Counselling in Cahersiveen

Photo of Shane O’Sullivan, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Shane O’Sullivan
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Serves Area
Many people come to therapy with symptoms that feel confusing or difficult to explain. You may be experiencing anxiety, low mood, low self-esteem, relationship difficulties, panic, or find yourself caught in repeating patterns that you can’t seem to shift. You might feel overwhelmed or unsure why these reactions keep showing up. Often, these struggles have roots in earlier experiences or protective ways you learned to cope. Therapy offers space to understand what’s beneath the symptoms, to feel less alone with what you’re carrying, and to move toward real and lasting change.
Many people come to therapy with symptoms that feel confusing or difficult to explain. You may be experiencing anxiety, low mood, low self-esteem, relationship difficulties, panic, or find yourself caught in repeating patterns that you can’t seem to shift. You might feel overwhelmed or unsure why these reactions keep showing up. Often, these struggles have roots in earlier experiences or protective ways you learned to cope. Therapy offers space to understand what’s beneath the symptoms, to feel less alone with what you’re carrying, and to move toward real and lasting change.
087 791 5725 View 087 791 5725
Photo of Ciara Tangney, Psychotherapist, MIACP
Ciara Tangney
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Serves Area
Psychotherapy is a process where you can meet in a professionally safe and confidential setting. Gaining clarity, understanding of your feelings, behaviors and insight awareness into your personal experiences. I bring variety of professional and holistic skills, allowing a caring ability in establishing a relational therapeutic relationship with you. Together identifying and understanding your needs. Encouraging a compassion for self while empowering your life goals with respect for differences in your environmental cultural beliefs and values.
Psychotherapy is a process where you can meet in a professionally safe and confidential setting. Gaining clarity, understanding of your feelings, behaviors and insight awareness into your personal experiences. I bring variety of professional and holistic skills, allowing a caring ability in establishing a relational therapeutic relationship with you. Together identifying and understanding your needs. Encouraging a compassion for self while empowering your life goals with respect for differences in your environmental cultural beliefs and values.
(01) 267 6517 x68 View (01) 267 6517 x68

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Lorraine Boyle - Lorraine Boyle Counselling, Counsellor, MIACP
Lorraine Boyle Counselling
Counsellor, MIACP
Tralee, County Kerry V92
Waitlist for new clients
I offer compassionate & confidential counselling to adults. Individual face to face and phone counselling available from an integrative approach, providing a non judgmental space to explore at your own pace.
I offer compassionate & confidential counselling to adults. Individual face to face and phone counselling available from an integrative approach, providing a non judgmental space to explore at your own pace.
083 872 8420 View 083 872 8420
Photo of Edel Kelleher, Psychotherapist, MA, MIACP
Edel Kelleher
Psychotherapist, MA, MIACP
Online Only
Online/Telephone accredited Counsellor & Psychotherapist and member of IACP. When we have experienced trauma or difficulties in our lives, we may feel a low sense of worth, lack of belief in ourselves, or struggle in relationships with others. We may feel a lack of motivation, stress, anxiety or depression and find it difficult to cope. Therapy can help to uncover our thoughts, feelings and beliefs about ourselves and others, and how these impact on our lives. Feeling heard can support us to heal trauma, losses or painful experiences we have been through, as well as to understand ourselves better.
Online/Telephone accredited Counsellor & Psychotherapist and member of IACP. When we have experienced trauma or difficulties in our lives, we may feel a low sense of worth, lack of belief in ourselves, or struggle in relationships with others. We may feel a lack of motivation, stress, anxiety or depression and find it difficult to cope. Therapy can help to uncover our thoughts, feelings and beliefs about ourselves and others, and how these impact on our lives. Feeling heard can support us to heal trauma, losses or painful experiences we have been through, as well as to understand ourselves better.
(01) 568 2872 x21 View (01) 568 2872 x21
Photo of Emer Tobin, Counsellor, APCP
Emer Tobin
Counsellor, APCP
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hi, I’m Emer. Life can feel overwhelming at times. Whether you’re struggling with anxiety, trauma, addiction, relationship difficulties, low self-esteem, grief, or navigating a major life transition. You might feel stuck, lost, or simply not like yourself. Whatever is bringing you here, you are very welcome. I offer a warm, supportive, and confidential space where you can talk openly and feel truly heard. My approach is compassionate, respectful, and non-judgmental. I will meet you where you are, and we will work together at a pace that feels right for you. Seeking support is a courageous step. You don’t have to do it alone.
Hi, I’m Emer. Life can feel overwhelming at times. Whether you’re struggling with anxiety, trauma, addiction, relationship difficulties, low self-esteem, grief, or navigating a major life transition. You might feel stuck, lost, or simply not like yourself. Whatever is bringing you here, you are very welcome. I offer a warm, supportive, and confidential space where you can talk openly and feel truly heard. My approach is compassionate, respectful, and non-judgmental. I will meet you where you are, and we will work together at a pace that feels right for you. Seeking support is a courageous step. You don’t have to do it alone.
(01) 267 6603 x71 View (01) 267 6603 x71
Photo of Rebekka O'Sullivan, Psychotherapist, MA, APCP
Rebekka O'Sullivan
Psychotherapist, MA, APCP
Online Only
I understand that it can feel like you’ve tried everything, yet you still struggle to believe in yourself or regain control over your behaviors. I specialize in supporting individuals who are navigating struggles with disordered eating, body image issues, challenges such as ADHD, anxiety, poor self-esteem and relationship issues, If you’re feeling overwhelmed or stuck in a cycle of negative thoughts and behaviors, I want you to know that you don’t have to face this alone. I’m here to provide a safe, compassionate space where you can begin your healing journey.
I understand that it can feel like you’ve tried everything, yet you still struggle to believe in yourself or regain control over your behaviors. I specialize in supporting individuals who are navigating struggles with disordered eating, body image issues, challenges such as ADHD, anxiety, poor self-esteem and relationship issues, If you’re feeling overwhelmed or stuck in a cycle of negative thoughts and behaviors, I want you to know that you don’t have to face this alone. I’m here to provide a safe, compassionate space where you can begin your healing journey.
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Peter O'Connor
Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Tralee, County Kerry V92
Modern life often leaves us feeling disconnected—from our bodies, our calm, and the world around us. Perhaps you feel "stuck" in your head, constantly overthinking, or physically carrying the weight of stress and anxiety. You don't have to stay there. I provide a space where we can slow down and listen to what your mind and body are trying to tell you, helping you move from a state of "surviving" to one of genuine presence.
Modern life often leaves us feeling disconnected—from our bodies, our calm, and the world around us. Perhaps you feel "stuck" in your head, constantly overthinking, or physically carrying the weight of stress and anxiety. You don't have to stay there. I provide a space where we can slow down and listen to what your mind and body are trying to tell you, helping you move from a state of "surviving" to one of genuine presence.
(01) 267 6517 x33 View (01) 267 6517 x33
Photo of Sinead Stack, Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Sinead Stack
Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
4 Endorsed
Tralee, County Kerry V92
Available both in-person and online... Are you ready to explore your feelings? Through compassionate counselling and psychotherapy, I offer a safe and non-judgmental therapeutic space where you can feel supported. Together we can build a genuine and collaborative connection, empowering you on your journey toward healing and growth. A space where individuals can navigate life’s challenges with support and understanding. Healing and growth are fostered through compassionate care remotely or in person.
Available both in-person and online... Are you ready to explore your feelings? Through compassionate counselling and psychotherapy, I offer a safe and non-judgmental therapeutic space where you can feel supported. Together we can build a genuine and collaborative connection, empowering you on your journey toward healing and growth. A space where individuals can navigate life’s challenges with support and understanding. Healing and growth are fostered through compassionate care remotely or in person.
(01) 263 0393 x58 View (01) 263 0393 x58
Photo of Mary Flynn, Psychotherapist, MA
Mary Flynn
Psychotherapist, MA
Tralee, County Kerry V92
Thank you for clicking on my profile. As an integratively trained Psychotherapist and Supervisor, I am able to use techniques and strategies from different therapeutic methods, including relational, person-centred, humanistic, psychodynamic, cognitive behavioural and trauma-informed therapies in my work. This deeper and wider access to different methods, enables me to offer a flexible and holistic approach to treatment, which will be formulated specifically for your individual needs.
Thank you for clicking on my profile. As an integratively trained Psychotherapist and Supervisor, I am able to use techniques and strategies from different therapeutic methods, including relational, person-centred, humanistic, psychodynamic, cognitive behavioural and trauma-informed therapies in my work. This deeper and wider access to different methods, enables me to offer a flexible and holistic approach to treatment, which will be formulated specifically for your individual needs.
(01) 267 6603 x61 View (01) 267 6603 x61
Photo of Damian Morgan, Counsellor, MIACP
Damian Morgan
Counsellor, MIACP
1 Endorsed
Glenbeigh, County Kerry V93
My name is Damian Morgan. I am a Counsellor and Psychotherapist based in Glenbeigh, Co. Kerry. I use the Humanistic Integrative Approach in my work. I believe that every human being has an innate desire to become the best person that they can be. We have an inbuilt resilience and a wisdom that when activated can create healing and growth. My aim as a Counsellor/Psychotherapist is to support my clients in their growth and to provide them with the tools in which to empower themselves to reach their goals.
My name is Damian Morgan. I am a Counsellor and Psychotherapist based in Glenbeigh, Co. Kerry. I use the Humanistic Integrative Approach in my work. I believe that every human being has an innate desire to become the best person that they can be. We have an inbuilt resilience and a wisdom that when activated can create healing and growth. My aim as a Counsellor/Psychotherapist is to support my clients in their growth and to provide them with the tools in which to empower themselves to reach their goals.
(01) 267 6622 x19 View (01) 267 6622 x19
Photo of Rachel Christina Wall - Holistic Counselling, Counsellor, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Holistic Counselling
Counsellor, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
1 Endorsed
Tralee, County Kerry V92
Many of our struggles are not signs of weakness but responses to pain, loss, and unmet emotional needs. I aim to offer a compassionate and non-judgemental space where clients feel safe enough to be understood, reconnect with themselves, and explore healing with curiosity, honesty, and self-acceptance.
Many of our struggles are not signs of weakness but responses to pain, loss, and unmet emotional needs. I aim to offer a compassionate and non-judgemental space where clients feel safe enough to be understood, reconnect with themselves, and explore healing with curiosity, honesty, and self-acceptance.
(01) 267 6692 x16 View (01) 267 6692 x16
Photo of Jackie Harvey - Jackie Harvey Gestalt & EMDR Psychotherapy/Supervi, Counsellor, MIACP
Jackie Harvey Gestalt & EMDR Psychotherapy/Supervi
Counsellor, MIACP
Killorglin, County Kerry V93
Not accepting new clients
Hello and welcome. In my experience of helping people over the years, healing happens when people feel safe and heard. I help people that are struggling in their life, by offering a safe relational space, by using valuable tools from EMDR Therapy and from knowing what works so that you can feel at ease and comfortable in the session. You can work at your own pace on your desired issue, this can be something from the present, e.g a relatioship issues, stress, anxiety, grief and loss, or depression. With EMDR therapy, we can work with issues of historical trauma, PTSD and physical discomfort and pain.
Hello and welcome. In my experience of helping people over the years, healing happens when people feel safe and heard. I help people that are struggling in their life, by offering a safe relational space, by using valuable tools from EMDR Therapy and from knowing what works so that you can feel at ease and comfortable in the session. You can work at your own pace on your desired issue, this can be something from the present, e.g a relatioship issues, stress, anxiety, grief and loss, or depression. With EMDR therapy, we can work with issues of historical trauma, PTSD and physical discomfort and pain.
(01) 267 6622 x14 View (01) 267 6622 x14
Photo of Norma O'Sullivan - Dr Norma O'Sullivan Psychology Services, Psychologist, DCounsPsych, CPsychol PSI
Dr Norma O'Sullivan Psychology Services
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, CPsychol PSI
Serves Area
I work with teens (16 years+) and adult clients. I have specialist experience working with a range of needs and issues across the lifespan, including trauma, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, grief and loss, attachment issues, eating disorders, chronic health conditions, life changes and transitions, emotional dysregulation, self harm, suicide, OCD, ADHD, and Autism.
I work with teens (16 years+) and adult clients. I have specialist experience working with a range of needs and issues across the lifespan, including trauma, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, grief and loss, attachment issues, eating disorders, chronic health conditions, life changes and transitions, emotional dysregulation, self harm, suicide, OCD, ADHD, and Autism.
(01) 267 6622 x21 View (01) 267 6622 x21
Photo of Kirsty Austin Mbacp (Accred), Psychotherapist
Kirsty Austin Mbacp (Accred)
Psychotherapist
Online Only
As an Accredited Integrative Counsellor & EMDR Therapist I understand that you are unique and I will adapt my professional skills to your needs. EMDR (Eye movement desensitisation & reprocessing) is scientifically proven to help with trauma & difficult memories. I have extensive experience working with Trauma, PTSD, Anxiety, Phobias, Depression, Bereavement, Stress, Low Self Esteem and much more. I aim to provide a warm, accepting environment that is confidential and safe. Developing a supportive, non-judgmental relationship to facilitate self understanding, new insights and to help individuals find new ways of being.
As an Accredited Integrative Counsellor & EMDR Therapist I understand that you are unique and I will adapt my professional skills to your needs. EMDR (Eye movement desensitisation & reprocessing) is scientifically proven to help with trauma & difficult memories. I have extensive experience working with Trauma, PTSD, Anxiety, Phobias, Depression, Bereavement, Stress, Low Self Esteem and much more. I aim to provide a warm, accepting environment that is confidential and safe. Developing a supportive, non-judgmental relationship to facilitate self understanding, new insights and to help individuals find new ways of being.
(01) 267 6603 x30 View (01) 267 6603 x30
Photo of Helena Clark, Counsellor, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Helena Clark
Counsellor, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Tralee, County Kerry V92
I work with people with various presenting issues whose common denominator is that they need a positive change or changes in their lives. It could be mental health issues, major life crises, simply feeling lost or stuck at certain points in their lives, or being overwhelmed by daily demands. They all have taken the very first steps towards getting better by contacting a therapist and asking for an appointment.
I work with people with various presenting issues whose common denominator is that they need a positive change or changes in their lives. It could be mental health issues, major life crises, simply feeling lost or stuck at certain points in their lives, or being overwhelmed by daily demands. They all have taken the very first steps towards getting better by contacting a therapist and asking for an appointment.
(01) 263 0393 x54 View (01) 263 0393 x54
Photo of Helena O'Leary, Counsellor, MIACP
Helena O'Leary
Counsellor, MIACP
Dingle, County Kerry V92
Let me help you to navigate challenges such as stress anxiety, identity, self-image, and manage your wellbeing. Life has a way of presenting us with hurdles, and I understand the impact stress and anxiety can have firsthand. Because of certain challenges I faced personally, I discovered the transformative power of seeking support from a counsellor.
Let me help you to navigate challenges such as stress anxiety, identity, self-image, and manage your wellbeing. Life has a way of presenting us with hurdles, and I understand the impact stress and anxiety can have firsthand. Because of certain challenges I faced personally, I discovered the transformative power of seeking support from a counsellor.
(01) 267 6595 x62 View (01) 267 6595 x62
Charlie Daly
Psychologist, MA, CPsychol PSI
Tralee, County Kerry V92
I have worked in all areas of adult mental health in Ireland Hse, and the 13 years experience working with the National Counselling Service NCS Hse One of the Founding members of the National Suicide Registry. Private Practice as a Chartered Counselling Psychologist at Clounalour Medical Centre Tralee 1993 to 2019. Current Practice at Moyderwell Medical Centre Tralee. Initial assessment is key, listening to client view of current issues and past history. I will work in a collaborative way with clients and set out clear goals and pathways to recovery .
I have worked in all areas of adult mental health in Ireland Hse, and the 13 years experience working with the National Counselling Service NCS Hse One of the Founding members of the National Suicide Registry. Private Practice as a Chartered Counselling Psychologist at Clounalour Medical Centre Tralee 1993 to 2019. Current Practice at Moyderwell Medical Centre Tralee. Initial assessment is key, listening to client view of current issues and past history. I will work in a collaborative way with clients and set out clear goals and pathways to recovery .
(01) 233 7903 x77 View (01) 233 7903 x77
Photo of Marina Lynch, Psychotherapist, MSc, MIACP
Marina Lynch
Psychotherapist, MSc, MIACP
Killarney, County Kerry V93
Would you like a safe, non judgmental space to deal with difficult issues impacting your life? Are you experiencing grief, anxiety, depression or symptoms related to childhood/ adult trauma or PTSD. As a psychotherapist with over 13 years experience, I understand how daunting it can be to acknowledge & address such issues. I aim to provide a non judgemental space to support you to do just this. Using a strengths based approach, I can facilitate you to gain an understanding of yourself & the life around you. I can help you develop your own individual resources & coping mechanisms which you can then apply to your life going forward.
Would you like a safe, non judgmental space to deal with difficult issues impacting your life? Are you experiencing grief, anxiety, depression or symptoms related to childhood/ adult trauma or PTSD. As a psychotherapist with over 13 years experience, I understand how daunting it can be to acknowledge & address such issues. I aim to provide a non judgemental space to support you to do just this. Using a strengths based approach, I can facilitate you to gain an understanding of yourself & the life around you. I can help you develop your own individual resources & coping mechanisms which you can then apply to your life going forward.
(01) 230 8537 x87 View (01) 230 8537 x87
Photo of Carole Moran, Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Carole Moran
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Killarney, County Kerry V93
Ernest Hemingway once said “In our darkest moments, we don’t need advice”, I believe what we need is the power of human connection and a reminder that you are not alone. People seek psychotherapy and counselling for different reasons. Maybe for you, it's a time of crisis, change or you're feeling stuck, unfulfilled or overwhelmed. Taking that first step can be daunting and takes courage. I have experience working with trauma, grief, depression, anxiety, low self -esteem and relationship issues. I will, with compassion and respect, support you to gain awareness and understanding of your needs.
Ernest Hemingway once said “In our darkest moments, we don’t need advice”, I believe what we need is the power of human connection and a reminder that you are not alone. People seek psychotherapy and counselling for different reasons. Maybe for you, it's a time of crisis, change or you're feeling stuck, unfulfilled or overwhelmed. Taking that first step can be daunting and takes courage. I have experience working with trauma, grief, depression, anxiety, low self -esteem and relationship issues. I will, with compassion and respect, support you to gain awareness and understanding of your needs.
(01) 233 7180 x15 View (01) 233 7180 x15
Photo of Tara O’Connor, Psychotherapist, MIACP
Tara O’Connor
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Tralee, County Kerry V92
Tara is a Tralee and Killarney based MIACP and EMDR Europe Accredited psychotherapist with a medical background in general nursing. Her personal and theoretical counselling philosophy is grounded in her belief that the client (and all people) are inherently driven towards and have the capacity for growth, thriving and self actualisation. She is trauma informed and has done further training in the areas of fertility counselling, grief and loss studies, CBT for menopause, Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy and EMDR. She provides supports, tools and relational safety to help clients go from surviving to living a more fulfilled life.
Tara is a Tralee and Killarney based MIACP and EMDR Europe Accredited psychotherapist with a medical background in general nursing. Her personal and theoretical counselling philosophy is grounded in her belief that the client (and all people) are inherently driven towards and have the capacity for growth, thriving and self actualisation. She is trauma informed and has done further training in the areas of fertility counselling, grief and loss studies, CBT for menopause, Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy and EMDR. She provides supports, tools and relational safety to help clients go from surviving to living a more fulfilled life.
(01) 267 6527 x61 View (01) 267 6527 x61

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Cahersiveen

< 10

Counsellors in Cahersiveen who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Bereavement
100% Self Esteem
50% Relationship Issues
50% Addiction
50% Infertility

Average years in practice

7 Years

Gender breakdown

50% Female
50% Male

How Counsellors in Cahersiveen see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Cahersiveen?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, eircode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or eircode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are accredited members of the main professional associations, mainly the Irish Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy (IACP) and the Irish Council for Psychotherapy (ICP). Most Psychologists are accredited members of the Psychological Society of Ireland (PSI).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement in Ireland, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Ireland. Psychologists have earned a doctoral degree in psychology and many are accredited members of the Psychological Society of Ireland (PSI). Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a doctoral degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the IACP or ICP, they must complete a minimum of an NFQ Level 7 programme with 100 hours of clinical experience and a minimum of 450 hours of post-training clinical experience under clinical supervision.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in Ireland could cost between €50 – €90 when seeing a counsellor and €75 - €120 or more when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The National Counselling Service (NCS) is a government-funded service that provides short to medium term counselling and psychotherapy for free to individuals who have experienced trauma or abuse. The service can be accessed by GP referral or self-referral.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your eircode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the IACP, the ICP, or PSI are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a child is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.