Cognitive Behavioural (CBT) Counselling in North Beach

Photo of Fintan Davitt, Psychotherapist, MIACP
Fintan Davitt
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I help individuals to explore and develop self-awareness around emotional, behavioral and cognitive issues that are effecting everyday life.
I work with clients who have problems with Addiction, Anxiety, Depression, Workplace Stress, Eating disorders, Self-esteem issues, Relationship difficulties, Sexual abuse and Suicide . I provide both short and long term counselling for adults and teenagers as well as providing support for family members. I conduct assessments and provide On-Line Sessions.
I help individuals to explore and develop self-awareness around emotional, behavioral and cognitive issues that are effecting everyday life.
I work with clients who have problems with Addiction, Anxiety, Depression, Workplace Stress, Eating disorders, Self-esteem issues, Relationship difficulties, Sexual abuse and Suicide . I provide both short and long term counselling for adults and teenagers as well as providing support for family members. I conduct assessments and provide On-Line Sessions.
(01) 267 6544 View (01) 267 6544
Caroline Quinn Counselling and Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MIAHIP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I have over 25 years experience working with families and individuals promoting overall well being through counselling /psychotherapy and Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy.
I offer a safe, professional confidential service for individuals. A safe space were individuals are encouraged to speak without censorship or judgement about their concerns in relation to Relationship issues, Sexuality, Anxiety, Depression, Personal identity, Bereavement, Addiction, fear, loss, self esteem, Trauma or every day issues.
I have over 25 years experience working with families and individuals promoting overall well being through counselling /psychotherapy and Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy.
I offer a safe, professional confidential service for individuals. A safe space were individuals are encouraged to speak without censorship or judgement about their concerns in relation to Relationship issues, Sexuality, Anxiety, Depression, Personal identity, Bereavement, Addiction, fear, loss, self esteem, Trauma or every day issues.
(01) 267 6587 View (01) 267 6587

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Niamh Connolly, Psychotherapist, MIACP
Niamh Connolly
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Verified Verified
Blanchardstown, County Dublin D15
This involves pulling from different theories and methods such as mindfulness, CBT, psychodynamics, body and energy work.
I am a fully qualified Counsellor & Psychotherapist who works with individuals aged 18+ years. I work with a range of issues such as self esteem, relationship difficulties, life transitions, addiction, anxiety, depression, loss, stress, overthinking, trauma and bereavement. My main approach is person centred where the needs of the client guide the therapy process.
This involves pulling from different theories and methods such as mindfulness, CBT, psychodynamics, body and energy work.
I am a fully qualified Counsellor & Psychotherapist who works with individuals aged 18+ years. I work with a range of issues such as self esteem, relationship difficulties, life transitions, addiction, anxiety, depression, loss, stress, overthinking, trauma and bereavement. My main approach is person centred where the needs of the client guide the therapy process.
(01) 230 8537 x50 View (01) 230 8537 x50
Photo of Catherine McFadden, Counsellor, MIACP
Catherine McFadden
Counsellor, MIACP
Verified Verified
Online Only
I use a mix of person-centred, CBT and psychodynamic therapy.
Hi, I'm Catherine, I'm a fully qualified and accredited counsellor, and I help people overcome anxiety, stress and emotional pain and find calm again.I chose to do this work because it is deeply fulfilling to see each person that I work with heal and grow into the person they are meant to be. Do you ever have anxious thoughts, or the desire to feel more confident or to improve your self esteem? Are you feeling stressed out, overwhelmed or lost in life? If you are looking for a life without constant anxiety - I can help you.
I use a mix of person-centred, CBT and psychodynamic therapy.
Hi, I'm Catherine, I'm a fully qualified and accredited counsellor, and I help people overcome anxiety, stress and emotional pain and find calm again.I chose to do this work because it is deeply fulfilling to see each person that I work with heal and grow into the person they are meant to be. Do you ever have anxious thoughts, or the desire to feel more confident or to improve your self esteem? Are you feeling stressed out, overwhelmed or lost in life? If you are looking for a life without constant anxiety - I can help you.
(01) 267 6552 x70 View (01) 267 6552 x70
Photo of Michelle Flynn - An Croí Beag Psychotherapy , Psychotherapist, MA, MIACP
An Croí Beag Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MA, MIACP
Verified Verified
Dun Laoghaire, County Dublin A96
The modalities I lean on most include Interpersonal Psychotherapy, CBT, Somatic Therapy and ERP.
Welcome to my profile, I'm Michelle Flynn, Perinatal Psychotherapist and founder of An Croí Beag Psychotherapy. I enjoy working with a wide range of issues, including but not limited to anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties and trauma. As a mum of three myself I have a particular interest working with perinatal mental health, postnatal depression, reproductive trauma and anxiety. I have extensive experience working with parents on all aspects of parenthood and relationships. Alongside my private practice I work for a national organisation providing Psychotherapy to survivors of sexual trauma.
The modalities I lean on most include Interpersonal Psychotherapy, CBT, Somatic Therapy and ERP.
Welcome to my profile, I'm Michelle Flynn, Perinatal Psychotherapist and founder of An Croí Beag Psychotherapy. I enjoy working with a wide range of issues, including but not limited to anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties and trauma. As a mum of three myself I have a particular interest working with perinatal mental health, postnatal depression, reproductive trauma and anxiety. I have extensive experience working with parents on all aspects of parenthood and relationships. Alongside my private practice I work for a national organisation providing Psychotherapy to survivors of sexual trauma.
(01) 592 4196 x12 View (01) 592 4196 x12
Photo of Noelle Fahy, Psychotherapist, MA, APCP
Noelle Fahy
Psychotherapist, MA, APCP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
As an integrative therapist I use techniques from modalities such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Solution Focused therapy and mindfulness to facilitate clients to bring about the changes they desire in their lives.
Do you feel stressed, anxious and overwhelmed? Does it feel as if every day is a struggle? Are you having the same repeating negative thoughts?Therapy offers a space to notice and explore your thoughts, feelings and behaviours and to be curious about how your past experiences may be impacting your present day life and your thoughts about the future.
As an integrative therapist I use techniques from modalities such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Solution Focused therapy and mindfulness to facilitate clients to bring about the changes they desire in their lives.
Do you feel stressed, anxious and overwhelmed? Does it feel as if every day is a struggle? Are you having the same repeating negative thoughts?Therapy offers a space to notice and explore your thoughts, feelings and behaviours and to be curious about how your past experiences may be impacting your present day life and your thoughts about the future.
(01) 267 6517 x93 View (01) 267 6517 x93
Photo of Tim Walsh - Tim Walsh Counselling, Psychotherapy & Training, Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MIACP
Tim Walsh Counselling, Psychotherapy & Training
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MIACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
This means I draw from a range of techniques and therapies including: CBT, EFT, Mindfulness, Psychodynamic, Gestalt and Existential; to practice a holistic, down-to-earth style of therapy; blending clinical expertise with sensitivity, perception, intuition and humour, if appropriate.
I have been working in ‘helping professions’ for over 25 years and having a valuable impact on people’s lives is very important to me. I listen respectfully, with sensitivity and acceptance and work collaboratively with my clients to develop new skills and perspectives for greater clarity, confidence, positive mental health and peace of mind.
This means I draw from a range of techniques and therapies including: CBT, EFT, Mindfulness, Psychodynamic, Gestalt and Existential; to practice a holistic, down-to-earth style of therapy; blending clinical expertise with sensitivity, perception, intuition and humour, if appropriate.
I have been working in ‘helping professions’ for over 25 years and having a valuable impact on people’s lives is very important to me. I listen respectfully, with sensitivity and acceptance and work collaboratively with my clients to develop new skills and perspectives for greater clarity, confidence, positive mental health and peace of mind.
(01) 592 4196 x93 View (01) 592 4196 x93
Photo of Adrianna Carol Mannix - Adrianna Mannix, MSc
Adrianna Mannix
MSc
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I am a cognitive behavioural therapist/health coach with over 15 years of experience in health and well-being.
My key strengths and qualifications include cognitive behavioural therapy nutrition and body management (mind, body, and soul), resilience and confidence building, motivational interviewing, mindfulness, 1-1 coaching, and group coaching. My background is in health psychology, and my master's is in cognitive behavioural therapy and motivational interviewing.
I am a cognitive behavioural therapist/health coach with over 15 years of experience in health and well-being.
My key strengths and qualifications include cognitive behavioural therapy nutrition and body management (mind, body, and soul), resilience and confidence building, motivational interviewing, mindfulness, 1-1 coaching, and group coaching. My background is in health psychology, and my master's is in cognitive behavioural therapy and motivational interviewing.
(01) 267 6634 x22 View (01) 267 6634 x22
Photo of Dr. Hazel Carrick, Psychologist, PsychD, CPsychol PSI
Dr. Hazel Carrick
Psychologist, PsychD, CPsychol PSI
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I have additional specialist training in Compassion-Focused Therapy, Trauma-Focused CBT, and Attachment-Based Therapy e
Are you feeling overwhelmed by your experiences or stuck with challenges in your life? As a Chartered Clinical Psychologist with over 12 years of experience working both in the NHS and HSE, I specialize in supporting individuals who are navigating complex life transitions and personal difficulties. Whether you are dealing with the emotional challenges of fertility, pregnancy, early parenthood, loss, trauma, relationship issues, or self-esteem concerns, I can help you gain clarity and develop practical tools for lasting change.
I have additional specialist training in Compassion-Focused Therapy, Trauma-Focused CBT, and Attachment-Based Therapy e
Are you feeling overwhelmed by your experiences or stuck with challenges in your life? As a Chartered Clinical Psychologist with over 12 years of experience working both in the NHS and HSE, I specialize in supporting individuals who are navigating complex life transitions and personal difficulties. Whether you are dealing with the emotional challenges of fertility, pregnancy, early parenthood, loss, trauma, relationship issues, or self-esteem concerns, I can help you gain clarity and develop practical tools for lasting change.
View
Photo of Trish Carroll, Psychotherapist, MA, APCP
Trish Carroll
Psychotherapist, MA, APCP
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am an integrative Psychotherapist using person-centred, CBT, existential, gestalt and psychodynamic approaches.
Therapy is food for the soul ! You can disclose what you feel comfortable talking about at your own pace in a confidential, safe, private space. Many people come to therapy to help with current struggles or past experiences, but many also attend just to maintain a good mindset. Each person’s life experience is different and as we know sometimes it can be challenging, therefore talking can help to clear our minds, uncover our struggles, and understand our emotions. Therapy can be challenging, but it can also be very rewarding. Everyone deserves to be heard and supported. Looking forward to meeting you :)
I am an integrative Psychotherapist using person-centred, CBT, existential, gestalt and psychodynamic approaches.
Therapy is food for the soul ! You can disclose what you feel comfortable talking about at your own pace in a confidential, safe, private space. Many people come to therapy to help with current struggles or past experiences, but many also attend just to maintain a good mindset. Each person’s life experience is different and as we know sometimes it can be challenging, therefore talking can help to clear our minds, uncover our struggles, and understand our emotions. Therapy can be challenging, but it can also be very rewarding. Everyone deserves to be heard and supported. Looking forward to meeting you :)
(01) 267 6527 x68 View (01) 267 6527 x68
Photo of Siobh Siobhan Mcgrane, Psychotherapist, MA, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Siobh Siobhan Mcgrane
Psychotherapist, MA, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Verified Verified
Dublin, County D02
I tailor my approach to each client by integrating diverse therapeutic modalities, from cognitive behavioural therapy ( CBT) to the exploration of unconscious symbolism.
I listen, support and map. We explore, connect and contain. You identify, integrate and grow. I am a qualified Integrative psychotherapist who also holds a masters degree in psychoanalytic studies.
I tailor my approach to each client by integrating diverse therapeutic modalities, from cognitive behavioural therapy ( CBT) to the exploration of unconscious symbolism.
I listen, support and map. We explore, connect and contain. You identify, integrate and grow. I am a qualified Integrative psychotherapist who also holds a masters degree in psychoanalytic studies.
(01) 263 0393 x64 View (01) 263 0393 x64
Photo of Gael O'Donnell, Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Gael O'Donnell
Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Verified Verified
Dublin, County D14
I offer a friendly and welcoming therapeutic space, where together we can use approaches like CBT and Trauma-Informed Therapy to fit what works best for you as you navigate your problems.
I’m especially passionate about supporting young adults through big life changes and in particular, adjusting to an ADHD diagnosis. With a background in both Psychology and Integrated Psychotherapy, I take a holistic approach, recognising how our body holds onto past experiences, and I use that awareness to support emotional health and growth.
I offer a friendly and welcoming therapeutic space, where together we can use approaches like CBT and Trauma-Informed Therapy to fit what works best for you as you navigate your problems.
I’m especially passionate about supporting young adults through big life changes and in particular, adjusting to an ADHD diagnosis. With a background in both Psychology and Integrated Psychotherapy, I take a holistic approach, recognising how our body holds onto past experiences, and I use that awareness to support emotional health and growth.
(01) 233 7903 x56 View (01) 233 7903 x56
Photo of Abbey Martin, Psychotherapist, MA, NAPCP
Abbey Martin
Psychotherapist, MA, NAPCP
Verified Verified
Dublin, County D09
I specialise in CBT to support individuals on their journey to wellbeing.
In my practice I aim to support clients dealing with a range of issues. I work collaboratively with clients, offering emotional support as well as practical skills to help them manage any challenges they may be facing. I offer a supportive, non-judgmental space for clients to explore and reflect on their lives. The therapy room is a safe place for clients to know they are being listened to, understood and supported. I believe in the importance of looking after your mental health in order to grow into the best version of yourself.
I specialise in CBT to support individuals on their journey to wellbeing.
In my practice I aim to support clients dealing with a range of issues. I work collaboratively with clients, offering emotional support as well as practical skills to help them manage any challenges they may be facing. I offer a supportive, non-judgmental space for clients to explore and reflect on their lives. The therapy room is a safe place for clients to know they are being listened to, understood and supported. I believe in the importance of looking after your mental health in order to grow into the best version of yourself.
(01) 230 8537 x39 View (01) 230 8537 x39
Photo of Fiona Mary McGuinness - Counselling121.ie, Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Counselling121.ie
Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Verified Verified
Lucan, County Dublin K78
I also work in more direct Cognitive Therapy/ Reality Therapy depending on the client.
I work in different ways depending on what you want. I can use structured work to quickly help you get better, particularly if you have had bereavement or a stressful situation that has caused your mental issues. I also work deeply if that is needed, if there are complex issues affecting you a number of years, this would involve more talk therapy.
I also work in more direct Cognitive Therapy/ Reality Therapy depending on the client.
I work in different ways depending on what you want. I can use structured work to quickly help you get better, particularly if you have had bereavement or a stressful situation that has caused your mental issues. I also work deeply if that is needed, if there are complex issues affecting you a number of years, this would involve more talk therapy.
(01) 267 6595 x15 View (01) 267 6595 x15
Photo of Rosemary King - Rosemary King MIACP Psychotherapist, Counsellor, MIACP
Rosemary King MIACP Psychotherapist
Counsellor, MIACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I use a highly effective EMDR therapy as well as an integrative, gentle but direct approach to counselling, including CBT, and compassion focussed therapy.
Do you need a safe, warm and friendly counsellor who really listens to you as an individual? If you find you are returning to unhelpful behaviours or relationship patterns or coping with stress, anger problems, trauma, anxiety or depression that prevent you from being happy with life them counselling can really make a difference. In our sessions you'll find a thoughtful, supportive and creative environment where we can work at your pace. Whatever your situation is, we will work together for you to be empowered through non judgemental therapy to change unhelpful thoughts and behaviours and move towards real positive lasting change.
I use a highly effective EMDR therapy as well as an integrative, gentle but direct approach to counselling, including CBT, and compassion focussed therapy.
Do you need a safe, warm and friendly counsellor who really listens to you as an individual? If you find you are returning to unhelpful behaviours or relationship patterns or coping with stress, anger problems, trauma, anxiety or depression that prevent you from being happy with life them counselling can really make a difference. In our sessions you'll find a thoughtful, supportive and creative environment where we can work at your pace. Whatever your situation is, we will work together for you to be empowered through non judgemental therapy to change unhelpful thoughts and behaviours and move towards real positive lasting change.
(01) 267 6552 x15 View (01) 267 6552 x15
Photo of James McGuinness - Able Minds Counselling & Psychotherapy , Counsellor, MIACP
Able Minds Counselling & Psychotherapy
Counsellor, MIACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
My therapeutic approach draws from various models of therapy including Person centred, Psychodynamic, CBT and mindfulness based therapies which ensures a personalised approach to each individual's needs.
I work with individuals and couples dealing with relationship issues, anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss, self-esteem and self-confidence, stress management , anger management, life transitions, and personal development and more.
My therapeutic approach draws from various models of therapy including Person centred, Psychodynamic, CBT and mindfulness based therapies which ensures a personalised approach to each individual's needs.
I work with individuals and couples dealing with relationship issues, anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss, self-esteem and self-confidence, stress management , anger management, life transitions, and personal development and more.
087 931 9687 View 087 931 9687
Photo of Mary-Frances Byrne, Psychotherapist, MA
Mary-Frances Byrne
Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Dublin, County D03
I use integrative therapy, primarily Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Person-centred and humanistic.
Together, we will work towards challenging learned patterns of behaviour that no longer serve you and developing helpful coping strategies which will instil confidence in your own ability. Invest in looking after your mental health and well being. You deserve it.
I use integrative therapy, primarily Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Person-centred and humanistic.
Together, we will work towards challenging learned patterns of behaviour that no longer serve you and developing helpful coping strategies which will instil confidence in your own ability. Invest in looking after your mental health and well being. You deserve it.
(01) 267 6517 x30 View (01) 267 6517 x30
Photo of Dr. Damian Tobias Davy, Psychologist, PsychD, CPsychol PSI
Dr. Damian Tobias Davy
Psychologist, PsychD, CPsychol PSI
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dublin, County D07
Services available include psychological assessment, CBT, DBT, counselling/psychotherapy and play therapy.
Difficulties and distress can arise in anyone’s life at any time. Even with the support of family and friends, it may still be difficult to cope and function effectively. Sometimes, it may be easier to talk about personal, family or relationship issues with an independent person. Even without being in crisis, or on the verge of one, underlying feelings of dissatisfaction with life in general may still be experienced. This may also involve profiling and assessment to assist the therapeutic care plan. The Phoenix Centre can help you with these issues in a friendly, professional and confidential environment. www.phoenixcentre.ie
Services available include psychological assessment, CBT, DBT, counselling/psychotherapy and play therapy.
Difficulties and distress can arise in anyone’s life at any time. Even with the support of family and friends, it may still be difficult to cope and function effectively. Sometimes, it may be easier to talk about personal, family or relationship issues with an independent person. Even without being in crisis, or on the verge of one, underlying feelings of dissatisfaction with life in general may still be experienced. This may also involve profiling and assessment to assist the therapeutic care plan. The Phoenix Centre can help you with these issues in a friendly, professional and confidential environment. www.phoenixcentre.ie
(01) 267 6552 x36 View (01) 267 6552 x36
Photo of Noelle Shebani - help2heal, Psychotherapist
help2heal
Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Malahide, County Dublin K36
I integrate Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ( CBT) into my practice, so we'll explore what brought you to therapy and determine the best ways to help you make progress.
Feeling stuck in repetitive patterns? Overwhelmed, burnt out, and stressed? These cycles can stem from unconscious processes, like repetition compulsion, where past experiences influence present behaviours without our awareness. Understanding these patterns is the first step toward change. In therapy, I offer a safe, empathetic, and non-judgmental space to explore your thoughts and behaviours. Together, we'll enhance self-awareness, develop healthier habits, and uncover your best self.
I integrate Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ( CBT) into my practice, so we'll explore what brought you to therapy and determine the best ways to help you make progress.
Feeling stuck in repetitive patterns? Overwhelmed, burnt out, and stressed? These cycles can stem from unconscious processes, like repetition compulsion, where past experiences influence present behaviours without our awareness. Understanding these patterns is the first step toward change. In therapy, I offer a safe, empathetic, and non-judgmental space to explore your thoughts and behaviours. Together, we'll enhance self-awareness, develop healthier habits, and uncover your best self.
(01) 233 7903 x84 View (01) 233 7903 x84
Photo of Michael O' Carroll, Psychotherapist, MSc, MIACP
Michael O' Carroll
Psychotherapist, MSc, MIACP
Verified Verified
Dublin, County D02
We discuss their experiences, challenges, and expectations, assessing whether CBT, psychodynamic, humanistic, or integrative methods suit them best.
I work in an integrative way where a particular style of therapy is chosen to best deal with the presenting issue while also meeting your overall needs. I work 'in person', 'online' and I also provide a Walk & Talk therapy service. Call or text directly on 087 6200 365. Anxiety/Panic, Depression, Stress, Loss, Trauma, Addiction - Alcohol/Drugs/Gambling/Sex/Shopping, Alcohol misuse, Family Issues, Suicide Ideation & Self Harm, Personal Development, Relationship & Sexual Issues, Abuse, Grief/Bereavement, Social Anxiety, Intrusive Thinking, Men's Issues, Assertiveness, Self-Esteem & Confidence, Long Term Illness.
We discuss their experiences, challenges, and expectations, assessing whether CBT, psychodynamic, humanistic, or integrative methods suit them best.
I work in an integrative way where a particular style of therapy is chosen to best deal with the presenting issue while also meeting your overall needs. I work 'in person', 'online' and I also provide a Walk & Talk therapy service. Call or text directly on 087 6200 365. Anxiety/Panic, Depression, Stress, Loss, Trauma, Addiction - Alcohol/Drugs/Gambling/Sex/Shopping, Alcohol misuse, Family Issues, Suicide Ideation & Self Harm, Personal Development, Relationship & Sexual Issues, Abuse, Grief/Bereavement, Social Anxiety, Intrusive Thinking, Men's Issues, Assertiveness, Self-Esteem & Confidence, Long Term Illness.
087 620 0365 View 087 620 0365
Cognitive Behavioural (CBT) Counsellors

How does cognitive behavioural therapy work?

Cognitive behavioural therapy works by exploring how your thoughts affect your emotions and experiences. CBT helps you identify distortions in your thinking. For example, you may tend to jump to the worst case scenario catastrophising or think in extremes (all-or-nothing thinking). A therapist can teach you how to push back against those thoughts to ultimately change your feelings and behavior for the better. They can also provide coping skills to better deal with stressors and challenges.

When do I know to seek treatment with cognitive behavioural therapy?

It’s reasonable to consider cognitive behavioural therapy if you struggle to manage difficult emotions or behaviors to such an extent that you are not getting the most out of life on a day-to-day basis. If you want a shorter term, concrete, skills-based approach, CBT is a great option. (By contrast, other types of therapy may devote more time to exploring your past and its effects.) The decision to seek CBT also depends on the condition you’re treating; CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and many other disorders.

How can I find a cognitive behavioural therapist for someone else?

To find a cognitive behavioural therapist for someone else, you may want to begin by discussing the person’s problem, researching cognitive behavioural therapy, and assessing whether the approach is the right fit. You could then reach out to a few cognitive behavioral therapists in this directory, explain the scenario, have a consultation with those available, and determine who could be a good match.

Why is CBT such a popular form of therapy?

CBT has become a popular form of therapy because it is effective and accessible. Robust research has demonstrated that CBT is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions. And CBT can be learned in relatively few sessions, which means that many people can engage in the process, afford it, and see results quickly. It involves learning concrete skills such as disputing unhelpful thoughts; these skills can also be taught and spread widely.