Counselling in K78

Photo of Kasia Kolek, Counsellor, MA, MIACP
Kasia Kolek
Counsellor, MA, MIACP
Lucan, County Dublin K78
Find Safety, Peace, and Joy Within Yourself, Your Life, and Your Relationships. I’m a fully accredited Psychotherapist and Trauma Recovery Therapist with over 15 years of experience supporting adults and couples through life’s challenges and transitions. My integrative, holistic approach blends talking therapy, mindfulness, breathwork, and body-based practices to help you reconnect with your inner strength, restore balance, and nurture your mind, body, heart, and spirit.
Find Safety, Peace, and Joy Within Yourself, Your Life, and Your Relationships. I’m a fully accredited Psychotherapist and Trauma Recovery Therapist with over 15 years of experience supporting adults and couples through life’s challenges and transitions. My integrative, holistic approach blends talking therapy, mindfulness, breathwork, and body-based practices to help you reconnect with your inner strength, restore balance, and nurture your mind, body, heart, and spirit.
(01) 267 6552 x48 View (01) 267 6552 x48
Photo of Linda Byrne, Psychotherapist, MSc, MIAHIP
Linda Byrne
Psychotherapist, MSc, MIAHIP
2 Endorsed
Lucan, County Dublin K78
With over 15 years’ counselling and psychotherapy experience, I have supported people from all backgrounds through their life’s challenges. I believe deeply in each person’s capacity to heal, grow, and create meaningful change with my role being to help you gain clarity, build resilience, and move toward a life that feels authentic and fulfilling. I offer support and guidance in a safe, non-judgmental space to those affected by childhood issues, trauma, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, stress, bereavement, relationship challenges, life transitions, anger management among others.
With over 15 years’ counselling and psychotherapy experience, I have supported people from all backgrounds through their life’s challenges. I believe deeply in each person’s capacity to heal, grow, and create meaningful change with my role being to help you gain clarity, build resilience, and move toward a life that feels authentic and fulfilling. I offer support and guidance in a safe, non-judgmental space to those affected by childhood issues, trauma, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, stress, bereavement, relationship challenges, life transitions, anger management among others.
(01) 267 6634 x26 View (01) 267 6634 x26
Photo of Dion Lloyd, Psychotherapist, MSc, MIACP
Dion Lloyd
Psychotherapist, MSc, MIACP
1 Endorsed
Lucan, County Dublin K78
There are many reasons people arrive at therapy, to resolve problems from the past, to help overcome current challenges or worries about the future. My role is to create a confidential and supportive space that is right for you to facilitate your personal growth and change. If you feel that counselling might be something that could help you right now, please do get in touch.
There are many reasons people arrive at therapy, to resolve problems from the past, to help overcome current challenges or worries about the future. My role is to create a confidential and supportive space that is right for you to facilitate your personal growth and change. If you feel that counselling might be something that could help you right now, please do get in touch.
(01) 267 6681 x23 View (01) 267 6681 x23
Photo of Shay Liam Walsh, Counsellor, MA, MIACP
Shay Liam Walsh
Counsellor, MA, MIACP
Lucan, County Dublin K78
I am IACP fully Accredited Counselor/Psychotherapist. I hold a MA in Pluralistic Counselling & Psychotherapy, MA Applied Spirituality, BA (Hons) Psychology & Theology, Dip in Integrative Counselling & Psychotherapy, BA in Integrative Counselling & Psychotherapy. My research areas explore the integrative nature of Spiritual, (Not Religious) and psychological areas of Mental Health. My Therapeutic approach is Humanistic. I strives to utilize a variety of therapeutic modalities that encourage organic Psychological/Emotional/Spiritual growth and personal development within the context of the client’s unique personal circumstances.
I am IACP fully Accredited Counselor/Psychotherapist. I hold a MA in Pluralistic Counselling & Psychotherapy, MA Applied Spirituality, BA (Hons) Psychology & Theology, Dip in Integrative Counselling & Psychotherapy, BA in Integrative Counselling & Psychotherapy. My research areas explore the integrative nature of Spiritual, (Not Religious) and psychological areas of Mental Health. My Therapeutic approach is Humanistic. I strives to utilize a variety of therapeutic modalities that encourage organic Psychological/Emotional/Spiritual growth and personal development within the context of the client’s unique personal circumstances.
(01) 267 6517 x51 View (01) 267 6517 x51
Photo of Sarah Duke, Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Sarah Duke
Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
1 Endorsed
Lucan, County Dublin K78
Gaining an understanding of ourselves and those around us is the first step towards acceptance and possible change. I find it an honour to be alongside my clients as they navigate life's difficulties, and I aim to provide a safe space where they can be heard, validated, and challenged. I work mainly from a person-centred approach, honouring the client's ability to find their own solutions for personal growth.
Gaining an understanding of ourselves and those around us is the first step towards acceptance and possible change. I find it an honour to be alongside my clients as they navigate life's difficulties, and I aim to provide a safe space where they can be heard, validated, and challenged. I work mainly from a person-centred approach, honouring the client's ability to find their own solutions for personal growth.
(01) 267 6527 x64 View (01) 267 6527 x64
Photo of Eoin Shanahan - The Wounded Healer Counselling And Psychotherapy, Psychotherapist, MSc, MIACP
The Wounded Healer Counselling And Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MSc, MIACP
5 Endorsed
Lucan, County Dublin K78
Hello...I'm Eoin! I completely understand the feelings of resistance that come up for people considering therapy...and for this reason, it's important for me to create a casual, non-clinical environment for my clients to feel safe and comfortable in. While helping you work through difficult personal challenges, big life decisions, lacking a sense of self or identity, deeply traumatic events etc...we'll also work towards you building healthier day-to-day habits by helping you understand why you experience the world the way you do through your thoughts and behaviours, as well as exploring the relationship you have with yourself.
Hello...I'm Eoin! I completely understand the feelings of resistance that come up for people considering therapy...and for this reason, it's important for me to create a casual, non-clinical environment for my clients to feel safe and comfortable in. While helping you work through difficult personal challenges, big life decisions, lacking a sense of self or identity, deeply traumatic events etc...we'll also work towards you building healthier day-to-day habits by helping you understand why you experience the world the way you do through your thoughts and behaviours, as well as exploring the relationship you have with yourself.
085 126 7568 View 085 126 7568
Photo of Rita Mooney - Rita Mooney - Positive Connections MIACP, Psychotherapist
Rita Mooney - Positive Connections MIACP
Psychotherapist
Lucan, County Dublin K78
Positive Connections has been born out of a passion and wish to help others​ in their journey through life. I offer a professional, confidential and non-judgemental space in which you can explore your thoughts and emotions. Life can be difficult sometimes and being able to talk things through with an empathic therapist can offer you freedom to speak freely. I am committed to raising awareness of the transformative power of psychotherapy.
Positive Connections has been born out of a passion and wish to help others​ in their journey through life. I offer a professional, confidential and non-judgemental space in which you can explore your thoughts and emotions. Life can be difficult sometimes and being able to talk things through with an empathic therapist can offer you freedom to speak freely. I am committed to raising awareness of the transformative power of psychotherapy.
089 617 3463 View 089 617 3463
Photo of Carmel Henry - Henry Counselling Psychotherapy, Psychotherapist, MIACP
Henry Counselling Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Lucan, County Dublin K78
I believe in the power of healing. I believe in the power of therapy. I believe it can be very difficult to reach out and ask for help. I believe I can help, because I believe in peoples ability to change their lives for the better. I believe personal circumstances can make change seem a daunting task, but little by little, with the right support, it can be life changing. Why do I believe all these things? Because I was in a place where I needed healing and with the right person/people, I changed my life.
I believe in the power of healing. I believe in the power of therapy. I believe it can be very difficult to reach out and ask for help. I believe I can help, because I believe in peoples ability to change their lives for the better. I believe personal circumstances can make change seem a daunting task, but little by little, with the right support, it can be life changing. Why do I believe all these things? Because I was in a place where I needed healing and with the right person/people, I changed my life.
(01) 267 6603 x82 View (01) 267 6603 x82
Photo of Gillian Fagan, Psychotherapist, MIACP
Gillian Fagan
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Lucan, County Dublin K78
You may be capable and self-aware, yet still feel overwhelmed, detached or stuck. Relationships may feel intense or confusing. Perhaps you have been told you are too sensitive, too much, or overthinking. You might wonder why you react so strongly, struggle with rejection, or feel successful on paper but internally dysregulated. I work with adults navigating neurodivergence, including ADHD and autistic identity, Rejection Sensitivity, shame, personality patterns, attachment wounds, trauma and identity shifts. Together, we make sense of what is happening in your nervous system and create something more workable.
You may be capable and self-aware, yet still feel overwhelmed, detached or stuck. Relationships may feel intense or confusing. Perhaps you have been told you are too sensitive, too much, or overthinking. You might wonder why you react so strongly, struggle with rejection, or feel successful on paper but internally dysregulated. I work with adults navigating neurodivergence, including ADHD and autistic identity, Rejection Sensitivity, shame, personality patterns, attachment wounds, trauma and identity shifts. Together, we make sense of what is happening in your nervous system and create something more workable.
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Photo of Annemarie Bennett, Psychotherapist, MSc, MIACP
Annemarie Bennett
Psychotherapist, MSc, MIACP
Lucan, County Dublin K78
Hello, my name is Annemarie. I am a fully IACP accredited psychotherapist with a background in psychology and addiction. My experience includes both private and community based practices and I have worked with a diverse range of clients, of all ages and backgrounds. I offer one to one individual psychotherapy online. I believe therapy isn’t a one size fits all approach and I make it my place to specifically tailor my approach to suit my clients needs. If you are struggling with low mood, anxiety, worrying thoughts, lack of satisfaction, self-esteem, trauma, relationships issues or issues with the self, reach out.
Hello, my name is Annemarie. I am a fully IACP accredited psychotherapist with a background in psychology and addiction. My experience includes both private and community based practices and I have worked with a diverse range of clients, of all ages and backgrounds. I offer one to one individual psychotherapy online. I believe therapy isn’t a one size fits all approach and I make it my place to specifically tailor my approach to suit my clients needs. If you are struggling with low mood, anxiety, worrying thoughts, lack of satisfaction, self-esteem, trauma, relationships issues or issues with the self, reach out.
(01) 233 7063 x56 View (01) 233 7063 x56
Photo of Stewart Geddes, Psychotherapist, MIACP
Stewart Geddes
Psychotherapist, MIACP
1 Endorsed
Lucan, County Dublin K78
I help people stuck in anxious thought loops—chronic worry, panic attacks, intrusive thoughts, OCD, or health anxiety. Before becoming a therapist, I spent nearly 20 years in the corporate world hiding my own anxiety. I know what it’s like to fear being “found out,” to overthink everything, and to feel never good enough. My approach combines CBT and ACT to help you understand your mind, manage anxious thinking, and build confidence. If anxiety is affecting your work, relationships, or peace of mind, we can work together to change that.
I help people stuck in anxious thought loops—chronic worry, panic attacks, intrusive thoughts, OCD, or health anxiety. Before becoming a therapist, I spent nearly 20 years in the corporate world hiding my own anxiety. I know what it’s like to fear being “found out,” to overthink everything, and to feel never good enough. My approach combines CBT and ACT to help you understand your mind, manage anxious thinking, and build confidence. If anxiety is affecting your work, relationships, or peace of mind, we can work together to change that.
(01) 267 6536 x46 View (01) 267 6536 x46
Photo of Caroline Maher, Psychotherapist, MIACP
Caroline Maher
Psychotherapist, MIACP
2 Endorsed
Lucan, County Dublin K78
I work with couples and individuals, providing a neuro-affirmative, open approach. At any stage in life we can be met by challenges that interfere with our happiness and sense of wellbeing. Some of these challenges are caused by events like trauma, bereavement, a diagnosis of physical/mental illness or a relationship breakdown. Or, we may feel out of balance or sad, our thoughts are negative and we can't connect. Our relationships may be suffering. We are not sure what is causing this, we just know that we are not living a full life, something is missing or holding us back. Couples may be in crisis and wondering if they can last.
I work with couples and individuals, providing a neuro-affirmative, open approach. At any stage in life we can be met by challenges that interfere with our happiness and sense of wellbeing. Some of these challenges are caused by events like trauma, bereavement, a diagnosis of physical/mental illness or a relationship breakdown. Or, we may feel out of balance or sad, our thoughts are negative and we can't connect. Our relationships may be suffering. We are not sure what is causing this, we just know that we are not living a full life, something is missing or holding us back. Couples may be in crisis and wondering if they can last.
(01) 267 6570 x64 View (01) 267 6570 x64
Photo of Caroline Conway, Psychotherapist, MIACP
Caroline Conway
Psychotherapist, MIACP
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Do you feel that you have nowhere or nobody to talk to or to express your feelings to? Do you want the freedom to explore your thoughts in a safe place with a kind ear. Are you struggling or do you have worries that you cannot express to the ones closest to you? I work with clients that want to feel safe to explore and talk freely about what is happening for them. There are no judgements or criticisms in my work.
Do you feel that you have nowhere or nobody to talk to or to express your feelings to? Do you want the freedom to explore your thoughts in a safe place with a kind ear. Are you struggling or do you have worries that you cannot express to the ones closest to you? I work with clients that want to feel safe to explore and talk freely about what is happening for them. There are no judgements or criticisms in my work.
(01) 263 0393 x63 View (01) 263 0393 x63
Photo of Valentina Spagnesi, Psychotherapist, MIACP
Valentina Spagnesi
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Serves Area
I am an EMDR and trauma psychotherapist in Dublin, offering therapy for individuals, couples, and expats navigating stress, life transitions, and relationship challenges. I work with adults and couples who want to better understand themselves, process difficult experiences, and build healthier relationships. Many of my clients are professionals, expats, and international individuals living in Dublin who are navigating life transitions, stress, or emotional challenges.
I am an EMDR and trauma psychotherapist in Dublin, offering therapy for individuals, couples, and expats navigating stress, life transitions, and relationship challenges. I work with adults and couples who want to better understand themselves, process difficult experiences, and build healthier relationships. Many of my clients are professionals, expats, and international individuals living in Dublin who are navigating life transitions, stress, or emotional challenges.
(01) 568 2872 x25 View (01) 568 2872 x25
Photo of Rachael Bruton, Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Rachael Bruton
Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I work with adolescents and adults experiencing emotional dysregulation and overwhelm. My approach is helping you to learn the skills to help yourself. Therapy shouldn't be forever, it should be a support to encourage you to actively pursue the life you want. I offer guidance and skills for you to cope better. If you are seeking support, understanding and compassion as you educate and learn about yourself, I am here to help. I also work with adhd, personality disorders, infertility and attachment issues. I help people who have been made feel they're too difficult to help understand and help themselves.
I work with adolescents and adults experiencing emotional dysregulation and overwhelm. My approach is helping you to learn the skills to help yourself. Therapy shouldn't be forever, it should be a support to encourage you to actively pursue the life you want. I offer guidance and skills for you to cope better. If you are seeking support, understanding and compassion as you educate and learn about yourself, I am here to help. I also work with adhd, personality disorders, infertility and attachment issues. I help people who have been made feel they're too difficult to help understand and help themselves.
(01) 267 6692 x11 View (01) 267 6692 x11
Photo of Danny McNeive, Psychotherapist, MIACP
Danny McNeive
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Serves Area
Life can be complex, and at times it can feel heavy. You might be carrying the weight of anxiety, past experiences, or present challenges that are hard to put into words. Sometimes, what we’re feeling doesn’t make sense straight away — but that doesn’t mean it isn’t valid or worth exploring. Counselling offers a space to pause, reflect, and begin to make sense of what’s happening for you. It’s a place where your experience is taken seriously, and where you won’t be judged for how you feel or what you’ve been through. My approach is collaborative and tailored to you.
Life can be complex, and at times it can feel heavy. You might be carrying the weight of anxiety, past experiences, or present challenges that are hard to put into words. Sometimes, what we’re feeling doesn’t make sense straight away — but that doesn’t mean it isn’t valid or worth exploring. Counselling offers a space to pause, reflect, and begin to make sense of what’s happening for you. It’s a place where your experience is taken seriously, and where you won’t be judged for how you feel or what you’ve been through. My approach is collaborative and tailored to you.
(01) 267 6681 x48 View (01) 267 6681 x48
Photo of Celine Moran, Psychotherapist, MIACP
Celine Moran
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Serves Area
I work with individuals to help address a wide range of issues including anxiety, depression, eating disorders, trauma, grief, relationship difficulties and stress. There are many reasons why people come to counselling and psychotherapy. You may have a particular issue which is causing you distress or a number of issues that are troubling you. Whatever brings you to counselling, I aim to provide a safe, caring and confidential setting where you can explore what is relevant for you.
I work with individuals to help address a wide range of issues including anxiety, depression, eating disorders, trauma, grief, relationship difficulties and stress. There are many reasons why people come to counselling and psychotherapy. You may have a particular issue which is causing you distress or a number of issues that are troubling you. Whatever brings you to counselling, I aim to provide a safe, caring and confidential setting where you can explore what is relevant for you.
(01) 233 7180 x16 View (01) 233 7180 x16
Photo of Katie O'Brien, Psychotherapist, MA, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Katie O'Brien
Psychotherapist, MA, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Life can feel like it’s moving too fast, leaving you seeking space to breathe, reflect, and reconnect with yourself. You may be experiencing anxiety, loss, self-doubt, or overwhelm and want to understand why you feel stuck. Sometimes having a dedicated space for yourself once a week is all you need to build self-awareness, confidence, and balance, helping you live with greater ease, clarity, and purpose.
Life can feel like it’s moving too fast, leaving you seeking space to breathe, reflect, and reconnect with yourself. You may be experiencing anxiety, loss, self-doubt, or overwhelm and want to understand why you feel stuck. Sometimes having a dedicated space for yourself once a week is all you need to build self-awareness, confidence, and balance, helping you live with greater ease, clarity, and purpose.
(01) 267 6527 x21 View (01) 267 6527 x21
Photo of Tony Dunne, Psychotherapist, MIACP
Tony Dunne
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Serves Area
I provide a space which is safe and secure. The Therapeutic place is where you will be listened to and cared for. You will be understood and supported as you go about healing your experiences of trauma and the past. It is my aim to help you cope with the challenges and enable you to respond with new found tools to deal with the difficulties and circumstances of daily life.
I provide a space which is safe and secure. The Therapeutic place is where you will be listened to and cared for. You will be understood and supported as you go about healing your experiences of trauma and the past. It is my aim to help you cope with the challenges and enable you to respond with new found tools to deal with the difficulties and circumstances of daily life.
(01) 267 6570 x54 View (01) 267 6570 x54
Photo of Bernadette Hollywood, Psychotherapist, MIACP
Bernadette Hollywood
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Serves Area
I believe the answers to our own problems are within us. You are the expert. The narrator of your story. Your experience is unique. Only you know what it is to be you. How it feels. My role is simply one of companion. It is hoped that as you journey along at your own pace you will begin to unravel and understand who you are and why you feel the way you do. This insight has the potential to make sense of your difficulties. To find the light in the dark. To see new roads to travel, better ways to live, and new eyes to see the world. To eventually have the courage to take the road meant for you. To become who you truly are.
I believe the answers to our own problems are within us. You are the expert. The narrator of your story. Your experience is unique. Only you know what it is to be you. How it feels. My role is simply one of companion. It is hoped that as you journey along at your own pace you will begin to unravel and understand who you are and why you feel the way you do. This insight has the potential to make sense of your difficulties. To find the light in the dark. To see new roads to travel, better ways to live, and new eyes to see the world. To eventually have the courage to take the road meant for you. To become who you truly are.
(01) 568 2872 x48 View (01) 568 2872 x48

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in K78

40+

Average cost per session

€70

Counsellors in K78 who prioritize treating:

86% Anxiety
77% Self Esteem
75% Relationship Issues
75% Depression
68% Stress
66% Bereavement
61% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Laya
94% Irish Life
94% VHI

How Counsellors in K78 see their clients

93% In Person and Online
7% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
21% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in K78?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, eircode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or eircode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are accredited members of the main professional associations, mainly the Irish Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy (IACP) and the Irish Council for Psychotherapy (ICP). Most Psychologists are accredited members of the Psychological Society of Ireland (PSI).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement in Ireland, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Ireland. Psychologists have earned a doctoral degree in psychology and many are accredited members of the Psychological Society of Ireland (PSI). Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a doctoral degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the IACP or ICP, they must complete a minimum of an NFQ Level 7 programme with 100 hours of clinical experience and a minimum of 450 hours of post-training clinical experience under clinical supervision.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in Ireland could cost between €50 – €90 when seeing a counsellor and €75 - €120 or more when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The National Counselling Service (NCS) is a government-funded service that provides short to medium term counselling and psychotherapy for free to individuals who have experienced trauma or abuse. The service can be accessed by GP referral or self-referral.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your eircode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the IACP, the ICP, or PSI are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a child is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.