Photo of Donna Kilday, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Donna Kilday
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Does the holiday period fill you with dread? Do you feel anxiety about spending time with people you find difficult? Or maybe you have lost someone close, and you find this time of year hard? I offer a safe space for you to talk - whether it is about something that happened in the past, now, or is a worry about the future - helping you to feel calmer and more confident.
Does the holiday period fill you with dread? Do you feel anxiety about spending time with people you find difficult? Or maybe you have lost someone close, and you find this time of year hard? I offer a safe space for you to talk - whether it is about something that happened in the past, now, or is a worry about the future - helping you to feel calmer and more confident.
01702 967120 View 01702 967120
Photo of Musonda Mwila, MSc, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Musonda Mwila
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I am a qualified and experienced Psychosexual and Relationship Therapist currently working with private clients and at Relate - Nottingham. Psychosexual Therapy is a form of talking therapy for sexual and relationship problems. I work with individuals and couples to support them reach a place of better understanding of themselves, their relationships and improved sexual relationships and functioning. My approach to psychosexual work is client centred and draws from Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Sensate Focus (where individuals/couples are encouraged to learn the use of touch sensation.
I am a qualified and experienced Psychosexual and Relationship Therapist currently working with private clients and at Relate - Nottingham. Psychosexual Therapy is a form of talking therapy for sexual and relationship problems. I work with individuals and couples to support them reach a place of better understanding of themselves, their relationships and improved sexual relationships and functioning. My approach to psychosexual work is client centred and draws from Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Sensate Focus (where individuals/couples are encouraged to learn the use of touch sensation.
01702 967410 View 01702 967410
Photo of Kay Marina Cohen Pncps (Acc.) Professional Accredited, PNCPS Acc., Counsellor
I practices in Southend on Sea. I am a senior professional accredited counsellor, accredited, registered member MNCPS working with clients with a variety of different issues such as relationships and couples, addictions; domestic abuse, depression, anxiety, work related stress, building confidence, self esteem, loss and bereavement. I'm honoured to share the journey with my clients. You choose your own goals then we collaborate to achieve them.
I practices in Southend on Sea. I am a senior professional accredited counsellor, accredited, registered member MNCPS working with clients with a variety of different issues such as relationships and couples, addictions; domestic abuse, depression, anxiety, work related stress, building confidence, self esteem, loss and bereavement. I'm honoured to share the journey with my clients. You choose your own goals then we collaborate to achieve them.
01702 418685 View 01702 418685
Photo of Sally Willsher, MBACP, Counsellor
Sally Willsher
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Hello, my name is Sally and I will be present with you on your therapeutic journey. Having a safe space to explore current concerns offers a 'neutral' sounding board for you, as often well meaning friends and family will have an opinion on our life and decisions we make. We will work at your pace to prioritise your needs. Over the years many client issues I have encountered are about loss in various forms, and control - often from others. You may feel helpless or in despair, and would like to be able to clear a pathway for yourself to see with more clarity and establish an easier way of managing day to day.
Hello, my name is Sally and I will be present with you on your therapeutic journey. Having a safe space to explore current concerns offers a 'neutral' sounding board for you, as often well meaning friends and family will have an opinion on our life and decisions we make. We will work at your pace to prioritise your needs. Over the years many client issues I have encountered are about loss in various forms, and control - often from others. You may feel helpless or in despair, and would like to be able to clear a pathway for yourself to see with more clarity and establish an easier way of managing day to day.
01702 904111 View 01702 904111
Photo of Hannah Campbell, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Hannah Campbell
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Feel like you've lost sight of who you are? The confidence you felt has faded away? Perhaps you find yourself able to make strides at work but within your personal life, you want to find that spark and strength again. You're fed up with feeling as though you shrink within relationships, and the thought of saying 'No' leaves you feeling sick with worry. Are you tired of feeling as though you deserve more, but clinging to the breadcrumbs currently offered to you - you wish you were better at voicing what you really want or need?
Feel like you've lost sight of who you are? The confidence you felt has faded away? Perhaps you find yourself able to make strides at work but within your personal life, you want to find that spark and strength again. You're fed up with feeling as though you shrink within relationships, and the thought of saying 'No' leaves you feeling sick with worry. Are you tired of feeling as though you deserve more, but clinging to the breadcrumbs currently offered to you - you wish you were better at voicing what you really want or need?
01702 967823 View 01702 967823
Photo of Jess Henderson, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Jess Henderson
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Southend-on-Sea SS1  (Online Only)
I am a trained Person-Centred Counsellor and a trained mental health nurse. As I am dual qualified, I feel my experience can support you holistically, supporting you to explore any issues in an open way. As a person-centred counsellor, I believe in focusing on the needs of the individual and that you are the expert in your own life. My role is to walk beside you and together explore what has brought you to counselling.
I am a trained Person-Centred Counsellor and a trained mental health nurse. As I am dual qualified, I feel my experience can support you holistically, supporting you to explore any issues in an open way. As a person-centred counsellor, I believe in focusing on the needs of the individual and that you are the expert in your own life. My role is to walk beside you and together explore what has brought you to counselling.
01702 967304 View 01702 967304
Photo of Hayley Robinson, BACP, Counsellor
Hayley Robinson
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hey! My name is Hayley, I am a person-centred counsellor with a passion for helping others understand and accept life difficulties. By offering my clients a safe and nonjudgmental space to explore their feelings and emotions, I believe, that by being truly listened too, together we can achieve personal growth and a better understanding of the challenges we face. I have worked with men, women and young people experiencing mental health challenges, listening to their needs to build therapeutic relationships with my clients. I can offer sessions face to face in Southchurch and Southend as well as walk and talk therapy.
Hey! My name is Hayley, I am a person-centred counsellor with a passion for helping others understand and accept life difficulties. By offering my clients a safe and nonjudgmental space to explore their feelings and emotions, I believe, that by being truly listened too, together we can achieve personal growth and a better understanding of the challenges we face. I have worked with men, women and young people experiencing mental health challenges, listening to their needs to build therapeutic relationships with my clients. I can offer sessions face to face in Southchurch and Southend as well as walk and talk therapy.
01702 667573 View 01702 667573
Photo of Farah Mitha, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Farah Mitha
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Farah has over 18 years clinical experience of working both in the NHS and private sector, providing evidence based psychological treatment and guidance tailoring her approach to the individual clients needs. These may be short term goals, that lend themselves to briefer therapy, or longer-term goals leading to more in-depth exploration of longer standing issues. Her clinical expereince include a wide range of emotional and psychological difficulties from mild depression and anxiety, to complex trauma, with a special interest in OCD. She is able to offer specialised trauma treatment for PTSD in the form of EMDR.
Farah has over 18 years clinical experience of working both in the NHS and private sector, providing evidence based psychological treatment and guidance tailoring her approach to the individual clients needs. These may be short term goals, that lend themselves to briefer therapy, or longer-term goals leading to more in-depth exploration of longer standing issues. Her clinical expereince include a wide range of emotional and psychological difficulties from mild depression and anxiety, to complex trauma, with a special interest in OCD. She is able to offer specialised trauma treatment for PTSD in the form of EMDR.
01702 967132 View 01702 967132
Photo of Alicia Marchant - Alicia Marchant- Mind Box Therapy (BSc Psy Hons), MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Alicia Marchant- Mind Box Therapy (BSc Psy Hons)
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Ever feel like you have a lot going on in your mind? Isolated? Alone, with no one to talk to about it all? Or maybe you just don’t feel comfortable sharing your thoughts with your family? Perhaps, you are getting to a stage where you’re feeling as if you’re in a deep dark hole unable to get out, with an uncertainty of the future. Life can be challenging and get on top of us, whether it’s: other people, situations, work or even ourselves. We can get into a negative cycle and sometimes are unable to admit that we need help. If any of this applies to you, then maybe it's time to try therapy?
Ever feel like you have a lot going on in your mind? Isolated? Alone, with no one to talk to about it all? Or maybe you just don’t feel comfortable sharing your thoughts with your family? Perhaps, you are getting to a stage where you’re feeling as if you’re in a deep dark hole unable to get out, with an uncertainty of the future. Life can be challenging and get on top of us, whether it’s: other people, situations, work or even ourselves. We can get into a negative cycle and sometimes are unable to admit that we need help. If any of this applies to you, then maybe it's time to try therapy?
07845 928282 View 07845 928282
Photo of Maria Bulley, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Maria Bulley
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Sometimes in our life and when we least expect it we feel low and everything is a struggle. We do not realise that this could have been building for a while. We get stuck and everything is an uphill struggle, we do not know what to do and it soon becomes overwhelming. This is when you need someone to talk to, a neutral person that will sit and listen and be non judgmental and empathic. Your well being is important to me and I will treat you with the utmost of respect. I will help you to achieve your goals. Based in Southend on Sea, Leigh on Sea and Rochford.
Sometimes in our life and when we least expect it we feel low and everything is a struggle. We do not realise that this could have been building for a while. We get stuck and everything is an uphill struggle, we do not know what to do and it soon becomes overwhelming. This is when you need someone to talk to, a neutral person that will sit and listen and be non judgmental and empathic. Your well being is important to me and I will treat you with the utmost of respect. I will help you to achieve your goals. Based in Southend on Sea, Leigh on Sea and Rochford.
01702 967422 View 01702 967422
Photo of Sian Elizabeth Hines, PNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Sian Elizabeth Hines
Counsellor, PNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I can help you to reach the potential that you want and deserve to reach by helping you to understand your past, present and future. To help you to work through relationship problems, self esteem issues or letting go of the past. To enable you to see past blocks and obstacles so that you can control, minimise and eliminate any anxieties. To work with the negative emotions that you feel so that you can identify quickly what your emotions are telling you and then challenge them so that they do not control you. To magnify the positives and build on them for complete self confidence.
I can help you to reach the potential that you want and deserve to reach by helping you to understand your past, present and future. To help you to work through relationship problems, self esteem issues or letting go of the past. To enable you to see past blocks and obstacles so that you can control, minimise and eliminate any anxieties. To work with the negative emotions that you feel so that you can identify quickly what your emotions are telling you and then challenge them so that they do not control you. To magnify the positives and build on them for complete self confidence.
01702 967425 View 01702 967425
Photo of Tania Freeman - Play Matters Creative Therapy, MBACP, Counsellor
Play Matters Creative Therapy
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
I have extensive experience of working with primary & secondary school aged children using creative techniques to explore difficulties. Whether it's imaginative play, storytelling or image making all are intended to help participants engage in self-exploration through purposeful meaning-making, visually expressing experiences, perceptions, feelings and thoughts through art & play. Creative Therapy is for Adults & Teens too offering an opportunity to go beyond "thinking" about how we feel to create connection to our embodied "felt" sense. We will work together to help enhancing self awareness alongside self empowerment & resilience.
I have extensive experience of working with primary & secondary school aged children using creative techniques to explore difficulties. Whether it's imaginative play, storytelling or image making all are intended to help participants engage in self-exploration through purposeful meaning-making, visually expressing experiences, perceptions, feelings and thoughts through art & play. Creative Therapy is for Adults & Teens too offering an opportunity to go beyond "thinking" about how we feel to create connection to our embodied "felt" sense. We will work together to help enhancing self awareness alongside self empowerment & resilience.
01702 904201 View 01702 904201
Photo of Dr Stephanie Anne Edwards, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Stephanie Anne Edwards
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Southend-on-Sea SS1  (Online Only)
I'm a Counselling Psychologist registered with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) and British Psychological Society (BPS). I have over 14 years experience of offering therapeutic interventions working in the prison service and in the NHS and am now working in private practice. My approach to therapy encourages compassion and self acceptance while also helping people to develop a deeper understanding of themselves. Using this information people can then consider whether change needs to occur and we can work together to make this change.
I'm a Counselling Psychologist registered with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) and British Psychological Society (BPS). I have over 14 years experience of offering therapeutic interventions working in the prison service and in the NHS and am now working in private practice. My approach to therapy encourages compassion and self acceptance while also helping people to develop a deeper understanding of themselves. Using this information people can then consider whether change needs to occur and we can work together to make this change.
01702 967255 View 01702 967255
Photo of Helen McDonald, MA, MBACP, Counsellor
Helen McDonald
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I’ve been working with children and young people for over 20 years and I have extensive experience of supporting children and young people with a range of emotional needs and of supporting parents, caregivers and professionals to build better connections with the children and young people in their lives. I’m based in Southend-on-Sea, Essex, and I offer a range of support services for children and young people, including therapy (play-based and talking therapy), coaching, and advocacy. I have experience of working with children and young people with additional learning needs and those who are neurodivergent.
I’ve been working with children and young people for over 20 years and I have extensive experience of supporting children and young people with a range of emotional needs and of supporting parents, caregivers and professionals to build better connections with the children and young people in their lives. I’m based in Southend-on-Sea, Essex, and I offer a range of support services for children and young people, including therapy (play-based and talking therapy), coaching, and advocacy. I have experience of working with children and young people with additional learning needs and those who are neurodivergent.
01702 418208 View 01702 418208
Photo of Angela McCleave, MSc, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Angela McCleave
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I am a BACP Accredited therapist with a wealth of life experience, as well as experience with counselling people going through a wide range of emotional life events. You do not have to do this on your own. The first step is the hardest and that is to make the call to reach out for help. I offer sessions via telephone, video, or face-to-face. I am in the process of training to become an EMDR therapist and will be able to offer EMDR sessions from January 2025. Please contact me for more information.
I am a BACP Accredited therapist with a wealth of life experience, as well as experience with counselling people going through a wide range of emotional life events. You do not have to do this on your own. The first step is the hardest and that is to make the call to reach out for help. I offer sessions via telephone, video, or face-to-face. I am in the process of training to become an EMDR therapist and will be able to offer EMDR sessions from January 2025. Please contact me for more information.
01702 967623 View 01702 967623
Photo of Simon Uskuri, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Simon Uskuri
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
"The hardest step is making the call, the most rewarding step is knowing that you're in control again." Welcome, my name is Simon, I am a highly qualified friendly experienced Counsellor. I am a accredited member of the BACP and follow the ethical framework. I have worked successfully with individuals from various backgrounds and ages around Essex for a number of years. What I can offer you is a safe space that is confidential and nonjudgmental where you can truly be listened to and within that space we together can explore and find the answers you are searching for.
"The hardest step is making the call, the most rewarding step is knowing that you're in control again." Welcome, my name is Simon, I am a highly qualified friendly experienced Counsellor. I am a accredited member of the BACP and follow the ethical framework. I have worked successfully with individuals from various backgrounds and ages around Essex for a number of years. What I can offer you is a safe space that is confidential and nonjudgmental where you can truly be listened to and within that space we together can explore and find the answers you are searching for.
01702 683020 View 01702 683020
Photo of Marie Waite, MBACP, Counsellor
Marie Waite
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Choosing to access therapy can be a huge step, and it really is one that I wish to help you take. Hello, my name is Marie, and I would like to offer you face-to-face counselling in a kind, caring, and non-judgemental, confidential environment. The work I offer is based around weekly 1-2-1 sessions where I will compassionately provide you with a space to process what has been going on for you and to help you feel validated, perhaps even for the very first time, whilst we work together to try and discover what it is that you inevitably need, as we look to make your life meaningful again.
Choosing to access therapy can be a huge step, and it really is one that I wish to help you take. Hello, my name is Marie, and I would like to offer you face-to-face counselling in a kind, caring, and non-judgemental, confidential environment. The work I offer is based around weekly 1-2-1 sessions where I will compassionately provide you with a space to process what has been going on for you and to help you feel validated, perhaps even for the very first time, whilst we work together to try and discover what it is that you inevitably need, as we look to make your life meaningful again.
01702 655153 View 01702 655153
Photo of Tracey Anne Denton - Wright Counselling, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Wright Counselling
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Do you sometimes feel overwhelmed by the stresses in life? Feel unable to make decisions? Do you condemn yourself for making the 'wrong' decision? We can be good at condemning ourselves and be our worst critic. Discovering what patterns are happening for us over and over again, and preparing yourself for these, knowing what you can and can't do, can feel empowering. Being able to express yourself knowing that you can be heard without fear, embarrassment or shame but with acceptance of you as a person can be life changing. I can help you look at making changes and find bespoke ways to support and establish a way forward for you.
Do you sometimes feel overwhelmed by the stresses in life? Feel unable to make decisions? Do you condemn yourself for making the 'wrong' decision? We can be good at condemning ourselves and be our worst critic. Discovering what patterns are happening for us over and over again, and preparing yourself for these, knowing what you can and can't do, can feel empowering. Being able to express yourself knowing that you can be heard without fear, embarrassment or shame but with acceptance of you as a person can be life changing. I can help you look at making changes and find bespoke ways to support and establish a way forward for you.
01702 411337 View 01702 411337
Photo of Sue Spooner, DCounsPsych, BACP, Counsellor
Sue Spooner
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Without warning and at any age, life events can cause us to feel unhappy and overwhelmed. This can start to have a negative impact on our everyday wellbeing and enjoyment of life. It may affect our mood, energy levels, eating/sleeping patterns, work, and relationships. Feelings of anxiety and panic can start to control and limit us on living the life we imagined. There maybe painful events from the past we thought we could tuck away and cope with, but still prevent us from living in the present. Reaching out for support can not only be one of the biggest and sometimes bravest steps you ever take, but also the most important one.
Without warning and at any age, life events can cause us to feel unhappy and overwhelmed. This can start to have a negative impact on our everyday wellbeing and enjoyment of life. It may affect our mood, energy levels, eating/sleeping patterns, work, and relationships. Feelings of anxiety and panic can start to control and limit us on living the life we imagined. There maybe painful events from the past we thought we could tuck away and cope with, but still prevent us from living in the present. Reaching out for support can not only be one of the biggest and sometimes bravest steps you ever take, but also the most important one.
01702 668301 View 01702 668301
Photo of Robert J M Dodds, Counsellor
Robert J M Dodds
Counsellor
Verified Verified
I’m interested in what works for you. I offer bespoke online therapy services tailored specifically for you. Whether you’re with me for counselling, long term psychodynamic therapy, or couple’s counselling, I’ll tailor my approach to meet your needs. I offer an honest, judgement-free approach and I can assist you in gaining a deeper understanding of yourself.
I’m interested in what works for you. I offer bespoke online therapy services tailored specifically for you. Whether you’re with me for counselling, long term psychodynamic therapy, or couple’s counselling, I’ll tailor my approach to meet your needs. I offer an honest, judgement-free approach and I can assist you in gaining a deeper understanding of yourself.
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See more therapy options for SS1

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in SS1

40+

Average cost per session

£55

Counsellors in SS1 who prioritize treating:

98% Anxiety
89% Depression
89% Self Esteem
80% Relationship Issues
80% Stress
73% Bereavement
64% Domestic Abuse

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aviva
54% AXA PPP
54% Vitality

How Counsellors in SS1 see their clients

89% In Person and Online
11% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
16% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in SS1?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.