challenges.
(210) 255-2072 View (210) 255-2072
Photo of Norely A Sorrell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Boerne, TX
Norely A Sorrell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Boerne, TX 78006  (Online Only)
Do you struggle with not feeling good enough? No matter how much you do for others or to perfect yourself, you still feel like it is not enough. You may be fed up with the dynamics of relationships in your life, fed up with feeling unappreciated, or tired of relationships feeling one sided. You might not even remember a time things didn’t feel this way. But one thing is for sure: you’re ready for some relief. You are ready to heal from your past and have healthy relationships. You are ready to feel appreciated and loved. Most of all, you’re ready to feel good enough, deserving of love and satisfied in all aspects of your life.
Do you struggle with not feeling good enough? No matter how much you do for others or to perfect yourself, you still feel like it is not enough. You may be fed up with the dynamics of relationships in your life, fed up with feeling unappreciated, or tired of relationships feeling one sided. You might not even remember a time things didn’t feel this way. But one thing is for sure: you’re ready for some relief. You are ready to heal from your past and have healthy relationships. You are ready to feel appreciated and loved. Most of all, you’re ready to feel good enough, deserving of love and satisfied in all aspects of your life.
(830) 368-0653 View (830) 368-0653
Photo of Roger Ben Gonzales, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in Boerne, TX
Roger Ben Gonzales
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Boerne, TX 78006
Welcome to RG Counseling, where I am dedicated to helping you embark on a healing journey towards a more fulfilling and empowered life. Whether you're struggling with relationship issues, stress and anxiety, depression, or simply feeling stuck, know that you don't have to navigate these challenges alone. I am here to support you every step of the way. With guidance, you can overcome challenges and discover new opportunities for growth and personal development. Hope and healing are always within reach. It is an honor to support you on your journey towards a brighter tomorrow.
Welcome to RG Counseling, where I am dedicated to helping you embark on a healing journey towards a more fulfilling and empowered life. Whether you're struggling with relationship issues, stress and anxiety, depression, or simply feeling stuck, know that you don't have to navigate these challenges alone. I am here to support you every step of the way. With guidance, you can overcome challenges and discover new opportunities for growth and personal development. Hope and healing are always within reach. It is an honor to support you on your journey towards a brighter tomorrow.
(830) 283-7993 View (830) 283-7993
Photo of Laurita Putegnat LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Boerne, TX
Laurita Putegnat LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Boerne, TX 78006
Are you someone who longs for life and will fight for it? If you are considering therapy, you are probably encountering difficulties in your life that you cannot resolve on your own. Asking for help is a formidable step to WELL-being. Therapy is a form of education where we teach the skills for self sufficiency. Gaining self knowledge and skills to manage and thrive in life can be our collaborative goal.I offer sensitive, affordable therapy in a safe and non judgemental setting.My sessions with clients are individualized and practical.
Are you someone who longs for life and will fight for it? If you are considering therapy, you are probably encountering difficulties in your life that you cannot resolve on your own. Asking for help is a formidable step to WELL-being. Therapy is a form of education where we teach the skills for self sufficiency. Gaining self knowledge and skills to manage and thrive in life can be our collaborative goal.I offer sensitive, affordable therapy in a safe and non judgemental setting.My sessions with clients are individualized and practical.
(210) 255-2061 View (210) 255-2061
Photo of Cristy Connolly, Licensed Professional Counselor in Boerne, TX
Cristy Connolly
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Boerne, TX 78015
Things aren’t right. You grapple with profound sadness, nightmares, and a feeling of dread when contemplating past events. Despite attempts at improvement, your situation remains stagnant. Your social life is struggling and relationships are strenuous. You have aspirations and goals for the future yet are uncertain about how to navigate past your history. Or maybe you’re a like 20% of new parents and struggling with your mental health during pregnancy or the early years. I can provide insights into the brain differences associated with trauma, depression, and anxiety, and offer explanations for the emotions you are experiencing.
Things aren’t right. You grapple with profound sadness, nightmares, and a feeling of dread when contemplating past events. Despite attempts at improvement, your situation remains stagnant. Your social life is struggling and relationships are strenuous. You have aspirations and goals for the future yet are uncertain about how to navigate past your history. Or maybe you’re a like 20% of new parents and struggling with your mental health during pregnancy or the early years. I can provide insights into the brain differences associated with trauma, depression, and anxiety, and offer explanations for the emotions you are experiencing.
(210) 592-4065 View (210) 592-4065
Photo of Denise M. Filer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boerne, TX
Denise M. Filer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S
Verified Verified
Boerne, TX 78006
If you have come to the realization you are emotionally and mentally blocked; then it is time for a change. If those behavior patterns and thoughts have gotten in the way of you experiencing the deeper meaning of life and enjoyment let me facilitate your growth so that you can transform your life and live to the fullest. I Specialize in: • Depression • Grief • Addiction • Sexual Abuse • LGBTQ •PTSD • Personality Disorders •Co-occurring diseases •and Trauma .
If you have come to the realization you are emotionally and mentally blocked; then it is time for a change. If those behavior patterns and thoughts have gotten in the way of you experiencing the deeper meaning of life and enjoyment let me facilitate your growth so that you can transform your life and live to the fullest. I Specialize in: • Depression • Grief • Addiction • Sexual Abuse • LGBTQ •PTSD • Personality Disorders •Co-occurring diseases •and Trauma .
(830) 254-5603 View (830) 254-5603
Photo of Debbie Williams, Licensed Professional Counselor in Boerne, TX
Debbie Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boerne, TX 78015  (Online Only)
I support my clients on how to develop cognitive behavioral strategies to enhance their daily living. I offer reflection and guidance on identifying and extinguishing redundant and negative thought patterns that impede personal development I am an advocate for the immediacy and privacy that telehealth can offer, and I am committed to offering positive regard and respect for values and perspectives. I offer cognitive behavioral approaches and skills to cultivate personal growth and authentic self-reflection.
I support my clients on how to develop cognitive behavioral strategies to enhance their daily living. I offer reflection and guidance on identifying and extinguishing redundant and negative thought patterns that impede personal development I am an advocate for the immediacy and privacy that telehealth can offer, and I am committed to offering positive regard and respect for values and perspectives. I offer cognitive behavioral approaches and skills to cultivate personal growth and authentic self-reflection.
(830) 971-0108 View (830) 971-0108
Photo of Beth Linfoot, Counseling, PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Boerne, TX
Beth Linfoot, Counseling, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, MA, LPC, LCDC
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Boerne, TX 78006
Waitlist for new clients
I work with teens, young adults, individuals, families, and couples. I have extensive experience with relationship issues, self-esteem, depression, bipolar, trauma, anxiety, and addiction. I believe that all great struggle creates the opportunity for profound growth and that what lies on the other side of discomfort is greater than any of us could have imagined. I am passionate about helping others realize their emotional and spiritual potential.
I work with teens, young adults, individuals, families, and couples. I have extensive experience with relationship issues, self-esteem, depression, bipolar, trauma, anxiety, and addiction. I believe that all great struggle creates the opportunity for profound growth and that what lies on the other side of discomfort is greater than any of us could have imagined. I am passionate about helping others realize their emotional and spiritual potential.
(210) 591-8031 View (210) 591-8031
Photo of Gillian Rodriguez, Licensed Professional Counselor in Boerne, TX
Gillian Rodriguez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CEO
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boerne, TX 78006
A trellis is an open framework of intersecting parts, designed to support life until it can grow independently and thrive. This is also what I believe about how counseling works. This therapy won't be a magic wand, and I can't do the impossible. What I can do is offer that open framework to support you through your hardest seasons until you're ready to continue growing on your own. I believe in using evidence-based interventions, innovative research, and compassionate support in the raw to weave together a trellis for your wellness.
A trellis is an open framework of intersecting parts, designed to support life until it can grow independently and thrive. This is also what I believe about how counseling works. This therapy won't be a magic wand, and I can't do the impossible. What I can do is offer that open framework to support you through your hardest seasons until you're ready to continue growing on your own. I believe in using evidence-based interventions, innovative research, and compassionate support in the raw to weave together a trellis for your wellness.
(830) 521-5168 View (830) 521-5168
Photo of Catherine Widder, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boerne, TX
Catherine Widder
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Boerne, TX 78006
Do you ever wish you could turn off your brain to stop the constant worries? Have your feelings of sadness become overwhelming and draining? Maybe you feel confused as to where to start or even feel hopeless. Good News! You don’t need to ‘learn to live with all that.’ You deserve to feel better. Imagine feeling more peace in all areas of your life; feeling confident and authentic; more in control of your emotions; and having honest, trusting and healthy relationships. Change IS possible, but you don’t have to get there alone.
Do you ever wish you could turn off your brain to stop the constant worries? Have your feelings of sadness become overwhelming and draining? Maybe you feel confused as to where to start or even feel hopeless. Good News! You don’t need to ‘learn to live with all that.’ You deserve to feel better. Imagine feeling more peace in all areas of your life; feeling confident and authentic; more in control of your emotions; and having honest, trusting and healthy relationships. Change IS possible, but you don’t have to get there alone.
(830) 388-7392 View (830) 388-7392
Photo of Mike Maddry, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in Boerne, TX
Mike Maddry
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MAC, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Boerne, TX 78006
My ideal client understands that they need a seasoned and perceptive counselor to walk with them in their issues which usually stem from challenging relationships. These could include processing anxiety, depression, marital issues, loss & grief, aging, sexual dysfunction or addiction, life transitions, and navigating the challenges from adolescence all the way through to senior adulthood. My clients are seeking help with today and hope for tomorrow. I work with church hurt issues both for church professionals as well as participants. My hope is to see clients flourish when they feel stuck, and to live life to the fullest!
My ideal client understands that they need a seasoned and perceptive counselor to walk with them in their issues which usually stem from challenging relationships. These could include processing anxiety, depression, marital issues, loss & grief, aging, sexual dysfunction or addiction, life transitions, and navigating the challenges from adolescence all the way through to senior adulthood. My clients are seeking help with today and hope for tomorrow. I work with church hurt issues both for church professionals as well as participants. My hope is to see clients flourish when they feel stuck, and to live life to the fullest!
(830) 293-3167 View (830) 293-3167

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Boerne, TX

100+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Boerne, TX who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
84% Depression
82% Self Esteem
79% Relationship Issues
73% Trauma and PTSD
71% Coping Skills
66% Grief

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% BlueCross and BlueShield
76% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
75% Aetna

How Therapists in Boerne, TX see their clients

79% In Person and Online
21% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
16% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Boerne?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.