Photo of Dr Stephen Bainbridge, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Stephen Bainbridge
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
York YO30
Hello and thank you for looking at my profile in this directory. I am a senior and experienced Chartered Clinical Psychologist and EMDR Consultant & Clinical Supervisor based in York and located at Clifton Moor. I have worked in private practice for over 15 years and in the NHS in various mental health services for over 22 years.
Hello and thank you for looking at my profile in this directory. I am a senior and experienced Chartered Clinical Psychologist and EMDR Consultant & Clinical Supervisor based in York and located at Clifton Moor. I have worked in private practice for over 15 years and in the NHS in various mental health services for over 22 years.
01347 668080 View 01347 668080
Photo of Sarah Marzillier, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Sarah Marzillier
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
York YO30  (Online Only)
Hi, I'm Sarah. I specialise in trauma/PTSD, spirituality, and sexual and relationship issues. I am polyamory, BDSM and kink aware. I am sex positive and supportive of diverse relationship orientations, sexualities and lifestyles. I am very experienced in third wave CBT, the trauma therapies (including EMDR) and energy psychology. I have just completed a Certificate in Psychosexual Therapy.
Hi, I'm Sarah. I specialise in trauma/PTSD, spirituality, and sexual and relationship issues. I am polyamory, BDSM and kink aware. I am sex positive and supportive of diverse relationship orientations, sexualities and lifestyles. I am very experienced in third wave CBT, the trauma therapies (including EMDR) and energy psychology. I have just completed a Certificate in Psychosexual Therapy.
01904 929110 View 01904 929110
Photo of Joanne Poole, MA, MBACP, Counsellor
Joanne Poole
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
York YO30
Are you feeling stuck, unheard, unworthy? Are you living your best life, or is something holding you back? Life is challenging at times. Many things can trigger our internal critic, making us believe we are 'less than’ or are failing. We dwell in the past, worrying about mistakes, reliving painful events, remembering unhealthy relationships. It can feel impossible to see a way forward. There are many human emotions - are yours feeling balanced, or are one or two overwhelming the others?
Are you feeling stuck, unheard, unworthy? Are you living your best life, or is something holding you back? Life is challenging at times. Many things can trigger our internal critic, making us believe we are 'less than’ or are failing. We dwell in the past, worrying about mistakes, reliving painful events, remembering unhealthy relationships. It can feel impossible to see a way forward. There are many human emotions - are yours feeling balanced, or are one or two overwhelming the others?
01889 227321 View 01889 227321
Photo of Ruth Tarr, PhD, Psychotherapist
Ruth Tarr
Psychotherapist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
York YO30  (Online Only)
Hi! I'm Ruth, a Psychotherapist, working with clients aged 8 and up, especially families, and I'd like to help you. Are you struggling with feeling anxious, overwhelmed or uncertain about your life? Do you have a child or young person experiencing anxiety, overwhelm, or having emotional moodswings that may be negatively impacting on family life? Perhaps you feel like you don't know how best to support them? Would you like to feel (or like your child to feel) more resilient, calm and balanced? Would you like help getting comfortable with your uncomfortable feelings?
Hi! I'm Ruth, a Psychotherapist, working with clients aged 8 and up, especially families, and I'd like to help you. Are you struggling with feeling anxious, overwhelmed or uncertain about your life? Do you have a child or young person experiencing anxiety, overwhelm, or having emotional moodswings that may be negatively impacting on family life? Perhaps you feel like you don't know how best to support them? Would you like to feel (or like your child to feel) more resilient, calm and balanced? Would you like help getting comfortable with your uncomfortable feelings?
01347 668074 View 01347 668074
Photo of Julie Mitchell - Julie Mitchell Counselling, DCounsPsych, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Julie Mitchell Counselling
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
York YO30
Most people, at some point in their lives, experience emotional difficulties. This may be due to traumatic events, overload of stress, or issues stemming back to childhood. Talking through such difficulties can help to validate and make sense of your feelings, work out how to heal, and move on with positivity and meaning in your life.
Most people, at some point in their lives, experience emotional difficulties. This may be due to traumatic events, overload of stress, or issues stemming back to childhood. Talking through such difficulties can help to validate and make sense of your feelings, work out how to heal, and move on with positivity and meaning in your life.
01347 668102 View 01347 668102
Photo of Em McKenzie, MBACP, Counsellor
Em McKenzie
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
York YO30
Hello. I'm Em (She/Her), a qualified person-centred counsellor and registered BACP and Creative Counsellors member. I offer a safe and confidential space along with my honesty, empathic understanding and respect while we explore the difficulties that bring you to counselling. I work to empower you, to press pause and look within, to discover your own answers and support you to gain a better understanding of yourself. Together we can give some clarity to things that are causing you distress, and help you to think about how you might like things to be different to live a more fulfilling life.
Hello. I'm Em (She/Her), a qualified person-centred counsellor and registered BACP and Creative Counsellors member. I offer a safe and confidential space along with my honesty, empathic understanding and respect while we explore the difficulties that bring you to counselling. I work to empower you, to press pause and look within, to discover your own answers and support you to gain a better understanding of yourself. Together we can give some clarity to things that are causing you distress, and help you to think about how you might like things to be different to live a more fulfilling life.
01347 665151 View 01347 665151
Photo of Annika Giles, MBACP, Counsellor
Annika Giles
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
York YO30
Do you begin your day feeling anxious, low and lack of motivation, wondering your life is not going where you want to be?  Maybe you wake up during the night worrying and stressed about the day ahead? Are you wondering why you feel so lost and lonely, not fitting in whether it is relationship with your partner, family members, friends or even colleagues at work.  Maybe you are a couple feeling increasingly unhappy, fed up and tired with constant arguing or not talking about things?   You are worried about the future of your relationship?
Do you begin your day feeling anxious, low and lack of motivation, wondering your life is not going where you want to be?  Maybe you wake up during the night worrying and stressed about the day ahead? Are you wondering why you feel so lost and lonely, not fitting in whether it is relationship with your partner, family members, friends or even colleagues at work.  Maybe you are a couple feeling increasingly unhappy, fed up and tired with constant arguing or not talking about things?   You are worried about the future of your relationship?
01347 667207 View 01347 667207
Photo of Stella Richardson, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Stella Richardson
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
York YO30
Hello, Are you struggling with difficult emotions, repeating patterns in relationships or problematic behaviours? Maybe you've had painful or traumatic experiences...you've tried really hard to resolve things yourself but nothing seems to be working? Perhaps everything is getting on top of you and now you really want to find new ways to cope? Maybe you just want to be able to get on with the business of living your life, your way, whilst feeling at ease with yourself and comfortable in your own skin? If so, I'm so glad you are here seeking professional help and support. Please read on to find out how I may be able to help you.
Hello, Are you struggling with difficult emotions, repeating patterns in relationships or problematic behaviours? Maybe you've had painful or traumatic experiences...you've tried really hard to resolve things yourself but nothing seems to be working? Perhaps everything is getting on top of you and now you really want to find new ways to cope? Maybe you just want to be able to get on with the business of living your life, your way, whilst feeling at ease with yourself and comfortable in your own skin? If so, I'm so glad you are here seeking professional help and support. Please read on to find out how I may be able to help you.
01347 668134 View 01347 668134
Photo of Dominic French, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Dominic French
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
York YO30
I am an integrative counsellor and psychotherapist who offers a safe, non-judgemental and professional space where you can be supported in exploring your past, present and/or future within a therapeutic relationship that you will feel really seen and heard in. There are many reasons why people might seek therapy as everyone is unique with their own lived experiences - sometimes the issue can be described but other times, there might just be a feeling of wanting life or things to be different. I have a depth of understanding to help support you, gained from extensive training and through both personal and professional experience.
I am an integrative counsellor and psychotherapist who offers a safe, non-judgemental and professional space where you can be supported in exploring your past, present and/or future within a therapeutic relationship that you will feel really seen and heard in. There are many reasons why people might seek therapy as everyone is unique with their own lived experiences - sometimes the issue can be described but other times, there might just be a feeling of wanting life or things to be different. I have a depth of understanding to help support you, gained from extensive training and through both personal and professional experience.
01889 227306 View 01889 227306
Photo of Jemma Austin, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Jemma Austin
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
York YO30
Not accepting new clients
If you are experiencing difficulties that are impacting on your life and have decided to take the step to access some help to make a change to your life, then I can help you. I specialise in working with individuals experiencing difficulties due to depression, anxiety and trauma, drawing upon my skills as an Accredited Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist, an EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing) Practitioner and Interpersonal Psychotherapist for Depression (IPT). I work with an individual to help them gain a better understanding of themselves, their difficulties and strategies improve how they feel.
If you are experiencing difficulties that are impacting on your life and have decided to take the step to access some help to make a change to your life, then I can help you. I specialise in working with individuals experiencing difficulties due to depression, anxiety and trauma, drawing upon my skills as an Accredited Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist, an EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing) Practitioner and Interpersonal Psychotherapist for Depression (IPT). I work with an individual to help them gain a better understanding of themselves, their difficulties and strategies improve how they feel.
01904 929336 View 01904 929336
Photo of Cheryl Squire, MA, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Cheryl Squire
Counsellor, MA, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
York YO30
Are you feeling anxious and distressed? At times do you get frustrated, irritated or angry? Do you have painful unwanted memories or struggle to sleep? Are you feeling sad, low or numb? Are you feeling alone or that no one understands you? Are you feeling overwhelmed and struggling to cope? Do you want to feel calmer and more in control? Do you want to understand how your body is reacting and why you can't think straight? Do you want to cope better on a day-to-day basis. As a qualified integrative, relational counsellor I am able to be alongside you and help you to understand your experience.
Are you feeling anxious and distressed? At times do you get frustrated, irritated or angry? Do you have painful unwanted memories or struggle to sleep? Are you feeling sad, low or numb? Are you feeling alone or that no one understands you? Are you feeling overwhelmed and struggling to cope? Do you want to feel calmer and more in control? Do you want to understand how your body is reacting and why you can't think straight? Do you want to cope better on a day-to-day basis. As a qualified integrative, relational counsellor I am able to be alongside you and help you to understand your experience.
01904 929241 View 01904 929241
Photo of Eni Neo, MA, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Eni Neo
Counsellor, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
York YO30
I am an accredited counsellor with British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP). Highly experienced integrative counsellor of more than 10 years. My last job was a student counsellor with University of York supporting both home and international students who were struggling with their wellbeing, helping them to cope with academic pressures. Before that, I volunteered in York Mind and Women's Centre working with clients from various backgrounds in terms of nationality, ethnicity, faith and economic backgrounds.
I am an accredited counsellor with British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP). Highly experienced integrative counsellor of more than 10 years. My last job was a student counsellor with University of York supporting both home and international students who were struggling with their wellbeing, helping them to cope with academic pressures. Before that, I volunteered in York Mind and Women's Centre working with clients from various backgrounds in terms of nationality, ethnicity, faith and economic backgrounds.
01347 665128 View 01347 665128
Photo of Richard Cooling, MBACP, Counsellor
Richard Cooling
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
York YO30
I am a professional counsellor based in Wetherby and York, who works with adults on a one-to-one basis. If you are looking for counselling, I am here to help you with whatever difficulties you may be going through. I do this by offering a private space to talk about your thoughts and feelings, working with you to make sense of what is happening and change things for the better. This may include specific problems like anxiety and depression, or could be something more general that is harder to put into words. Whatever the issue, we would work together and at your own pace, to improve things in your life.
I am a professional counsellor based in Wetherby and York, who works with adults on a one-to-one basis. If you are looking for counselling, I am here to help you with whatever difficulties you may be going through. I do this by offering a private space to talk about your thoughts and feelings, working with you to make sense of what is happening and change things for the better. This may include specific problems like anxiety and depression, or could be something more general that is harder to put into words. Whatever the issue, we would work together and at your own pace, to improve things in your life.
07799 495140 View 07799 495140
Photo of Dr Helen Blake, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Helen Blake
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
York YO30
I am an HCPC registered Counselling Psychologist who specialises in helping adults work through anxiety, PTSD, and Complex PTSD, including single trauma events, as well as childhood trauma or abuse. If you're finding it difficult to move forward from painful experiences and are seeking relief from anxiety or depressive symptoms, I am here to support you. As an integrative therapist, I draw on a range of therapeutic approaches tailored to your unique needs. My training includes person-centred therapy, EMDR (a trauma-focused therapy), CBT, Compassion-Focused Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).
I am an HCPC registered Counselling Psychologist who specialises in helping adults work through anxiety, PTSD, and Complex PTSD, including single trauma events, as well as childhood trauma or abuse. If you're finding it difficult to move forward from painful experiences and are seeking relief from anxiety or depressive symptoms, I am here to support you. As an integrative therapist, I draw on a range of therapeutic approaches tailored to your unique needs. My training includes person-centred therapy, EMDR (a trauma-focused therapy), CBT, Compassion-Focused Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).
01377 310109 View 01377 310109
Photo of Nicola Birkin - Nicola Jane Birkin
Nicola Jane Birkin
Verified Verified
York YO30
Are you struggling with issues around Eating or an Eating Disorder? Are you feeling uncomfortable with your body and its impacting on your mental health? Are you or a family member avoiding specific foods that you feel concerned about and you want to discuss this further? I am a Specialist Therapist in all these areas and I can help. I have worked in this field for over 20 years with 13 years working in this area in the NHS, more recently I moved to private treatment as Therapist and developing a Day Service again in this area. I also offer dietetic support from a Specialist Dietitian as an option part of the treatment package.
Are you struggling with issues around Eating or an Eating Disorder? Are you feeling uncomfortable with your body and its impacting on your mental health? Are you or a family member avoiding specific foods that you feel concerned about and you want to discuss this further? I am a Specialist Therapist in all these areas and I can help. I have worked in this field for over 20 years with 13 years working in this area in the NHS, more recently I moved to private treatment as Therapist and developing a Day Service again in this area. I also offer dietetic support from a Specialist Dietitian as an option part of the treatment package.
01347 668131 View 01347 668131
Photo of Dr Anne Valerie Hook, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Anne Valerie Hook
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
York YO30
Hello there, thank you for visiting my profile and taking the first important step towards emotional healing and change. I offer a warm, compassionate safe space with which to work together to help understand your current difficulties and dilemmas. With this new shared understanding, which often involves exploring earlier influential experiences, we can then develop an informed plan and strategies to help you move forwards in your life in a more informed, positive and resourced way. I am a senior Clinical Psychologist, with 22 years experience working in adult mental health in the NHS and more recently in private practice.
Hello there, thank you for visiting my profile and taking the first important step towards emotional healing and change. I offer a warm, compassionate safe space with which to work together to help understand your current difficulties and dilemmas. With this new shared understanding, which often involves exploring earlier influential experiences, we can then develop an informed plan and strategies to help you move forwards in your life in a more informed, positive and resourced way. I am a senior Clinical Psychologist, with 22 years experience working in adult mental health in the NHS and more recently in private practice.
01347 668120 View 01347 668120
Austen Mitchell
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
York YO30
I'm an independent cognitive behavioural therapist (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapist (EMDR)
I'm an independent cognitive behavioural therapist (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapist (EMDR)
01347 665145 View 01347 665145
Photo of Dr Vanessa Hunt, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Vanessa Hunt
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
York YO30
Have you been feeling worried, low in mood, or generally fed up?! Are you ready for things to be different and would like support to get there? I work with a wide range of difficulties including anxiety, low mood, trauma, emotion regulation difficulties, and neurodiversity, to name a few. I can provide support using therapies such as CBT, EMDR, and trauma focussed approaches, which I adapt to meet your needs and help you achieve your goal.
Have you been feeling worried, low in mood, or generally fed up?! Are you ready for things to be different and would like support to get there? I work with a wide range of difficulties including anxiety, low mood, trauma, emotion regulation difficulties, and neurodiversity, to name a few. I can provide support using therapies such as CBT, EMDR, and trauma focussed approaches, which I adapt to meet your needs and help you achieve your goal.
01904 935832 View 01904 935832
Photo of Victoria Webb - Sawubona Wellness Collective, MBACP, Counsellor
Sawubona Wellness Collective
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
York YO30
Hi, I’m Victoria and thank you for visiting my profile. I am a counsellor specialising in supporting people experiencing a range of issues including Trauma, Burnout, Anxiety, Low Self-esteem, Depression and Long Covid. Counselling is an investment in yourself, to help you better understand your experiences and feelings. I am here to offer you a space that is completely yours, sessions are tailored to your needs and allow you to safely explore whatever is going on for you; I hold the space for you without agenda or judgement to ensure you feel seen and heard.
Hi, I’m Victoria and thank you for visiting my profile. I am a counsellor specialising in supporting people experiencing a range of issues including Trauma, Burnout, Anxiety, Low Self-esteem, Depression and Long Covid. Counselling is an investment in yourself, to help you better understand your experiences and feelings. I am here to offer you a space that is completely yours, sessions are tailored to your needs and allow you to safely explore whatever is going on for you; I hold the space for you without agenda or judgement to ensure you feel seen and heard.
0113 519 4960 View 0113 519 4960
Photo of Jemima Fisher - Instinctive Counselling, BACP, Counsellor
Instinctive Counselling
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
York YO30
Do you struggle with low self-esteem, anxiety, insecurity, feeling overwhelmed or a challenging relationship? Are you finding it difficult being a new mum, going through the menopause, recovering from abuse or moving past trauma? Have you lost your sense of self? Perhaps you find yourself always putting others first, never saying ‘no’ and feeling like your opinions/desires are not important? Do any of these struggles affect your daily life, relationships and enjoyment, and you wonder if life is always going to feel this hard? But it is possible to live your life in a happier, more positive way. Life won’t always feel this hard.
Do you struggle with low self-esteem, anxiety, insecurity, feeling overwhelmed or a challenging relationship? Are you finding it difficult being a new mum, going through the menopause, recovering from abuse or moving past trauma? Have you lost your sense of self? Perhaps you find yourself always putting others first, never saying ‘no’ and feeling like your opinions/desires are not important? Do any of these struggles affect your daily life, relationships and enjoyment, and you wonder if life is always going to feel this hard? But it is possible to live your life in a happier, more positive way. Life won’t always feel this hard.
01751 200594 View 01751 200594
1

See more therapy options for YO30

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in YO30

30+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in YO30 who prioritize treating:

97% Self Esteem
91% Depression
91% Anxiety
83% Relationship Issues
80% Stress
77% Trauma and PTSD
66% Bereavement

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% Aviva
82% AXA PPP
73% Vitality

How Counsellors in YO30 see their clients

89% In Person and Online
11% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
18% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in YO30?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.