Therapists in Whakatīwai

Photo of Bridget Stella Wilson, Counsellor
I believe that addiction is a primary disease and that a person's other issues will stem from this fundamental problem. Therefore it's important to treat the addiction first. People with addiction often use alcohol and other drugs or behaviours to 'cope'. In the beginning the substance or the behaviour (such as sex addiction) was the 'solution', but after a while it became the problem. My approach is to offer therapy that is focused on a new, results-focused solution. The goal is offering my clients 'tools' so that they can change behaviour that is causing problems in their lives.
I believe that addiction is a primary disease and that a person's other issues will stem from this fundamental problem. Therefore it's important to treat the addiction first. People with addiction often use alcohol and other drugs or behaviours to 'cope'. In the beginning the substance or the behaviour (such as sex addiction) was the 'solution', but after a while it became the problem. My approach is to offer therapy that is focused on a new, results-focused solution. The goal is offering my clients 'tools' so that they can change behaviour that is causing problems in their lives.
0800 627 004 x82 View 0800 627 004 x82

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Lilian Teresa Jennings, Counsellor, MNZCCA
Lilian Teresa Jennings
Counsellor, MNZCCA
Thames 3500
I love working with families and individuals are experiencing difficulties in life. People who are searching for meaning to life and wanting to achieve their full potential in life. Individuals searching for answers or questions in regard to Grief and Loss, Spiritually and Christianity, Spiritual abuse are welcome.
I love working with families and individuals are experiencing difficulties in life. People who are searching for meaning to life and wanting to achieve their full potential in life. Individuals searching for answers or questions in regard to Grief and Loss, Spiritually and Christianity, Spiritual abuse are welcome.
0800 627 003 x90 View 0800 627 003 x90
Photo of Dr. Shelley Harvill - Shelley Harvill - Rainbow Consulting, Psychologist, PhD
Shelley Harvill - Rainbow Consulting
Psychologist, PhD
Online Only
Shelley obtained a Doctorate of Psychology and completed post grad work in Nova Scotia Canada in 2010. She is a NZ registered clinical psychologist & served in the role of Clinical Manager of a National DBT Service. DBT is an integration of western and eastern psychological philosophies and along with EMDR and CBT based prolonged exposure, is one of Shelley’s preferred therapeutic models for working with emotional regulation, complex needs and trauma.
Shelley obtained a Doctorate of Psychology and completed post grad work in Nova Scotia Canada in 2010. She is a NZ registered clinical psychologist & served in the role of Clinical Manager of a National DBT Service. DBT is an integration of western and eastern psychological philosophies and along with EMDR and CBT based prolonged exposure, is one of Shelley’s preferred therapeutic models for working with emotional regulation, complex needs and trauma.
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Photo of Lottie Mackie, Counsellor, NZAC - Provisional
Lottie Mackie
Counsellor, NZAC - Provisional
1 Endorsed
Paeroa 3600
I welcome clients who are feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or unsettled, often during a time of change in their life. This might include becoming a parent, grief, getting older, or other major life transitions. People who are looking for a safe and supportive space where they can talk openly, feel listened to, and make sense of what they are going through. Our goals may include feeling more confident, regaining a sense of control, and identify a preferred understanding of your experiences.
I welcome clients who are feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or unsettled, often during a time of change in their life. This might include becoming a parent, grief, getting older, or other major life transitions. People who are looking for a safe and supportive space where they can talk openly, feel listened to, and make sense of what they are going through. Our goals may include feeling more confident, regaining a sense of control, and identify a preferred understanding of your experiences.
0800 452 530 x40 View 0800 452 530 x40
Photo of Debbie Buddle, Counsellor, MNZCCA
Debbie Buddle
Counsellor, MNZCCA
Online Only
I am a registered counsellor, ACC sensitive claims counsellor, Victims Support Counsellor, EMDR therapist, Psychotherapist, Clinical Nutritionist and Naturopath. I have a holistic approach to mental health and also facilitate many different mental health workshops and events. I also provide supervision for ACC sensitive claims providers. I offer a non-judgemental, supportive, and collaborative space to express and be curious to help you reclaim your authentic self.
I am a registered counsellor, ACC sensitive claims counsellor, Victims Support Counsellor, EMDR therapist, Psychotherapist, Clinical Nutritionist and Naturopath. I have a holistic approach to mental health and also facilitate many different mental health workshops and events. I also provide supervision for ACC sensitive claims providers. I offer a non-judgemental, supportive, and collaborative space to express and be curious to help you reclaim your authentic self.
0800 447 359 x30 View 0800 447 359 x30
Photo of Tersia Delene Woodenberg - Soulcheck Holistic Therapy, MCouns
Soulcheck Holistic Therapy
Verified Verified
Serves Area
My passion and purpose? To empower you to live your best Life. Acknowledging the principle that humans are interdependent beings, we understand that isolation is not sustainable; we rely on healthy relationships, community, connection and empathy for our well-being. Recognising that shifts in our circumstances, whether good or bad, can affect our, mental, physical, and spiritual well-being. My holistic approach goes beyond symptom management to identify and address the root causes of your challenge. "Empowering you with holistic, client-centered strategies to achieve health, well-being, and inner healing for yourself.
My passion and purpose? To empower you to live your best Life. Acknowledging the principle that humans are interdependent beings, we understand that isolation is not sustainable; we rely on healthy relationships, community, connection and empathy for our well-being. Recognising that shifts in our circumstances, whether good or bad, can affect our, mental, physical, and spiritual well-being. My holistic approach goes beyond symptom management to identify and address the root causes of your challenge. "Empowering you with holistic, client-centered strategies to achieve health, well-being, and inner healing for yourself.
0800 468 212 x74 View 0800 468 212 x74
Photo of Natasha Fromont - Anchor Within Counselling, Counsellor, NZAC - Provisional
Anchor Within Counselling
Counsellor, NZAC - Provisional
Serves Area
My name is Natasha and I am a qualified counsellor registered with NZAC. I work from a relational space, understanding that everyone's experiences and life situations are unique to them. Life, its expectations and demands can become challenging. Carrying things can become exhausting and we all need someone to talk to. I am here to listen and understand what your situation means to you.
My name is Natasha and I am a qualified counsellor registered with NZAC. I work from a relational space, understanding that everyone's experiences and life situations are unique to them. Life, its expectations and demands can become challenging. Carrying things can become exhausting and we all need someone to talk to. I am here to listen and understand what your situation means to you.
0800 451 520 x29 View 0800 451 520 x29
Photo of Teia Michelle-Anne Black, Counsellor, NZAC - Provisional
Teia Michelle-Anne Black
Counsellor, NZAC - Provisional
Serves Area
Kia Ora Koutou, Ngā mihi maioha ki a koutou, He Uri ahau noo Waikato As a Māori cultural-practising counsellor, I walk alongside individuals and whānau with compassion, humility, and respect. My mahi is shaped by the teachings of my tūpuna and the strength of my whakapapa. I believe healing happens when people feel heard, valued, and connected — to themselves, to others, and to the wider world around them. I strive to create a warm, safe space where your story can unfold, your mana is upheld, and your journey forward is supported through both therapeutic practice and te ao Māori principles. E tukuna au taku mihi kia koutou katoa.
Kia Ora Koutou, Ngā mihi maioha ki a koutou, He Uri ahau noo Waikato As a Māori cultural-practising counsellor, I walk alongside individuals and whānau with compassion, humility, and respect. My mahi is shaped by the teachings of my tūpuna and the strength of my whakapapa. I believe healing happens when people feel heard, valued, and connected — to themselves, to others, and to the wider world around them. I strive to create a warm, safe space where your story can unfold, your mana is upheld, and your journey forward is supported through both therapeutic practice and te ao Māori principles. E tukuna au taku mihi kia koutou katoa.
0800 447 359 x26 View 0800 447 359 x26

Online Therapists

Photo of Sofia Antonella Scozzafava, Counsellor, MNZAC
Sofia Antonella Scozzafava
Counsellor, MNZAC
Tauranga 3110
Kia ora koutou. Hi there! I'm Sofia, originally from Argentina (you might notice my funny accent). At the heart of my work is the belief that you have what you need to get where you want, but some things might get in the way or 'block' that from happening. I strongly believe that healing happens in connection, when people feel seen, safe, and supported to make meaning of their experiences. My work is both relational and holistic, integrating attachment-based, trauma-informed and systemic approaches. I am trained in EFT, Theraplay, Systemic therapy and IFS.
Kia ora koutou. Hi there! I'm Sofia, originally from Argentina (you might notice my funny accent). At the heart of my work is the belief that you have what you need to get where you want, but some things might get in the way or 'block' that from happening. I strongly believe that healing happens in connection, when people feel seen, safe, and supported to make meaning of their experiences. My work is both relational and holistic, integrating attachment-based, trauma-informed and systemic approaches. I am trained in EFT, Theraplay, Systemic therapy and IFS.
0800 627 050 x51 View 0800 627 050 x51
Photo of Victor Ko, Counsellor, NZAC - Provisional
Victor Ko
Counsellor, NZAC - Provisional
Auckland 1052
As a counsellor, I deeply value and respect each person's unique experiences and perspectives. Understanding the specific challenges my clients face—whether they arise from anxiety, trauma, relationships, identity, or other personal struggles—is essential. Their needs, such as emotional support, self-understanding, and coping strategies, are just as diverse and shaped by individual life journeys. Providing a safe and empathetic space allows clients to explore their thoughts and emotions freely. This supportive environment fosters growth, resilience, and meaningful transformation, empowering them to navigate their challenges and move
As a counsellor, I deeply value and respect each person's unique experiences and perspectives. Understanding the specific challenges my clients face—whether they arise from anxiety, trauma, relationships, identity, or other personal struggles—is essential. Their needs, such as emotional support, self-understanding, and coping strategies, are just as diverse and shaped by individual life journeys. Providing a safe and empathetic space allows clients to explore their thoughts and emotions freely. This supportive environment fosters growth, resilience, and meaningful transformation, empowering them to navigate their challenges and move
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Photo of Brittany Nicholson, Counsellor, NZAC - Provisional
Brittany Nicholson
Counsellor, NZAC - Provisional
Papakura 2113
Offering counselling in Pahurehure South Auckland. Therapy is not a one size fits all. As a practitioner I believe in working alongside my clients to tailor sessions for them. I bring a number of years of experience in psycho education and therapy and am an ACC sensitive claims approved counsellor. In therapy I want to hear about who you are, where you're struggling, then move together towards self discovery and a more beneficial outcome. Sometimes we don't even know why we are struggling and that's ok too. Therapy is about self-discovery, healing, learning new tools, and moving forward.
Offering counselling in Pahurehure South Auckland. Therapy is not a one size fits all. As a practitioner I believe in working alongside my clients to tailor sessions for them. I bring a number of years of experience in psycho education and therapy and am an ACC sensitive claims approved counsellor. In therapy I want to hear about who you are, where you're struggling, then move together towards self discovery and a more beneficial outcome. Sometimes we don't even know why we are struggling and that's ok too. Therapy is about self-discovery, healing, learning new tools, and moving forward.
027 933 2334 View 027 933 2334
Photo of Melisa Cane-Franzetti, Counsellor, MNZAC
Melisa Cane-Franzetti
Counsellor, MNZAC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Online Sex & Relationship Therapist — Helping Adults & Couples Build Confidence, Connection, and Healthy Intimacy Modern dating and relationships can leave even the most self-aware people feeling disconnected, anxious, or unsure of what they want. You may be navigating intimacy or desire challenges, sexual concerns, boundaries, communication issues, anxiety, or life and cultural transitions. If you’re ready to gain clarity, confidence, and deeper connection, therapy with me provides a supportive, sex-positive, and practical space to explore your needs and relationships.
Online Sex & Relationship Therapist — Helping Adults & Couples Build Confidence, Connection, and Healthy Intimacy Modern dating and relationships can leave even the most self-aware people feeling disconnected, anxious, or unsure of what they want. You may be navigating intimacy or desire challenges, sexual concerns, boundaries, communication issues, anxiety, or life and cultural transitions. If you’re ready to gain clarity, confidence, and deeper connection, therapy with me provides a supportive, sex-positive, and practical space to explore your needs and relationships.
0800 627 003 x33 View 0800 627 003 x33
Photo of Kushlani Munasinghe, Psychologist, PhD
Kushlani Munasinghe
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Tauranga 3112
Kia ora, hello, and Ayubowan. I’m Kushlani Munasinghe, a Clinical Psychologist and Clinical Supervisor, originally from Sri Lanka and now based in Tauranga. If you’ve found your way here, you might be thinking about starting therapy or simply wondering how it could help. You might be dealing with stress, anxiety or low mood, carrying the effects of trauma, struggling with relationships or attachment, finding it hard to manage emotions, exploring your identity, or navigating migration and life transitions. My approach is warm, open, inclusive, and creative, and I like to make space for reflection and curiosity.
Kia ora, hello, and Ayubowan. I’m Kushlani Munasinghe, a Clinical Psychologist and Clinical Supervisor, originally from Sri Lanka and now based in Tauranga. If you’ve found your way here, you might be thinking about starting therapy or simply wondering how it could help. You might be dealing with stress, anxiety or low mood, carrying the effects of trauma, struggling with relationships or attachment, finding it hard to manage emotions, exploring your identity, or navigating migration and life transitions. My approach is warm, open, inclusive, and creative, and I like to make space for reflection and curiosity.
0800 627 003 x40 View 0800 627 003 x40
Photo of Sol Marques, Psychologist, MPsych
Sol Marques
Psychologist, MPsych
1 Endorsed
Tauranga 3110
Kia ora koutou katoa. My name is Sol, I am originally from Argentina, where I earned my degree in Clinical Psychology. I ventured to New Zealand in early 2020 and became a registered Clinical Psychologist with the New Zealand Psychologists Board. Bringing over a decade of experience, my practice is deeply rooted in a trauma-capable approach, acknowledging the profound impact of past experiences on mental health. With a passion for assisting individuals on their mental health journeys, I am eager to collaborate with you as you navigate your path towards well-being. I am providing sessions in English and Spanish.
Kia ora koutou katoa. My name is Sol, I am originally from Argentina, where I earned my degree in Clinical Psychology. I ventured to New Zealand in early 2020 and became a registered Clinical Psychologist with the New Zealand Psychologists Board. Bringing over a decade of experience, my practice is deeply rooted in a trauma-capable approach, acknowledging the profound impact of past experiences on mental health. With a passion for assisting individuals on their mental health journeys, I am eager to collaborate with you as you navigate your path towards well-being. I am providing sessions in English and Spanish.
0800 468 212 x71 View 0800 468 212 x71
Photo of Anthea Hall, Psychotherapist, MPsych, PBANZ
Anthea Hall
Psychotherapist, MPsych, PBANZ
Kumeu 0810
I offer an approach that is curious but respectful. I am trained in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, a talking therapy that helps children and teens understand their thoughts, feelings, and behaviours, by recognising emotions, patterns of behaviour, relationships, and past experiences that are contributing to their distress. I will help you understand the root cause of issues, and assist the development of self awareness and self regulation. This includes anxiety, depression, inattention, nightmares, wetting and soiling in younger children, tantrums, anger outbursts, separation anxiety and attachment issues.
I offer an approach that is curious but respectful. I am trained in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, a talking therapy that helps children and teens understand their thoughts, feelings, and behaviours, by recognising emotions, patterns of behaviour, relationships, and past experiences that are contributing to their distress. I will help you understand the root cause of issues, and assist the development of self awareness and self regulation. This includes anxiety, depression, inattention, nightmares, wetting and soiling in younger children, tantrums, anger outbursts, separation anxiety and attachment issues.
0800 451 540 x85 View 0800 451 540 x85
Photo of Katherine Elizabeth D'Arcy-Young - Cambridge Creative Counselling NZ, Counsellor, NZAC - Provisional
Cambridge Creative Counselling NZ
Counsellor, NZAC - Provisional
Cambridge 3493
Life can feel overwhelming when you're carrying the weight of past experiences while trying to navigate the present and move toward the future you want. You might feel stuck, lost, or unsure of who you truly are. Maybe you’re processing grief, loss, changes in identity, or challenges around sexuality. You may also be facing transitions, difficult emotions, or uncertainty about the path ahead. Whatever brings you here, you don’t have to navigate it alone. At Cambridge Creative Counselling, I offer a safe, compassionate space to explore your experiences freely, without judgment.
Life can feel overwhelming when you're carrying the weight of past experiences while trying to navigate the present and move toward the future you want. You might feel stuck, lost, or unsure of who you truly are. Maybe you’re processing grief, loss, changes in identity, or challenges around sexuality. You may also be facing transitions, difficult emotions, or uncertainty about the path ahead. Whatever brings you here, you don’t have to navigate it alone. At Cambridge Creative Counselling, I offer a safe, compassionate space to explore your experiences freely, without judgment.
0210 824 5029 View 0210 824 5029
Photo of Ryan Murray, Counsellor, NZAC - Provisional
Ryan Murray
Counsellor, NZAC - Provisional
2 Endorsed
Hamilton 3214
Life can bring its share of challenges, whether they feel overwhelming or are simply moments when you need someone to talk with. I am able to provide a safe, supportive space where we can work together to navigate what’s on your mind. I am a qualified counselor with a Bachelor of Counselling and registration with the New Zealand Association of Counsellors (NZAC). My experience includes working with people from their teens, through to later life stages, supporting with issues such as anxiety, depression, grief, relationship struggles, bullying, and identity work.
Life can bring its share of challenges, whether they feel overwhelming or are simply moments when you need someone to talk with. I am able to provide a safe, supportive space where we can work together to navigate what’s on your mind. I am a qualified counselor with a Bachelor of Counselling and registration with the New Zealand Association of Counsellors (NZAC). My experience includes working with people from their teens, through to later life stages, supporting with issues such as anxiety, depression, grief, relationship struggles, bullying, and identity work.
0800 451 540 x78 View 0800 451 540 x78
Photo of Dr. Gudrun Court, Psychologist
Dr. Gudrun Court
Psychologist
Auckland 1024
Support through times of transition and change, helping navigate life’s challenges with greater understanding and self-compassion. Strengths-based and neuroaffirming support - including specialised assessment and guidance through overwhelm, burnout, and the grief that can follow a new diagnosis.
Support through times of transition and change, helping navigate life’s challenges with greater understanding and self-compassion. Strengths-based and neuroaffirming support - including specialised assessment and guidance through overwhelm, burnout, and the grief that can follow a new diagnosis.
0800 627 004 x88 View 0800 627 004 x88
Photo of Jeannie Reader, Psychotherapist
Jeannie Reader
Psychotherapist
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I aim to provide a safe, compassionate, and culturally grounded environment where you feel genuinely seen, heard, and empowered to explore what matters most to you. Together, we can work toward healing, growth, and meaningful change. Whether you seek clarity, connection, or a renewed sense of purpose, I am here to walk alongside you.
I aim to provide a safe, compassionate, and culturally grounded environment where you feel genuinely seen, heard, and empowered to explore what matters most to you. Together, we can work toward healing, growth, and meaningful change. Whether you seek clarity, connection, or a renewed sense of purpose, I am here to walk alongside you.
0800 468 212 x50 View 0800 468 212 x50
Photo of Leah Nausbaum, MSc
Leah Nausbaum
Verified Verified
Auckland 1052
As a registered clinical social worker and counsellor, I understand how life can be deeply beautiful and so hard at the same time. It often feels hard because it is hard. Counselling can help you work through those challenges. It can help your voice feel louder and clearer, can help you understand your emotions, find ways to live in alignment with your values, and live the one precious life you want to live. Whether you are struggling with a recent change, feeling overwhelmed, need practical strategies or emotional support, I am available to support you.
As a registered clinical social worker and counsellor, I understand how life can be deeply beautiful and so hard at the same time. It often feels hard because it is hard. Counselling can help you work through those challenges. It can help your voice feel louder and clearer, can help you understand your emotions, find ways to live in alignment with your values, and live the one precious life you want to live. Whether you are struggling with a recent change, feeling overwhelmed, need practical strategies or emotional support, I am available to support you.
0800 451 540 x76 View 0800 451 540 x76

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Whakatīwai

< 10

Counsellors in Whakatīwai who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Addiction
100% Anxiety
100% Sex Therapy
100% Life Coaching
100% Substance Use
100% Behavioural Issues

Average years in practice

17 Years

Gender breakdown

100% Female

How Counsellors in Whakatīwai see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Whakatīwai?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Psychologists listed in the directory are registered with the New Zealand Psychologists Board under the Health Practitioners Competency Assurance Act 2003 (HPCA Act). To be listed in the directory, psychotherapists must be registered through the Psychotherapists Board of Aotearoa New Zealand. Counsellors listed in the directory should have a minimum training of NZQF 6 or higher, and many are registered with a professional body, such as the New Zealand Association of Counsellors (NZAC).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for counsellors in New Zealand, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, and psychotherapists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in New Zealand.

Psychologists possess a minimum of a master's degree in Psychology and are registered with the New Zealand Psychologists Board. Psychotherapists typically hold the equivalent of a Master's or Doctorate Degree in Psychotherapy, depending on their programme of study. Many psychotherapists have themselves undergone psychotherapy as part of their training. In order to be a member of NZAC, Counsellors must have a bachelor's or master's degree in Counselling and complete ongoing professional development and education.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in New Zealand could be between $100 and $200. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. To access these services you will need to be assessed and referred by your GP or family doctor. However, you will have limited choice regarding the specialist and the length of treatment that will be assigned to you. In addition, Community Mental Health and Addiction services are also available through your local District Health Board (DHB).

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals registered with the Boards and/or who are members of professional organisations are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.