Counselling in SM6

Photo of Temi Peters, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Temi Peters
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
This must be a very important moment in your life's journey, that has brought you here to seek some support. You are probably looking for someone to talk to, who will be able to listen, and understand you too? Maybe you need someone whom you can trust with your story? I am here to try and give you that help. My aim is to create the safe space that you need to explore all your thoughts and feelings; without any fear of judgement. I would love to walk along-side you, as you begin to understand your pain (present and past), and discover new ways of navigating your world, and the different relationships or difficulties in your life.
This must be a very important moment in your life's journey, that has brought you here to seek some support. You are probably looking for someone to talk to, who will be able to listen, and understand you too? Maybe you need someone whom you can trust with your story? I am here to try and give you that help. My aim is to create the safe space that you need to explore all your thoughts and feelings; without any fear of judgement. I would love to walk along-side you, as you begin to understand your pain (present and past), and discover new ways of navigating your world, and the different relationships or difficulties in your life.
020 4538 5810 View 020 4538 5810
Photo of Karen Savage, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Karen Savage
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
2 Endorsed
You may feel stuck in your relationships and repeating the same arguments, feeling distant from your partner, or noticing patterns that leave you anxious or unseen. You may want to understand why things feel so hard, communicate more effectively and build connections that feel secure and fulfilling. I can help you unpick what is happening, heal old patterns, and find better ways to connect, repair, and grow whether on your own or together as a couple.
You may feel stuck in your relationships and repeating the same arguments, feeling distant from your partner, or noticing patterns that leave you anxious or unseen. You may want to understand why things feel so hard, communicate more effectively and build connections that feel secure and fulfilling. I can help you unpick what is happening, heal old patterns, and find better ways to connect, repair, and grow whether on your own or together as a couple.
020 4537 3021 View 020 4537 3021
Photo of Chazara Melody - Chazara Melody, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Chazara Melody
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Hello, I am Chaz'ara Melody an integrative counsellor with a small private practice 'Peace of Mind Counselling Service'. My passion lies in making therapy both affordable and accessible for my community. My mission is to guide you through your emo​Peace of Mind Counselling service is a unique and affordable online counselling service that focuses on emotional healing, wholeness and restoring peace of mind. If you contact us please check your junk emails for replies just in case!
Hello, I am Chaz'ara Melody an integrative counsellor with a small private practice 'Peace of Mind Counselling Service'. My passion lies in making therapy both affordable and accessible for my community. My mission is to guide you through your emo​Peace of Mind Counselling service is a unique and affordable online counselling service that focuses on emotional healing, wholeness and restoring peace of mind. If you contact us please check your junk emails for replies just in case!
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Photo of Helen Capanda, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Helen Capanda
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
When emotions feel overwhelming, whether for you or your child, it can be hard to know where to turn. You may be noticing anxiety, emotional outbursts, school refusal, or a sense that something isn’t quite right. Many parents tell me they feel worried and unsure how best to support their child. Or perhaps, as an adult, you feel stuck carrying the weight of past experiences, finding that relationships, work, or daily life feel overwhelming. I offer trauma-informed therapy and a calm, compassionate space to begin making sense of what is happening and move toward healing.
When emotions feel overwhelming, whether for you or your child, it can be hard to know where to turn. You may be noticing anxiety, emotional outbursts, school refusal, or a sense that something isn’t quite right. Many parents tell me they feel worried and unsure how best to support their child. Or perhaps, as an adult, you feel stuck carrying the weight of past experiences, finding that relationships, work, or daily life feel overwhelming. I offer trauma-informed therapy and a calm, compassionate space to begin making sense of what is happening and move toward healing.
020 4538 3293 View 020 4538 3293
Photo of Nina Guha, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Snr. Accred
Nina Guha
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Snr. Accred
4 Endorsed
BACP & NCPS Senior Accredited, with 22 yrs experience, I offer F2F, Online & Hybrid sessions to Couples, Families & Individuals. I have a particular interest in working with Adopted Families, Neurodiverse & LGBTQIA+ Clients. I work short-term, long-term or in single sessions. I accept Aviva, AXA and WPA Clients. For more information, visit - www.ninaguha . com
BACP & NCPS Senior Accredited, with 22 yrs experience, I offer F2F, Online & Hybrid sessions to Couples, Families & Individuals. I have a particular interest in working with Adopted Families, Neurodiverse & LGBTQIA+ Clients. I work short-term, long-term or in single sessions. I accept Aviva, AXA and WPA Clients. For more information, visit - www.ninaguha . com
020 3974 1857 View 020 3974 1857
Photo of Debbie Allen, Counsellor, MBACP
Debbie Allen
Counsellor, MBACP
Face to face and online, I have helped many clients recover from anxiety disorders, depression and self-esteem issues. I have helped clients with abandonment and rejection fears work on relationship issues so that they are able to live in harmony with others. We will work together with your presenting issues and we will also journey into your past to see if we can get to the root of why you feel the way you do and together we will work through any triggers so that your life becomes more manageable. There is nothing more enlightening than self discovery and becoming a more confident version of yourself is extremely empowering.
Face to face and online, I have helped many clients recover from anxiety disorders, depression and self-esteem issues. I have helped clients with abandonment and rejection fears work on relationship issues so that they are able to live in harmony with others. We will work together with your presenting issues and we will also journey into your past to see if we can get to the root of why you feel the way you do and together we will work through any triggers so that your life becomes more manageable. There is nothing more enlightening than self discovery and becoming a more confident version of yourself is extremely empowering.
01798 305049 View 01798 305049
Photo of Seema Desai, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Seema Desai
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Life can feel overwhelming at times—whether from anxiety, grief, relationship struggles, cultural pressures, or simply feeling “stuck.” Counselling offers a confidential, non-judgemental space to slow down, reflect, and begin making sense of things. Like the Japanese art of kintsugi—where broken pottery is repaired with gold—therapy can help us see that our cracks are part of our story. Healing doesn’t mean erasing what has happened, but instead finding new strength and meaning in the patterns we may have carried for too long. With support, those places of pain can become places of resilience, authenticity, and growth.
Life can feel overwhelming at times—whether from anxiety, grief, relationship struggles, cultural pressures, or simply feeling “stuck.” Counselling offers a confidential, non-judgemental space to slow down, reflect, and begin making sense of things. Like the Japanese art of kintsugi—where broken pottery is repaired with gold—therapy can help us see that our cracks are part of our story. Healing doesn’t mean erasing what has happened, but instead finding new strength and meaning in the patterns we may have carried for too long. With support, those places of pain can become places of resilience, authenticity, and growth.
020 3828 7069 View 020 3828 7069
Photo of Alison Lutz, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Alison Lutz
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
I truly believe we all have the capacity to be the best version of ourselves. Learning to like yourself is the first step. I am an Integrative Psychotherapeutic Counsellor, drawing from the person-centred and psychodynamic models of therapy. I have first-hand experience of the benefits of therapy and that led me to train as a therapist. My journey began as a desire to support individuals with their mental health, leading me to establish my solo practice focused on personalised counselling. I also work for a local hospice as a Bereavement counsellor. Check out my website www.alisonlutzcounselling.co.uk for more information.
I truly believe we all have the capacity to be the best version of ourselves. Learning to like yourself is the first step. I am an Integrative Psychotherapeutic Counsellor, drawing from the person-centred and psychodynamic models of therapy. I have first-hand experience of the benefits of therapy and that led me to train as a therapist. My journey began as a desire to support individuals with their mental health, leading me to establish my solo practice focused on personalised counselling. I also work for a local hospice as a Bereavement counsellor. Check out my website www.alisonlutzcounselling.co.uk for more information.
020 4572 5390 View 020 4572 5390
Photo of Chisom Deborah, Counsellor, MBACP
Chisom Deborah
Counsellor, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you a parent who is worried about their teenager? Are you struggling to communicate with one another whilst finding it hard to understand each other? Does your young person suffer with anxiety or persistent low moods? Maybe they are struggling academically and/or refusing to go to school? Or maybe you are a professional looking for someone to work with a young person in your care? Maybe they are struggling to form relationships or adjust to change. Young people deserve to be heard and listened to, and I hope to provide a space in which they can have exactly that.
Are you a parent who is worried about their teenager? Are you struggling to communicate with one another whilst finding it hard to understand each other? Does your young person suffer with anxiety or persistent low moods? Maybe they are struggling academically and/or refusing to go to school? Or maybe you are a professional looking for someone to work with a young person in your care? Maybe they are struggling to form relationships or adjust to change. Young people deserve to be heard and listened to, and I hope to provide a space in which they can have exactly that.
07492 882981 View 07492 882981
Photo of Maia Okoloba, Counsellor, MBACP
Maia Okoloba
Counsellor, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am a BACP registered Counsellor and adhere to the BACP Ethical Framework. As well as my own private practice, I work across different organisations supporting people to gain deeper insight into what is impacting them, find ways of healing and moving forward. As an integrative counsellor, I can incorporate a range of approaches such as psychodynamic, humanistic, transpersonal, solution-focused and existential to meet your needs.
I am a BACP registered Counsellor and adhere to the BACP Ethical Framework. As well as my own private practice, I work across different organisations supporting people to gain deeper insight into what is impacting them, find ways of healing and moving forward. As an integrative counsellor, I can incorporate a range of approaches such as psychodynamic, humanistic, transpersonal, solution-focused and existential to meet your needs.
020 7046 1498 View 020 7046 1498
Photo of Sonia Freeman, Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Sonia Freeman
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Serves Area
I am a BACP Accredited counsellor and psychotherapist with experience working with adults. I offer a warm, empathic, non judgemental and confidential space for you to talk freely of your concerns and explore the nature of the difficulties you are experiencing. My aim is to work alongside you to help you gain a deeper understanding in yourself encouraging the healing process. In my work with couples I introduce elements of Emotionally Focused Therapy, a structured approach based on attachment theory, helping couples to understand and respond to each other's needs effectively. I practice in Sutton SM2
I am a BACP Accredited counsellor and psychotherapist with experience working with adults. I offer a warm, empathic, non judgemental and confidential space for you to talk freely of your concerns and explore the nature of the difficulties you are experiencing. My aim is to work alongside you to help you gain a deeper understanding in yourself encouraging the healing process. In my work with couples I introduce elements of Emotionally Focused Therapy, a structured approach based on attachment theory, helping couples to understand and respond to each other's needs effectively. I practice in Sutton SM2
01798 305087 View 01798 305087
Photo of Nadira Chettiar, Counsellor, MBACP
Nadira Chettiar
Counsellor, MBACP
Serves Area
When our brains are working tirelessly to unscramble our complicated lives, it can feel overwhelming at times and in turn, affect our mental and physical health. The first step towards improving our wellbeing, is to recognise that we need support. I can offer that to you in a caring, safe, non-judgmental and empathic environment. Exploring your emotions and developing greater self-awareness, can help with making the changes you would like to achieve, in order to have more fulfilling connections and reach your full potential in other areas of your life.
When our brains are working tirelessly to unscramble our complicated lives, it can feel overwhelming at times and in turn, affect our mental and physical health. The first step towards improving our wellbeing, is to recognise that we need support. I can offer that to you in a caring, safe, non-judgmental and empathic environment. Exploring your emotions and developing greater self-awareness, can help with making the changes you would like to achieve, in order to have more fulfilling connections and reach your full potential in other areas of your life.
020 3728 8857 View 020 3728 8857
Photo of Jen Summerfield, Counsellor, MBACP
Jen Summerfield
Counsellor, MBACP
Serves Area
Having a difficult time? Getting better starts with a single conversation. I offer a non-judgemental space in which my clients can work through painful or difficult experiences with warmth and kindness. I aim to provide a secure base in which it is possible to slowly build trust in an on-going therapeutic relationship, empowering the individual to develop the internal resources to cope with the many challenges that life brings. I will listen carefully to whatever my client needs to talk about, without fear of judgment and explore together any difficulties. Please visit my website at jensummerfield.uk for more information.
Having a difficult time? Getting better starts with a single conversation. I offer a non-judgemental space in which my clients can work through painful or difficult experiences with warmth and kindness. I aim to provide a secure base in which it is possible to slowly build trust in an on-going therapeutic relationship, empowering the individual to develop the internal resources to cope with the many challenges that life brings. I will listen carefully to whatever my client needs to talk about, without fear of judgment and explore together any difficulties. Please visit my website at jensummerfield.uk for more information.
01798 305318 View 01798 305318
Photo of Jean Barbara MacGillivray, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Jean Barbara MacGillivray
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Serves Area
I have worked within an NHS practice and a secondary school for a number of years. This means that my clients have been adults, teenagers and children of different ages, backgrounds, and faiths. As an integrative counsellor I offer short-term and long-term counselling. I support the restoring of positive mental health by using a range of traditional models and creative techniques tailored specifically to each individual client's need. Because I appreciate how daunting it can be meeting a stranger, I offer an initial session at £35, so that my client and I can meet and experience a positive start to therapy. Further sessions are £55
I have worked within an NHS practice and a secondary school for a number of years. This means that my clients have been adults, teenagers and children of different ages, backgrounds, and faiths. As an integrative counsellor I offer short-term and long-term counselling. I support the restoring of positive mental health by using a range of traditional models and creative techniques tailored specifically to each individual client's need. Because I appreciate how daunting it can be meeting a stranger, I offer an initial session at £35, so that my client and I can meet and experience a positive start to therapy. Further sessions are £55
01260 542112 View 01260 542112
Photo of Paula de Souza, Counsellor, MBACP
Paula de Souza
Counsellor, MBACP
Serves Area
Hello, I’m Paula. We all face difficult times in life. This could be current life events or relationship problems, feelings such as anxiety or depression, or issues from the past. In the supportive environment of counselling you can explore not only your thoughts, feelings and experiences but how you would like to move forward. Counselling can help us to untangle the threads when life feels difficult. It can help us to find clarity, work out our next steps and move towards living the life we want.
Hello, I’m Paula. We all face difficult times in life. This could be current life events or relationship problems, feelings such as anxiety or depression, or issues from the past. In the supportive environment of counselling you can explore not only your thoughts, feelings and experiences but how you would like to move forward. Counselling can help us to untangle the threads when life feels difficult. It can help us to find clarity, work out our next steps and move towards living the life we want.
020 3835 5609 View 020 3835 5609
Photo of Saira Webster, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Saira Webster
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Serves Area
I am a qualified Individual, Couples and Family Counsellor. Registered member of BACP- (MBACP) Accredited practitioner. I offer compassionate, professional counselling for individuals, couples, and families seeking clarity, connection, and meaningful change. Life can feel overwhelming at times—whether you’re navigating personal struggles, relationship challenges, or family conflict—and you don’t have to face it alone. My work is grounded in creating a safe, non-judgmental space where you can speak openly, feel truly heard. I offer a 15 minutes free consultation to understand your needs and how we might work together.
I am a qualified Individual, Couples and Family Counsellor. Registered member of BACP- (MBACP) Accredited practitioner. I offer compassionate, professional counselling for individuals, couples, and families seeking clarity, connection, and meaningful change. Life can feel overwhelming at times—whether you’re navigating personal struggles, relationship challenges, or family conflict—and you don’t have to face it alone. My work is grounded in creating a safe, non-judgmental space where you can speak openly, feel truly heard. I offer a 15 minutes free consultation to understand your needs and how we might work together.
020 3984 7614 View 020 3984 7614
Photo of Baanu Baghbani-Irvine, Psychotherapist, MSc, BACP
Baanu Baghbani-Irvine
Psychotherapist, MSc, BACP
Serves Area
I am a qualified Psychotherapist with degrees in number of different therapeutic modalities and over 20 years experience in Family and Children Services and private practice. I use effective evidence-based techniques, practices and therapeutic skills to tailor-make my approach. I use active-directive psychotherapy that promotes change by helping clients to identify, confront, and change their self-defeating thoughts and beliefs. I have extensive experience working with attachment, Childhood trauma and family relationships and in the treatment of many mental and emotional disturbances.
I am a qualified Psychotherapist with degrees in number of different therapeutic modalities and over 20 years experience in Family and Children Services and private practice. I use effective evidence-based techniques, practices and therapeutic skills to tailor-make my approach. I use active-directive psychotherapy that promotes change by helping clients to identify, confront, and change their self-defeating thoughts and beliefs. I have extensive experience working with attachment, Childhood trauma and family relationships and in the treatment of many mental and emotional disturbances.
020 3856 4052 View 020 3856 4052
Photo of Sam Archer, Psychotherapist, BACP
Sam Archer
Psychotherapist, BACP
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
We know that life is sometimes very hard, and that we are supposed to be able to absorb and grow from the inevitable ups and downs that come our way. But, of course, there are times when we are just unable to absorb what life throws at us, or grow from it, because we can't quite determine what is wrong or see a way forward. Whether it is anxiety, depression, or something else that cannot be so neatly labelled, I will support you in exploring your own, unique experience. You will discover and understand what is causing you discomfort, pain or holding you back, so that you can live a more enjoyable, fulfilled and rewarding life.
We know that life is sometimes very hard, and that we are supposed to be able to absorb and grow from the inevitable ups and downs that come our way. But, of course, there are times when we are just unable to absorb what life throws at us, or grow from it, because we can't quite determine what is wrong or see a way forward. Whether it is anxiety, depression, or something else that cannot be so neatly labelled, I will support you in exploring your own, unique experience. You will discover and understand what is causing you discomfort, pain or holding you back, so that you can live a more enjoyable, fulfilled and rewarding life.
01798 305031 View 01798 305031
Photo of Johnny Donnelly, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Johnny Donnelly
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Sometimes, being part of the LGBTQ+ community can be a very lonely existence, and we are not all ‘out and proud’ or lucky enough to feel part of a wider LGBTQ+ family. You may be experiencing isolation, shame, or perhaps you have faced rejection from your family or friends. I do not assume that your struggles are related to your sexuality or gender, but if you are trying to deal with something specific in your personal life, or are simply overwhelmed and feeling alone in your current situation, I can offer you a private and non-judgemental space for the exploration of anything which may be causing you pain.
Sometimes, being part of the LGBTQ+ community can be a very lonely existence, and we are not all ‘out and proud’ or lucky enough to feel part of a wider LGBTQ+ family. You may be experiencing isolation, shame, or perhaps you have faced rejection from your family or friends. I do not assume that your struggles are related to your sexuality or gender, but if you are trying to deal with something specific in your personal life, or are simply overwhelmed and feeling alone in your current situation, I can offer you a private and non-judgemental space for the exploration of anything which may be causing you pain.
01353 885158 View 01353 885158
Photo of Alison Fallows, Counsellor, MBACP
Alison Fallows
Counsellor, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I offer a warm, non-judgmental and welcoming space for you to feel heard, understood and supported. Many of my clients have experienced complex grief, trauma and uncertainty; they say that I have supported them to understand their experiences and have helped them to heal. I aim to support you in becoming the best version of yourself in a safe and confidential environment where we can together explore your experience and begin your journey of healing
I offer a warm, non-judgmental and welcoming space for you to feel heard, understood and supported. Many of my clients have experienced complex grief, trauma and uncertainty; they say that I have supported them to understand their experiences and have helped them to heal. I aim to support you in becoming the best version of yourself in a safe and confidential environment where we can together explore your experience and begin your journey of healing
020 8016 3677 View 020 8016 3677

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in SM6

30+

Average cost per session

£65

Counsellors in SM6 who prioritize treating:

93% Self Esteem
90% Anxiety
87% Depression
80% Stress
77% Relationship Issues
60% Divorce
60% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% Aviva
75% AXA PPP
75% WPA

How Counsellors in SM6 see their clients

87% In Person and Online
13% Online Only

Gender breakdown

90% Female
10% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in SM6?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.