Counselling in London

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Photo of Nicola Woods, Psychotherapist in London, England
Nicola Woods
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London E8  (Online Only)
Starting therapy for the first time can feel like a frightening and daunting experience, it takes a lot of courage to start on this journey. I will meet you where you are with kindness, compassion, acceptance and non-judgement. We will work together to slowly explore and unpack the patterns of thought and behaviour that are preventing you from living your life fully and authentically. I work in a mindful, embodied and relational way, we will pay attention to your thoughts, feelings, and body sensations without judgement bringing awareness in the present moment to the coping mechanisms and relational patterns
Starting therapy for the first time can feel like a frightening and daunting experience, it takes a lot of courage to start on this journey. I will meet you where you are with kindness, compassion, acceptance and non-judgement. We will work together to slowly explore and unpack the patterns of thought and behaviour that are preventing you from living your life fully and authentically. I work in a mindful, embodied and relational way, we will pay attention to your thoughts, feelings, and body sensations without judgement bringing awareness in the present moment to the coping mechanisms and relational patterns
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Photo of Sonal Kadchha, Counsellor in London, England
Sonal Kadchha
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London SE1
The modern pressures of life can take their toll on us – increasing responsibilities and being connected 24/7 can leave us feeling burnt out, anxious, and overwhelmed. Even when we do manage to disconnect, we find it difficult to disconnect from our racing thoughts. If you’re new to therapy it can be daunting, however taking this brave step can be rewarding. It can give you the space to explore what is really going on, process difficult emotions, develop healthy coping strategies and restore your mental well-being - so that you aren’t just surviving, but thriving in the world.
The modern pressures of life can take their toll on us – increasing responsibilities and being connected 24/7 can leave us feeling burnt out, anxious, and overwhelmed. Even when we do manage to disconnect, we find it difficult to disconnect from our racing thoughts. If you’re new to therapy it can be daunting, however taking this brave step can be rewarding. It can give you the space to explore what is really going on, process difficult emotions, develop healthy coping strategies and restore your mental well-being - so that you aren’t just surviving, but thriving in the world.
020 4538 7240 View 020 4538 7240
Photo of Chai-Yoel Korn, Psychotherapist in London, England
Chai-Yoel Korn
Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London N2
How I can help? I work with a wide range of presenting needs, and can help if you are dealing with: Anxiety, low confidence, depression, disability, intersectionality, grief, isolation, long-term chronic health conditions, loss, neurodiversity. My name is Chai-Yoel Korn (gender pronouns they/them). I am a Relational Body and Trauma Psychotherapist and Clinical Supervisor offering Psychotherapeutic Services to individuals, couples and groups in north and central London, and online via Zoom. I am an accredited member of the National Counselling Society.
How I can help? I work with a wide range of presenting needs, and can help if you are dealing with: Anxiety, low confidence, depression, disability, intersectionality, grief, isolation, long-term chronic health conditions, loss, neurodiversity. My name is Chai-Yoel Korn (gender pronouns they/them). I am a Relational Body and Trauma Psychotherapist and Clinical Supervisor offering Psychotherapeutic Services to individuals, couples and groups in north and central London, and online via Zoom. I am an accredited member of the National Counselling Society.
020 3879 4580 View 020 3879 4580
Photo of Rosie Kaye, Counsellor in London, England
Rosie Kaye
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
London N12
I am an Integrative Counsellor working within an integrative therapeutic model. I combine the valuable ideas and techniques developed within separate schools and approaches to construct a therapy in which both client and therapist will be able to engage progressively in a fully collaborative process. I have much experience of working with a diverse range of people incorporating both individuals and couples. I adhere to the British Association for Counselling & Psychotherapy Ethical Framework which can be viewed at www.bacp.co.uk and am an Accredited Member of the BACP.
I am an Integrative Counsellor working within an integrative therapeutic model. I combine the valuable ideas and techniques developed within separate schools and approaches to construct a therapy in which both client and therapist will be able to engage progressively in a fully collaborative process. I have much experience of working with a diverse range of people incorporating both individuals and couples. I adhere to the British Association for Counselling & Psychotherapy Ethical Framework which can be viewed at www.bacp.co.uk and am an Accredited Member of the BACP.
020 3761 7118 View 020 3761 7118
Photo of Sophia Alexander, Psychotherapist in London, England
Sophia Alexander
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
London SW11
It can be exhausting to navigate life’s challenges, particularly within this current climate of uncertainty. You may be impacted by particular concerns, such as current or past trauma, bereavement/loss, struggles within your relationships, anxiety or depression. Or you may desire to increase your own self-awareness. I strive to be alongside you in whatever you may be feeling, providing a genuine, empathetic, non-judgemental, safe space where you can explore your feelings and beliefs, how your present and past experiences may be impacting upon you, and developing the personal resilience, resources and growth that you may be seeking.
It can be exhausting to navigate life’s challenges, particularly within this current climate of uncertainty. You may be impacted by particular concerns, such as current or past trauma, bereavement/loss, struggles within your relationships, anxiety or depression. Or you may desire to increase your own self-awareness. I strive to be alongside you in whatever you may be feeling, providing a genuine, empathetic, non-judgemental, safe space where you can explore your feelings and beliefs, how your present and past experiences may be impacting upon you, and developing the personal resilience, resources and growth that you may be seeking.
020 4529 2611 View 020 4529 2611
Photo of Nadja Julia Rolli, Psychotherapist in London, England
Nadja Julia Rolli
Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
London W14
I am a qualified and experienced Integrative Child and Adolescent Psychotherapist. Previous to the MA in Child Psychotherapy, I have been trained in Switzerland as Psychomotor Therapist, with a focus on Play Therapy and Body Work for Children and young adults. I have many years of experience working with my clients through play therapy and talking therapy but integrate EMDR, body awareness and symbolism, art materials, clay and sand into my work to facilitate unconscious emotional processes.
I am a qualified and experienced Integrative Child and Adolescent Psychotherapist. Previous to the MA in Child Psychotherapy, I have been trained in Switzerland as Psychomotor Therapist, with a focus on Play Therapy and Body Work for Children and young adults. I have many years of experience working with my clients through play therapy and talking therapy but integrate EMDR, body awareness and symbolism, art materials, clay and sand into my work to facilitate unconscious emotional processes.
020 8103 6087 View 020 8103 6087
Photo of Sami Almutairi in London, England
Sami Almutairi
DCounsPsych
Not Verified Not Verified
London SW6
Whatever you going through right now, there always hope to get better, to make your voice heard and feel safe! I believe that, therapy can help you to grow in awareness so you can find a way to make any changes you want to make.I see therapy as a journey in which I am your companion, helping you to review your life and to consider venturing in new directions.
Whatever you going through right now, there always hope to get better, to make your voice heard and feel safe! I believe that, therapy can help you to grow in awareness so you can find a way to make any changes you want to make.I see therapy as a journey in which I am your companion, helping you to review your life and to consider venturing in new directions.
020 3856 3316 View 020 3856 3316
Photo of Suna Spry in London, England
Suna Spry
Verified Verified
London SE9
You deserve the life you desire without the feeling of being alone and or stuck. Having past life experience with trauma i am proof that you can do it going forward with a can do approach. You don’t have to feel trapped anymore. I don’t want to rescue anyone you have to do that if you really want to be free from being held back. With my encouragement and guidance giving you the tools and strategies I will encourage you and help you get to a place you are free from trauma and blocks using different methods that are suitable for you.
You deserve the life you desire without the feeling of being alone and or stuck. Having past life experience with trauma i am proof that you can do it going forward with a can do approach. You don’t have to feel trapped anymore. I don’t want to rescue anyone you have to do that if you really want to be free from being held back. With my encouragement and guidance giving you the tools and strategies I will encourage you and help you get to a place you are free from trauma and blocks using different methods that are suitable for you.
020 4538 1925 View 020 4538 1925
Photo of Flavia Furtado Calixto, Psychotherapist in London, England
Flavia Furtado Calixto
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
London SW6
Working with a counsellor can help you see things in a new perspective and give support through difficult times. I have worked with people of all ages and backgrounds and can help you with a variety of concerns. My clients tell me that I am warm, insightful and understanding. My passion has always been to work with people, supporting personal growth and helping people develop happier and more meaningful lives, providing a safe environment where they can find inner strength and resilience.
Working with a counsellor can help you see things in a new perspective and give support through difficult times. I have worked with people of all ages and backgrounds and can help you with a variety of concerns. My clients tell me that I am warm, insightful and understanding. My passion has always been to work with people, supporting personal growth and helping people develop happier and more meaningful lives, providing a safe environment where they can find inner strength and resilience.
020 7870 2632 View 020 7870 2632
Photo of Bella Whittaker, Counsellor in London, England
Bella Whittaker
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW15
Hi, I'm Bella. I'm a psychotherapeutic counsellor who specialises in working with young adults between the ages of 18 and 25. I have chosen to work with this age group because back in my university days, I realised that there was a mental health crisis amongst the young, and I wanted to do something about it. I’m really aware of the pressures faced and understand the stress caused by this age of comparison and competitiveness that contribute to feelings of inadequacy and anxiety. I primarily work relationally, and I think the most important thing is that, at the core, we’re just two people meeting and connecting as humans.
Hi, I'm Bella. I'm a psychotherapeutic counsellor who specialises in working with young adults between the ages of 18 and 25. I have chosen to work with this age group because back in my university days, I realised that there was a mental health crisis amongst the young, and I wanted to do something about it. I’m really aware of the pressures faced and understand the stress caused by this age of comparison and competitiveness that contribute to feelings of inadequacy and anxiety. I primarily work relationally, and I think the most important thing is that, at the core, we’re just two people meeting and connecting as humans.
020 3984 9338 View 020 3984 9338
Photo of Dr Chloe Foster, Psychologist in London, England
Dr Chloe Foster
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London E17
Not accepting new clients
I am a clinical psychologist with expertise in treating anxiety disorders using Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT). I specialise in treating obsessive compulsive disorder, emetophobia (vomit phobia) and other phobias, generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety, health anxiety, body dysmorphic disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. I use my in-depth knowledge of anxiety disorders and extensive experience in CBT to support those I work with to bring change to their lives, even if they have struggled with anxiety for many years.
I am a clinical psychologist with expertise in treating anxiety disorders using Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT). I specialise in treating obsessive compulsive disorder, emetophobia (vomit phobia) and other phobias, generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety, health anxiety, body dysmorphic disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. I use my in-depth knowledge of anxiety disorders and extensive experience in CBT to support those I work with to bring change to their lives, even if they have struggled with anxiety for many years.
020 4538 5880 View 020 4538 5880
Photo of Desmond Shortt, Psychotherapist in London, England
Desmond Shortt
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
London SE5  (Online Only)
Clients may have anxiety and low mood, and be confused, after trying for some time to fix themselves. This interferes with their goals in life. They may want to extract themselves from their unhelpful vicious cycles.
Clients may have anxiety and low mood, and be confused, after trying for some time to fix themselves. This interferes with their goals in life. They may want to extract themselves from their unhelpful vicious cycles.
01422 415311 View 01422 415311
Photo of Lola Fasehun, Psychotherapist in London, England
Lola Fasehun
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
London N10  (Online Only)
Would you like a safe space where your difficulties can be explored and real change can happen? My name's Lola and I've been a qualified psychotherapist for over 19 years with experience in assisting anyone who needs a reliable & confidential space in which to explore issues & difficulties. I can work with you on a range of issues including; Anxiety, Depression, Low moods, Trauma, Bereavement, Abuse (sexual/physical/psychological) Self esteem, Race & identity, Adoption & Smoking cessation. I offer online or telephone sessions. Fee is £70 a session (lower for those on low incomes). Currently taking bookings for mornings/evenings
Would you like a safe space where your difficulties can be explored and real change can happen? My name's Lola and I've been a qualified psychotherapist for over 19 years with experience in assisting anyone who needs a reliable & confidential space in which to explore issues & difficulties. I can work with you on a range of issues including; Anxiety, Depression, Low moods, Trauma, Bereavement, Abuse (sexual/physical/psychological) Self esteem, Race & identity, Adoption & Smoking cessation. I offer online or telephone sessions. Fee is £70 a session (lower for those on low incomes). Currently taking bookings for mornings/evenings
07723 496194 View 07723 496194
Photo of Anastasia Moraiti, Psychotherapist in London, England
Anastasia Moraiti
Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
London NW1
Making the first step into therapy could sometimes feels hard, however you have made this first step by visiting this page. My experience working with adults and children over the last 8 years allows me to be able to support you to explore your feelings and thoughts and find how they may be impacting your life. My work is focused on trauma, relationships, mental health issues, depression, addictions, anxiety, anger, career, eating disorder and family issues. I am a fully qualified and registered psychotherapist who works in a holistic way taking into consideration all the dynamics.
Making the first step into therapy could sometimes feels hard, however you have made this first step by visiting this page. My experience working with adults and children over the last 8 years allows me to be able to support you to explore your feelings and thoughts and find how they may be impacting your life. My work is focused on trauma, relationships, mental health issues, depression, addictions, anxiety, anger, career, eating disorder and family issues. I am a fully qualified and registered psychotherapist who works in a holistic way taking into consideration all the dynamics.
020 3667 9849 View 020 3667 9849
Photo of Phillip Ellington, Counsellor in London, England
Phillip Ellington
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW9  (Online Only)
To the outside observer the field of psychotherapy offers a bewildering array of approaches. My suggestion is that you don’t try to choose between them, but focus instead on the person you might work with. In many ways, your relationship with your counsellor is the key to getting the results you want. So, you need someone you can trust and be absolutely open with. Tune into your feelings. Let them to help you decide which candidates are empathic, respectful and honest. Did you feel treated as an equal? Did you leave a meeting feeling warm?
To the outside observer the field of psychotherapy offers a bewildering array of approaches. My suggestion is that you don’t try to choose between them, but focus instead on the person you might work with. In many ways, your relationship with your counsellor is the key to getting the results you want. So, you need someone you can trust and be absolutely open with. Tune into your feelings. Let them to help you decide which candidates are empathic, respectful and honest. Did you feel treated as an equal? Did you leave a meeting feeling warm?
020 4538 0381 View 020 4538 0381
Photo of Barbara Fudali, Psychologist in London, England
Barbara Fudali
Psychologist, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
London N1
I am a Clinical Psychologist with extensive experience of working in the NHS and non profit organisations with people presenting with a range of psychological difficulties, including complex emotional needs, trauma, longstanding relationship issues and addictions.
I am a Clinical Psychologist with extensive experience of working in the NHS and non profit organisations with people presenting with a range of psychological difficulties, including complex emotional needs, trauma, longstanding relationship issues and addictions.
020 3856 3218 View 020 3856 3218
Photo of Lara Just, Psychotherapist in London, England
Lara Just
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London NW3
Do you sometimes feel lost or unsure about what your purpose is? Why you are here? Why life has happened as it did so far? Are you struggling to get through a tough life transition, loss or grief? Are you at times not sure what you have to offer to the world; what you are meant to do or what you really want? Do you find it difficult to trust others or are wondering how to improve your relationships with others? I offer a safe, unbiased space to talk that is removed from your direct family and friends. This freedom to speak openly can be helpful when trying to talk through tricky and uncomfortable feelings.
Do you sometimes feel lost or unsure about what your purpose is? Why you are here? Why life has happened as it did so far? Are you struggling to get through a tough life transition, loss or grief? Are you at times not sure what you have to offer to the world; what you are meant to do or what you really want? Do you find it difficult to trust others or are wondering how to improve your relationships with others? I offer a safe, unbiased space to talk that is removed from your direct family and friends. This freedom to speak openly can be helpful when trying to talk through tricky and uncomfortable feelings.
020 3879 4156 View 020 3879 4156
Photo of The Bodart Practice, Psychologist in London, England
The Bodart Practice
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London SW12
At The Bodart Practice we know that life can be fast-paced, stressful and overwhelming, leaving you without much time or energy for focusing on building the life you had imagined for yourself. As psychologists and holistic therapists, we recognised that the keys to creating fulfilment required helping people connect with all aspects of their life, not only their mental health. We believe that every person deserves to find the clarity and direction they need to understand their past, live more fully in the present, and take steps to build the future they want.
At The Bodart Practice we know that life can be fast-paced, stressful and overwhelming, leaving you without much time or energy for focusing on building the life you had imagined for yourself. As psychologists and holistic therapists, we recognised that the keys to creating fulfilment required helping people connect with all aspects of their life, not only their mental health. We believe that every person deserves to find the clarity and direction they need to understand their past, live more fully in the present, and take steps to build the future they want.
020 4538 8273 View 020 4538 8273
Photo of Mia Kapetanovic, Counsellor in London, England
Mia Kapetanovic
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW1W
I am an Integrative Psychotherapeutic Counsellor, offering short term and long term therapy, in-person and online (Zoom App). I work with individuals and couples. People come to therapy for all sorts of reasons. In your life you may experience many issues and symptoms, such as panic attacks, feeling anxious or overwhelmed, depression and low mood, lack of motivation and low self esteem. It may be a relationship that's failing or that you are recognising the same old themes playing themselves out in your life.
I am an Integrative Psychotherapeutic Counsellor, offering short term and long term therapy, in-person and online (Zoom App). I work with individuals and couples. People come to therapy for all sorts of reasons. In your life you may experience many issues and symptoms, such as panic attacks, feeling anxious or overwhelmed, depression and low mood, lack of motivation and low self esteem. It may be a relationship that's failing or that you are recognising the same old themes playing themselves out in your life.
020 3728 8313 View 020 3728 8313
Photo of Maria Isabel Madrigal Garcia, Psychologist in London, England
Maria Isabel Madrigal Garcia
Psychologist, MSc, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
London W1W
Durante 30 años en psicología, mi objetivo ha sido siempre ofrecer a mis clientes un espacio seguro y de confianza donde poder trabajar juntos para descubrir sus fortalezas y adquirir las herramientas y técnicas necesarias para hacer frente a las dificultades y problemas. ‍Estoy especializada en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de problemas de salud mental en los cuales se incluye depresión, ansiedad, trauma y estrés postraumático, trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo (TOC), crisis de pánico y problemas de pareja. Mis áreas de intervención son Terapia Cognitivo Conductual (CBT), Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso (ACT) y Terapia Humanista
Durante 30 años en psicología, mi objetivo ha sido siempre ofrecer a mis clientes un espacio seguro y de confianza donde poder trabajar juntos para descubrir sus fortalezas y adquirir las herramientas y técnicas necesarias para hacer frente a las dificultades y problemas. ‍Estoy especializada en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de problemas de salud mental en los cuales se incluye depresión, ansiedad, trauma y estrés postraumático, trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo (TOC), crisis de pánico y problemas de pareja. Mis áreas de intervención son Terapia Cognitivo Conductual (CBT), Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso (ACT) y Terapia Humanista
020 3870 4247 View 020 3870 4247

See more therapy options for London

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in London

3,000+

Average cost per session

£75

Counsellors in London who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
84% Self Esteem
81% Relationship Issues
79% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD
63% Bereavement

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Aviva
65% AXA PPP
58% Vitality

How Counsellors in London see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
24% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in London?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.