Trauma and PTSD Counselling in Wales

Photo of Ameda Blades, Psychotherapist in Wales
Ameda Blades
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Cardiff CF14  (Online Only)
The modality that I use is person-centred and experiential however I draw from a broad range of theoretical perspectives to work in an integrative way. I work in a sex and body positive way, this includes working with those who work in the sex industry. The majority of my working life has been working with individuals who have experienced personal and vicarious trauma or those who live or work in a chaotic and traumatic environment. When working with dissociative identity disorder as a presentation double length sessions (100 minutes) are available.
The modality that I use is person-centred and experiential however I draw from a broad range of theoretical perspectives to work in an integrative way. I work in a sex and body positive way, this includes working with those who work in the sex industry. The majority of my working life has been working with individuals who have experienced personal and vicarious trauma or those who live or work in a chaotic and traumatic environment. When working with dissociative identity disorder as a presentation double length sessions (100 minutes) are available.
01825 705362 View 01825 705362
Photo of Martin Clegg, Psychotherapist in Wales
Martin Clegg
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Wrexham LL13
I have been practising counselling and psychotherapy in North Wales since 2010. I have been working with a diversity of clients who come to see me about anxiety, stress, depression and low mood, and addictions. During this time I have developed a speciality in trauma: this might be experienced as PTSD - however one understands it, this can be an event or series of events that just will not leave the person alone, will not give them peace. I have learned methods and interventions that help clients to effectively get over this and the other issues that I have mentioned above. In these times when we are living since the  arr
I have been practising counselling and psychotherapy in North Wales since 2010. I have been working with a diversity of clients who come to see me about anxiety, stress, depression and low mood, and addictions. During this time I have developed a speciality in trauma: this might be experienced as PTSD - however one understands it, this can be an event or series of events that just will not leave the person alone, will not give them peace. I have learned methods and interventions that help clients to effectively get over this and the other issues that I have mentioned above. In these times when we are living since the  arr
01978 807782 View 01978 807782
Photo of Gerwyn Huw Jones, Psychotherapist in Wales
Gerwyn Huw Jones
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
If your feeling depressed, get anxious in day to day situations, when meeting new people, or worry all the time about general issues, or your health, I’m here to help. I’m also able to support you with trauma related issues, particularly if you are a veteran. I have a proven record of helping clients with a wide range of anxiety issues including Social Anxiety, Health Anxiety and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Depression, and phobias. I have also supported clients with adjustment issues associated with chronic illness, cancer and terminal illness.
If your feeling depressed, get anxious in day to day situations, when meeting new people, or worry all the time about general issues, or your health, I’m here to help. I’m also able to support you with trauma related issues, particularly if you are a veteran. I have a proven record of helping clients with a wide range of anxiety issues including Social Anxiety, Health Anxiety and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Depression, and phobias. I have also supported clients with adjustment issues associated with chronic illness, cancer and terminal illness.
01443 800810 View 01443 800810
Photo of Growing Wings, Psychotherapist in Wales
Growing Wings
Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
My trauma training has provided me with the status of Certified Trauma Professional enabling me to offer specialist trauma therapy to those who may be suffering from PTSD and Complex PTSD.
I'm Julie Shipton BSc (Hons) Psych, GMBPsS, PCBT (Foundation), CTP (Certified Trauma Professional), MNCPS (Acc.) and I'm a Trauma Psychotherapist and Humanistic Counsellor. My practice is built on a foundation of empathy and professionalism. I offer a range of therapeutic services to individuals of all ages. Whether you're an adult seeking a warm and supportive environment for self-discovery, a parent looking for help for your child, or a young person seeking emotional balance and resilience, I'm here to assist you. I provide both short-term and long-term therapy, tailored to your specific needs.
My trauma training has provided me with the status of Certified Trauma Professional enabling me to offer specialist trauma therapy to those who may be suffering from PTSD and Complex PTSD.
I'm Julie Shipton BSc (Hons) Psych, GMBPsS, PCBT (Foundation), CTP (Certified Trauma Professional), MNCPS (Acc.) and I'm a Trauma Psychotherapist and Humanistic Counsellor. My practice is built on a foundation of empathy and professionalism. I offer a range of therapeutic services to individuals of all ages. Whether you're an adult seeking a warm and supportive environment for self-discovery, a parent looking for help for your child, or a young person seeking emotional balance and resilience, I'm here to assist you. I provide both short-term and long-term therapy, tailored to your specific needs.
01792 949728 View 01792 949728
Photo of Michael Cousin, Psychotherapist in Wales
Michael Cousin
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
Cardiff CF10
My experience is broad, I am happy to work with clients at any stage of life. An art psychotherapists’ training is extensive and intensive over a three-year period, and it provides us with a framework that can be used to support a client with any mental health struggle up to the most complex issues. I have significant experience with clients who have Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). I also have wide ranging experience of clients with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD).
My experience is broad, I am happy to work with clients at any stage of life. An art psychotherapists’ training is extensive and intensive over a three-year period, and it provides us with a framework that can be used to support a client with any mental health struggle up to the most complex issues. I have significant experience with clients who have Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). I also have wide ranging experience of clients with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD).
029 2271 2637 View 029 2271 2637
Photo of Dr Gareth P Thomas, Psychologist in Wales
Dr Gareth P Thomas
Psychologist, PhD, CPsychol
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Aberdare CF44  (Online Only)
I can work with all types of conditions, disorders and issues. However, I specialise in working with people who need support with anxiety i.e., PTSD, depression, stress etc. If you need support with your daily life I can help. We can discuss your life, your wants, and where you would like to be in your future life. When we have completed our sessions I will support you 24/7. I have many therapy tools to help if needed. I have 18 years of experience in Psychology and Psychotherapy so you are in safe hands. Let me help you to be the person you want to be and live the best life you can. I will and can improve your Quality of Life.
I can work with all types of conditions, disorders and issues. However, I specialise in working with people who need support with anxiety i.e., PTSD, depression, stress etc. If you need support with your daily life I can help. We can discuss your life, your wants, and where you would like to be in your future life. When we have completed our sessions I will support you 24/7. I have many therapy tools to help if needed. I have 18 years of experience in Psychology and Psychotherapy so you are in safe hands. Let me help you to be the person you want to be and live the best life you can. I will and can improve your Quality of Life.
01639 501373 View 01639 501373
Photo of Jacqueline Ann Turner, Psychotherapist in Wales
Jacqueline Ann Turner
Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
As a Psychotherapist Traumatologist I specialise in the treatment of Trauma, PTSD, and C-PTSD. Following the NICE guidelines, for the safe and effective treatment of all trauma related issues and related co-morbid symptoms. Collaboratively formulating a treatment plan in a three phase approach to recovery. Harnessing the tools and resources necessary to face and move beyond current difficulties, specifically addressing the problems that are causing distress and holding you back in life, improving your psychological, physical and emotional wellbeing. Accessing safe authentic connection to your self, others and the world around you.
As a Psychotherapist Traumatologist I specialise in the treatment of Trauma, PTSD, and C-PTSD. Following the NICE guidelines, for the safe and effective treatment of all trauma related issues and related co-morbid symptoms. Collaboratively formulating a treatment plan in a three phase approach to recovery. Harnessing the tools and resources necessary to face and move beyond current difficulties, specifically addressing the problems that are causing distress and holding you back in life, improving your psychological, physical and emotional wellbeing. Accessing safe authentic connection to your self, others and the world around you.
01267 616775 View 01267 616775
Photo of Nikki Catto, Counsellor in Wales
Nikki Catto
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
With twenty years experience and constant study for personal and professional development , I can offer a safe and effective therapeutic space for you to explore and heal from a wide range of life issues . We discuss your objectives for therapy and use a range of therapeutic tools including simple psychoeducation so you understand the process,which I believe enables personal understanding and clarity . My goal for every client is long term sustainable change in the most effective way possible , and I keep that in mind for every individual with whom I am privileged to work with. I also offer supervision
With twenty years experience and constant study for personal and professional development , I can offer a safe and effective therapeutic space for you to explore and heal from a wide range of life issues . We discuss your objectives for therapy and use a range of therapeutic tools including simple psychoeducation so you understand the process,which I believe enables personal understanding and clarity . My goal for every client is long term sustainable change in the most effective way possible , and I keep that in mind for every individual with whom I am privileged to work with. I also offer supervision
01994 227983 View 01994 227983
Photo of Annie Szary, Psychotherapist in Wales
Annie Szary
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Penarth CF64  (Online Only)
Counselling & Psychotherapy help you overcome life’s problems, improve your well-being & help make positive changes to lead a more fulfilling life. I have over 12 years of working in counselling, psychotherapy & Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and over 25 years registered social work with family's . I offer CBT & counselling for many problems which affect people throughout the course of their lives. I offer help with issues such as anxiety, depression, trauma & generational trauma, stress and anger issues, PTSD, insomnia, low self-esteem, self-harm, drug & alcohol issues, complex bereavement and childhood abuse.
Counselling & Psychotherapy help you overcome life’s problems, improve your well-being & help make positive changes to lead a more fulfilling life. I have over 12 years of working in counselling, psychotherapy & Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and over 25 years registered social work with family's . I offer CBT & counselling for many problems which affect people throughout the course of their lives. I offer help with issues such as anxiety, depression, trauma & generational trauma, stress and anger issues, PTSD, insomnia, low self-esteem, self-harm, drug & alcohol issues, complex bereavement and childhood abuse.
029 2167 3529 View 029 2167 3529
Photo of Julie Elizabeth Dykes, Psychotherapist in Wales
Julie Elizabeth Dykes
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Cardiff CF24
I particularly specialise in working with trauma/PTSD using TFCBT/Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and other therapies, and have worked within a NHS Trauma Clinic.
Sessions available both in person and online. Specialising in anxiety and trauma and related issues, and with over 20 years experience as a Senior psychotherapist, using CBT, integrative therapy, EMDR and Clinical Supervision I work with TRAUMA, anxiety disorders and a wide range of related and other issues. I have worked within University, workplace, NHS and and other settings as well as in private practice. Based in the Penylan /Roath area of Cardiff I offer a warm and safe, confidential welcome or can work with you online via Zoom.
I particularly specialise in working with trauma/PTSD using TFCBT/Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and other therapies, and have worked within a NHS Trauma Clinic.
Sessions available both in person and online. Specialising in anxiety and trauma and related issues, and with over 20 years experience as a Senior psychotherapist, using CBT, integrative therapy, EMDR and Clinical Supervision I work with TRAUMA, anxiety disorders and a wide range of related and other issues. I have worked within University, workplace, NHS and and other settings as well as in private practice. Based in the Penylan /Roath area of Cardiff I offer a warm and safe, confidential welcome or can work with you online via Zoom.
029 2167 9418 View 029 2167 9418
Photo of Georgina Gray, Psychotherapist in Wales
Georgina Gray
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
I completed post-grad training in Trauma and PTSD and offer a systematic treatment approach to any trauma-related issues.
The reasons that people may seek therapy are very individual and personal - it may be due to emotional problems, anxiety, depression, substance use, early life experiences, trauma, or because of a feeling that life has somehow lost its balance. Yet many issues and problems are embedded within our wider social and cultural context. Adverse childhood experiences and other difficult or traumatic experiences later in life can have a profound effect on how we view ourselves, our relationship with others and the wider world, usually leading to a mixture of vulnerability as well as resilience. Therapies such as EMDR or CBT can help.
I completed post-grad training in Trauma and PTSD and offer a systematic treatment approach to any trauma-related issues.
The reasons that people may seek therapy are very individual and personal - it may be due to emotional problems, anxiety, depression, substance use, early life experiences, trauma, or because of a feeling that life has somehow lost its balance. Yet many issues and problems are embedded within our wider social and cultural context. Adverse childhood experiences and other difficult or traumatic experiences later in life can have a profound effect on how we view ourselves, our relationship with others and the wider world, usually leading to a mixture of vulnerability as well as resilience. Therapies such as EMDR or CBT can help.
01570 940257 View 01570 940257
Photo of Tracey Crimmins, Psychotherapist in Wales
Tracey Crimmins
Psychotherapist, MA, MBABCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I am a qualified and accredited CBT psychotherapist and EMDR Practitioner and work with adults and adolescents (aged 14 years and above). I have 20 years experience of working in mental health, for NHS, charities, University settings and private medical health settings. I specialise in working with trauma, working with single incident PTSD and complex PTSD. I also work depression, anxiety disorders including panic, generalised anxiety (GAD), obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD), health anxiety and social anxiety.
I am a qualified and accredited CBT psychotherapist and EMDR Practitioner and work with adults and adolescents (aged 14 years and above). I have 20 years experience of working in mental health, for NHS, charities, University settings and private medical health settings. I specialise in working with trauma, working with single incident PTSD and complex PTSD. I also work depression, anxiety disorders including panic, generalised anxiety (GAD), obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD), health anxiety and social anxiety.
01446 509180 View 01446 509180
Photo of Dr Paula Riella, Psychologist in Wales
Dr Paula Riella
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Cowbridge CF71  (Online Only)
I have a specialism in working with trauma (PTSD and complex trauma).
I am a chartered psychologist with 26 years of therapeutic experience of working in the NHS, the police service, education and private practice. I am an integrative practitioner and work with a variety of psychological models. These include: CBT, EMDR, compassion focused therapy, relational and systemic psychotherapy. I offer treatment sessions via video conferencing. I also provide supervision to psychologists, counsellors and psychotherapists.
I have a specialism in working with trauma (PTSD and complex trauma).
I am a chartered psychologist with 26 years of therapeutic experience of working in the NHS, the police service, education and private practice. I am an integrative practitioner and work with a variety of psychological models. These include: CBT, EMDR, compassion focused therapy, relational and systemic psychotherapy. I offer treatment sessions via video conferencing. I also provide supervision to psychologists, counsellors and psychotherapists.
01656 335081 View 01656 335081
Photo of Mair Llewellyn, Psychotherapist in Wales
Mair Llewellyn
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
I also offer an innovative treatment for PTSD, The Reconsolidation of Traumatic Memories Protocol.
I specialise in working with adults and young people living with the effects of the trauma of childhood sexual abuse, rape, and sexual assault. You may be living with overwhelming anxiety, depression, flashbacks, nightmares, panic attacks, self-harm, addictions, and suicidal thoughts. Sometimes you might feel as though you don't know who you are or that you have no worth. I can also work with you if you've experienced other types of trauma or if you're feeling paralysed or overwhelmed by your emotions or having difficulty coping with everyday life and you don't know the reason why and you don't know how to make a change.
I also offer an innovative treatment for PTSD, The Reconsolidation of Traumatic Memories Protocol.
I specialise in working with adults and young people living with the effects of the trauma of childhood sexual abuse, rape, and sexual assault. You may be living with overwhelming anxiety, depression, flashbacks, nightmares, panic attacks, self-harm, addictions, and suicidal thoughts. Sometimes you might feel as though you don't know who you are or that you have no worth. I can also work with you if you've experienced other types of trauma or if you're feeling paralysed or overwhelmed by your emotions or having difficulty coping with everyday life and you don't know the reason why and you don't know how to make a change.
01792 342371 View 01792 342371
Photo of Next Steps CBT, Psychotherapist in Wales
Next Steps CBT
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Cardiff CF14
Next Steps CBT is a psychotherapy counselling practice providing cognitive behavioural therapy for adults. I treat a range of mild to moderate mental health conditions including: Low mood or depression, and anxiety disorders such as GAD, panic, SAD, PTSD, phobias and OCD. I can also support people who are experiencing difficulties due to the impacts of a long-term health condition, changes in life circumstances, bereavement, or increased levels of work stress.
Next Steps CBT is a psychotherapy counselling practice providing cognitive behavioural therapy for adults. I treat a range of mild to moderate mental health conditions including: Low mood or depression, and anxiety disorders such as GAD, panic, SAD, PTSD, phobias and OCD. I can also support people who are experiencing difficulties due to the impacts of a long-term health condition, changes in life circumstances, bereavement, or increased levels of work stress.
029 2271 4734 View 029 2271 4734
Photo of Health Psychology Wales Ltd., Psychologist in Wales
Health Psychology Wales Ltd.
Psychologist, HCPC - Health Psych.
Verified Verified
Newport NP18
I am a general psychologist with a specialism in trauma, whether it is PTSD from a single traumatic event or a complex trauma from multiple traumatic events.
I can support you to explore your mental health issues, providing you with a safe and non-judgmental environment, either face-to-face or online, to talk about what matters to you. I can provide you with effective strategies and tools to help you to manage or overcome your challenges, enabling you to achieve your desired goals. Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, stress, low self-confidence, low self-esteem, ADHD, weight issues, etc. I am here to help and support you in your journey to recovery. I am HCPC registered and have professional indemnity insurance.
I am a general psychologist with a specialism in trauma, whether it is PTSD from a single traumatic event or a complex trauma from multiple traumatic events.
I can support you to explore your mental health issues, providing you with a safe and non-judgmental environment, either face-to-face or online, to talk about what matters to you. I can provide you with effective strategies and tools to help you to manage or overcome your challenges, enabling you to achieve your desired goals. Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, stress, low self-confidence, low self-esteem, ADHD, weight issues, etc. I am here to help and support you in your journey to recovery. I am HCPC registered and have professional indemnity insurance.
01633 603581 View 01633 603581
Photo of TALK Therapies and Lifestyle Counselling, Psychologist in Wales
TALK Therapies and Lifestyle Counselling
Psychologist, MSc, CPsychol
Verified Verified
I offer a range of psychological therapies and counselling for issues such as:- bereavement, depression, anxiety, PTSD, phobias, stress management, low confidence and self-esteem, motivational issues, sleep difficulties, weight management and many more.
I’m a Chartered Health Psychologist, EMDR therapist and Medical Hypnotherapist. Prior to opening my own practice I worked for the NHS within medical hospital settings. I am a member of the British Psychological Society and HCPC registered.
I offer a range of psychological therapies and counselling for issues such as:- bereavement, depression, anxiety, PTSD, phobias, stress management, low confidence and self-esteem, motivational issues, sleep difficulties, weight management and many more.
I’m a Chartered Health Psychologist, EMDR therapist and Medical Hypnotherapist. Prior to opening my own practice I worked for the NHS within medical hospital settings. I am a member of the British Psychological Society and HCPC registered.
01269 502028 View 01269 502028
Photo of Stuart Forbes, Psychologist in Wales
Stuart Forbes
Psychologist, MSc, HCPC - Ed. Psych.
Verified Verified
Swansea SA2  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a highly experienced Psychologist and have worked in many areas, schools and homes across Wales and the UK during my career. During this time I have trained in and used a wide range of therapuetic techniques to help make a real difference in the lives of children, families and teachers I have worked with. I am an EMDR Europe Accredited Practitioner and specialise in helping people with PTSD, fear, anxiety, anger or panic to heal from the symptoms and emotional distress that are the result of disturbing life experiences.
I am a highly experienced Psychologist and have worked in many areas, schools and homes across Wales and the UK during my career. During this time I have trained in and used a wide range of therapuetic techniques to help make a real difference in the lives of children, families and teachers I have worked with. I am an EMDR Europe Accredited Practitioner and specialise in helping people with PTSD, fear, anxiety, anger or panic to heal from the symptoms and emotional distress that are the result of disturbing life experiences.
01792 986173 View 01792 986173
Photo of Dr Jenny Nam, Psychologist in Wales
Dr Jenny Nam
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
I view seeing a psychologist for ones’ mental well being in the same way as having a personal trainer for physical fitness. It makes good health sense. How many sessions and how often depends on the issue and what works best for you. If you have difficulties such as anxiety, low mood, complex trauma, PTSD, OCD, stress or just want to learn more about yourself, I’m here to help. As a psychologist, I’m able to help increase our understanding of ourselves and how any issues have come about and developed in the first place. This understanding can offer much relief in itself but also help to guide the treatment.
I view seeing a psychologist for ones’ mental well being in the same way as having a personal trainer for physical fitness. It makes good health sense. How many sessions and how often depends on the issue and what works best for you. If you have difficulties such as anxiety, low mood, complex trauma, PTSD, OCD, stress or just want to learn more about yourself, I’m here to help. As a psychologist, I’m able to help increase our understanding of ourselves and how any issues have come about and developed in the first place. This understanding can offer much relief in itself but also help to guide the treatment.
029 2010 1523 View 029 2010 1523
Photo of Samantha Davies Silver Linings Counselling - ADHD, Counsellor in Wales
Samantha Davies Silver Linings Counselling - ADHD
Counsellor, PNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Making this choice is difficult. Let me tell you a little about me. A professional accredited counsellor, I specialise in counselling for ADHD. I have 2 children with ADHD. If ADHD is affecting you or someone you care for I can help. I also work with all areas of mental health, depression, anxiety, trauma, sexual abuse, self-esteem & PTSD. I am qualified in REWIND therapy for trauma. Life can get hard, money or job worries, relationship issues or problems with friends or co-workers, can all cause anxiety and depression. I can help you work through these problems if times get tough. NCS Profesional Accredited/MBACP Acc equivalent.
Making this choice is difficult. Let me tell you a little about me. A professional accredited counsellor, I specialise in counselling for ADHD. I have 2 children with ADHD. If ADHD is affecting you or someone you care for I can help. I also work with all areas of mental health, depression, anxiety, trauma, sexual abuse, self-esteem & PTSD. I am qualified in REWIND therapy for trauma. Life can get hard, money or job worries, relationship issues or problems with friends or co-workers, can all cause anxiety and depression. I can help you work through these problems if times get tough. NCS Profesional Accredited/MBACP Acc equivalent.
07480 485870 View 07480 485870

See more therapy options for Wales

Trauma and PTSD Counsellors

When should I seek treatment for trauma?

Not everyone who undergoes trauma needs therapy to heal, but many do. If, after experiencing a traumatic event, you find yourself struggling with symptoms such as nightmares, dissociation, irritability, or emotional numbness—especially if these symptoms last more than a month and are severe enough to interfere with your daily functioning—you may benefit from seeking out therapy with a trauma-informed provider.

How long does trauma therapy take?

Different types of therapy for trauma unfold on different timelines. Prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, for example, each take about three months, while trauma-informed CBT may last anywhere from 8 to 25 sessions. Other approaches, especially those that are less structured or that incorporate elements from multiple modalities, may be more open-ended, though many patients report feeling better within the first few months of treatment.

What happens if trauma is left untreated?

Unaddressed trauma can have serious—even devastating—effects on relationships, career, and day-to-day functioning. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can lead people to distrust or lash out at others, making it difficult to maintain intimate relationships; it can also trigger symptoms such as flashbacks or hyperreactivity that can interfere with a person’s ability to function effectively, personally and/or professionally. Some sufferers turn to drugs to find relief. Symptoms may lessen on their own with time, but there is no guarantee that PTSD will resolve on its own.

Can PTSD come back after treatment?

It is possible for PTSD symptoms to recur months or years after successful treatment. This is because, like most mental health disorders, it is not possible to “cure” PTSD, and stressful life events may cause symptoms to recur in even the most resilient individuals. There is no shame in re-experiencing PTSD symptoms nor in returning to therapy when such relapses occur; indeed, many forms of trauma therapy explicitly encourage periodic “maintenance sessions” to reinforce coping skills and ensure that symptoms stay manageable.