Photo of Kate Noele Young, Psychotherapist in SE12, England
Kate Noele Young
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London SE12  (Online Only)
Individuals who are struggling with anxiety emotional regulation and identity
Individuals who are struggling with anxiety emotional regulation and identity
020 8138 8735 View 020 8138 8735
Photo of Step Forward Counselling, Counsellor in SE12, England
Step Forward Counselling
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE12  (Online Only)
Infertility impacts 1 in 6 couples, it is life changing and isolating. Losing a baby is devastating, no matter how far along. The fear of never achieving parenthood, ever-present. Childlessness is a grief few understand and yet 1 in 5 women remain childless, the large majority, involuntarily. Wondering if / when, to change direction, to continue pursuing parenthood or not, can leave you feeling overwhelmed. I am a psychotherapist, supporting women and men who are struggling with pregnancy loss; infertility; IVF, potentially using Donor Eggs; Sperm or Embryos as well as childlessness and associated secondary losses.
Infertility impacts 1 in 6 couples, it is life changing and isolating. Losing a baby is devastating, no matter how far along. The fear of never achieving parenthood, ever-present. Childlessness is a grief few understand and yet 1 in 5 women remain childless, the large majority, involuntarily. Wondering if / when, to change direction, to continue pursuing parenthood or not, can leave you feeling overwhelmed. I am a psychotherapist, supporting women and men who are struggling with pregnancy loss; infertility; IVF, potentially using Donor Eggs; Sperm or Embryos as well as childlessness and associated secondary losses.
020 3872 2842 View 020 3872 2842
Photo of Geraldine Lothian, Psychotherapist in SE12, England
Geraldine Lothian
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE12  (Online Only)
If you find yourself struggling with feelings and you’re not sure why, being able to talk to someone confidentially and without judgement may help.
If you find yourself struggling with feelings and you’re not sure why, being able to talk to someone confidentially and without judgement may help.
020 3389 5240 View 020 3389 5240
Photo of Stephen Nealon, Counsellor in SE12, England
Stephen Nealon
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE12
I am a qualified integrative counsellor and registered member of the BACP. I believe in the power of a supportive, caring and honest relationship where you are unconditionally accepted, with all aspects of yourself welcomed into the counselling space. I will enable you to identify parts of yourself that may be holding you back in relationships, work and other elements of life so that you can take control of your life and embrace the challenges of everyday existence. We will discuss your problems and opportunities and identify methods for achieving your goals to move forward towards change.
I am a qualified integrative counsellor and registered member of the BACP. I believe in the power of a supportive, caring and honest relationship where you are unconditionally accepted, with all aspects of yourself welcomed into the counselling space. I will enable you to identify parts of yourself that may be holding you back in relationships, work and other elements of life so that you can take control of your life and embrace the challenges of everyday existence. We will discuss your problems and opportunities and identify methods for achieving your goals to move forward towards change.
020 4538 0274 View 020 4538 0274
Photo of Pauline Brown, Counsellor in SE12, England
Pauline Brown
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London SE12  (Online Only)
I am a BACP (Accred) Integrative Therapeutic Counsellor. I work particularly with attachment with our initial caregivers and how these relationships may cause us to experience difficulties in adult life. I offer affordable short and long-term counselling in a safe, confidential, non-judgemental environment where you can talk and feel heard. I specialise in generalised anxiety, panic attacks, depression, bereavement, alcohol addiction issues, trauma, low self esteem, anger management, issues of loneliness and isolation, ongoing family difficulties. I currently support clients via ZOOM and would love to hear from you.
I am a BACP (Accred) Integrative Therapeutic Counsellor. I work particularly with attachment with our initial caregivers and how these relationships may cause us to experience difficulties in adult life. I offer affordable short and long-term counselling in a safe, confidential, non-judgemental environment where you can talk and feel heard. I specialise in generalised anxiety, panic attacks, depression, bereavement, alcohol addiction issues, trauma, low self esteem, anger management, issues of loneliness and isolation, ongoing family difficulties. I currently support clients via ZOOM and would love to hear from you.
01689 664643 View 01689 664643
Photo of Equilibrium Therapeutic Counselling, Counsellor in SE12, England
Equilibrium Therapeutic Counselling
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
London SE12
Feeling overwhelmed by life's events and wanting an experienced counsellor to help you work through issues? I am here to work with you in a professional, warm and effective way to bring clarity, change and balance to what ever has made you decide to take the step of therapy. Low moods, stress, depression, abuse, trauma, feeling under pressure to name but a few issues whatever it is that you bring, we will work collaboratively and non judgementally in a safe space and find ways for you to move forward in your life. You matter, so taking this step will help you to lighten the load and bring equilibrium back in to your life.
Feeling overwhelmed by life's events and wanting an experienced counsellor to help you work through issues? I am here to work with you in a professional, warm and effective way to bring clarity, change and balance to what ever has made you decide to take the step of therapy. Low moods, stress, depression, abuse, trauma, feeling under pressure to name but a few issues whatever it is that you bring, we will work collaboratively and non judgementally in a safe space and find ways for you to move forward in your life. You matter, so taking this step will help you to lighten the load and bring equilibrium back in to your life.
07480 619170 View 07480 619170
Photo of Elizabeth Helen Lunn, Counsellor in SE12, England
Elizabeth Helen Lunn
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE12  (Online Only)
An aspiring Counselling Psychologist nearing the end of training, and a registered counsellor/psychotherapist with the BACP. In addition to private practice, I have three years' NHS experience, working with depression, anxiety, long-term health problems, addictions, personality disorders, bereavement and psychosexual issues. I adopt an assimilative approach to therapy, tending to predominantly draw upon psychodynamic theory (more specifically attachment theory), where focus is on the psychological roots of emotional suffering.
An aspiring Counselling Psychologist nearing the end of training, and a registered counsellor/psychotherapist with the BACP. In addition to private practice, I have three years' NHS experience, working with depression, anxiety, long-term health problems, addictions, personality disorders, bereavement and psychosexual issues. I adopt an assimilative approach to therapy, tending to predominantly draw upon psychodynamic theory (more specifically attachment theory), where focus is on the psychological roots of emotional suffering.
020 4538 0021 View 020 4538 0021
Photo of Michael Carrington, Counsellor in SE12, England
Michael Carrington
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE12
Do you find it difficult to talk to those closest to you about your issues and concerns? Perhaps you don’t want to burden them or feel worried that they might judge or not understand what you are going through? I provide a safe, confidential, and non-judgemental space in which you can explore your thoughts and feelings, allowing you to understand more about yourself and your relationships with others. As an integrative counsellor, I work with a variety of therapeutic approaches and methods, and combine them to suit the needs of each individual client.
Do you find it difficult to talk to those closest to you about your issues and concerns? Perhaps you don’t want to burden them or feel worried that they might judge or not understand what you are going through? I provide a safe, confidential, and non-judgemental space in which you can explore your thoughts and feelings, allowing you to understand more about yourself and your relationships with others. As an integrative counsellor, I work with a variety of therapeutic approaches and methods, and combine them to suit the needs of each individual client.
020 3962 1727 View 020 3962 1727
Photo of Julie Andrews, Counsellor in SE12, England
Julie Andrews
Counsellor, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
London SE12
Passionate about therapy, Julie, with a Gestalt Centre Postgraduate Certificate and a Goldsmiths University of London Master's in Counselling, specialises in Gestalt psychotherapy. They offer individual therapy, ‘walking therapy’, supervision, groups and freelance training. Until 2023, Julie taught the Certificate in Humanistic Counselling Skills at the Gestalt Centre. Committed to anti-racism and equality, they focus on supporting all people, high achievers, addressing bereavement, trauma, solitude, identity issues, anxiety, personal development and supporting people seeking to reshape their lives, amidst unhappiness.
Passionate about therapy, Julie, with a Gestalt Centre Postgraduate Certificate and a Goldsmiths University of London Master's in Counselling, specialises in Gestalt psychotherapy. They offer individual therapy, ‘walking therapy’, supervision, groups and freelance training. Until 2023, Julie taught the Certificate in Humanistic Counselling Skills at the Gestalt Centre. Committed to anti-racism and equality, they focus on supporting all people, high achievers, addressing bereavement, trauma, solitude, identity issues, anxiety, personal development and supporting people seeking to reshape their lives, amidst unhappiness.
020 8103 6048 View 020 8103 6048
Photo of Ama Clarke, Counsellor in SE12, England
Ama Clarke
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE12
Talking Therapy with Ama is about getting you back to you. Some clients may be struggling with common mental health problems like bereavement, anxiety or depression and need to develop some better ways of coping on the road to recovery. Others may be suffering more serious mental illnesses or seeking to heal from the lasting effects of trauma. Others may have nothing wrong but just want to use the space to check in with self, to reflect, perhaps set new goals and review their choices.
Talking Therapy with Ama is about getting you back to you. Some clients may be struggling with common mental health problems like bereavement, anxiety or depression and need to develop some better ways of coping on the road to recovery. Others may be suffering more serious mental illnesses or seeking to heal from the lasting effects of trauma. Others may have nothing wrong but just want to use the space to check in with self, to reflect, perhaps set new goals and review their choices.
020 3856 4011 View 020 3856 4011
Photo of Chris Murrell, Psychotherapist in SE12, England
Chris Murrell
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE12
Please visit my website for full information infulistic.com I’m an Integrative Counsellor & Coach, AKA Personal Consultant. Who’s known for a deep level of compassion and loves uniqueness. Everyone is unique and brings something different but equally interesting to the world. I like to offer my service in not only helping you to overcome challenges but with discovery and an ability to use what’s discovered for helping you look into the future and changing things up within a structured approach.
Please visit my website for full information infulistic.com I’m an Integrative Counsellor & Coach, AKA Personal Consultant. Who’s known for a deep level of compassion and loves uniqueness. Everyone is unique and brings something different but equally interesting to the world. I like to offer my service in not only helping you to overcome challenges but with discovery and an ability to use what’s discovered for helping you look into the future and changing things up within a structured approach.
07866 973610 View 07866 973610
Photo of Ozde Gul Demir, Psychologist in SE12, England
Ozde Gul Demir
Psychologist, MSc, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
London SE12  (Online Only)
Hello. I am Özde. I have been working for six years as a psychologist. My area of expertise is individual teeneager and adult personality disorders, especially Borderline, Schizophrenia, OCD, Bipolar..I also take a session a client who has struggle Anxiety disorders, PTSD, depression and panic attack. I always try to help people learn to cope with stressful situations, overcome addictions, manage their chronic illnesses, and tests and assessments that can help diagnose a condition or tell more about the way a person thinks, feels, and behaves.
Hello. I am Özde. I have been working for six years as a psychologist. My area of expertise is individual teeneager and adult personality disorders, especially Borderline, Schizophrenia, OCD, Bipolar..I also take a session a client who has struggle Anxiety disorders, PTSD, depression and panic attack. I always try to help people learn to cope with stressful situations, overcome addictions, manage their chronic illnesses, and tests and assessments that can help diagnose a condition or tell more about the way a person thinks, feels, and behaves.
01202 125274 View 01202 125274
Photo of A New Hope Therapy: LGBTQ+ and ADHD Psychotherapy, Psychotherapist in SE12, England
A New Hope Therapy: LGBTQ+ and ADHD Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
London SE12  (Online Only)
Hello, I'm Matthew (he/him). I offer support for anxiety, depression, grief, and relationship issues. My specialisation is working with people who are LGBTQ+ and Neurodivergent, however, I offer a warm welcome to everyone. Having personally experienced the challenges of living in a heteronormative and neurotypical world, I understand the difficulties of coping with feelings of shame and rejection. I believe these feelings can be overcome, and offer hope for living a comfortable life in your own skin.
Hello, I'm Matthew (he/him). I offer support for anxiety, depression, grief, and relationship issues. My specialisation is working with people who are LGBTQ+ and Neurodivergent, however, I offer a warm welcome to everyone. Having personally experienced the challenges of living in a heteronormative and neurotypical world, I understand the difficulties of coping with feelings of shame and rejection. I believe these feelings can be overcome, and offer hope for living a comfortable life in your own skin.
020 3823 6649 View 020 3823 6649
Photo of Talkthinkact Counselling, Counsellor in SE12, England
Talkthinkact Counselling
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE12
My name is Sally Spigner and I am a BACP registered counsellor working from a relaxing office between Bromley and Grove Park. I am passionate about helping clients make changes in life, from teenagers with social anxiety, to executives suffering with burnout. If your life needs to change, and the change has to come now, come along and have a chat. Counselling can help when you have issues which you prefer not to talk about with family and friends, or indeed when they might be part of the problem. There is no need for you to face your problems alone.
My name is Sally Spigner and I am a BACP registered counsellor working from a relaxing office between Bromley and Grove Park. I am passionate about helping clients make changes in life, from teenagers with social anxiety, to executives suffering with burnout. If your life needs to change, and the change has to come now, come along and have a chat. Counselling can help when you have issues which you prefer not to talk about with family and friends, or indeed when they might be part of the problem. There is no need for you to face your problems alone.
07712 011180 View 07712 011180
Photo of Michelle Harrison-Lee, Psychotherapist in SE12, England
Michelle Harrison-Lee
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London SE12
Hello, my name is Michelle, As a counsellor and psychotherapist, I am all too aware of just how daunting taking that initial step towards counselling can be. The mere fact that you are reading this now means you are just a phone call away from putting that right. While we sometimes turn to a friend or family member in our hour of need, it is when the problem lies with our nearest and dearest that we should consult with a professional.
Hello, my name is Michelle, As a counsellor and psychotherapist, I am all too aware of just how daunting taking that initial step towards counselling can be. The mere fact that you are reading this now means you are just a phone call away from putting that right. While we sometimes turn to a friend or family member in our hour of need, it is when the problem lies with our nearest and dearest that we should consult with a professional.
07481 345693 View 07481 345693
Photo of Ashleigh Thomas, Counsellor in SE12, England
Ashleigh Thomas
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE12  (Online Only)
If you are someone who is finding your journey through life difficult. I provide a safe place for you to speak and get support on this journey. Someone to actively listen and give you the time you don’t always get weekly in life. Everyone walks a different path in life and lead's their individual lives. No matter what path you have taken it can provide it's own obstacles, burdens and difficulties. It can become overwhelming and challenging, and seeking support can be the first step to working through these difficult aspects in life.
If you are someone who is finding your journey through life difficult. I provide a safe place for you to speak and get support on this journey. Someone to actively listen and give you the time you don’t always get weekly in life. Everyone walks a different path in life and lead's their individual lives. No matter what path you have taken it can provide it's own obstacles, burdens and difficulties. It can become overwhelming and challenging, and seeking support can be the first step to working through these difficult aspects in life.
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Photo of Roshan Jadavji, Psychotherapist in SE12, England
Roshan Jadavji
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London SE12  (Online Only)
Life can be overwhelming & struggles are more apparent, I'm here to support you & to stand side by side throughout your journey. I'm an integrative therapist which allows me to use a combination of therapeutic approaches in order to match your individual needs. I provide an empathetic, safe and non-judgmental space that allows room for me to hear your concerns. All my sessions are solely focused on being client-led & are at your pace, this space can assist with acceptance and understanding giving space to grow. I am a mixed-race, South Asian woman raised in a Muslim household so can empathise with cultural and religious challenges.
Life can be overwhelming & struggles are more apparent, I'm here to support you & to stand side by side throughout your journey. I'm an integrative therapist which allows me to use a combination of therapeutic approaches in order to match your individual needs. I provide an empathetic, safe and non-judgmental space that allows room for me to hear your concerns. All my sessions are solely focused on being client-led & are at your pace, this space can assist with acceptance and understanding giving space to grow. I am a mixed-race, South Asian woman raised in a Muslim household so can empathise with cultural and religious challenges.
01628 956323 View 01628 956323
Photo of Ronke Adeyemi (MA, MBACP) Individual & Couple, Psychotherapist in SE12, England
Ronke Adeyemi (MA, MBACP) Individual & Couple
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE12  (Online Only)
Are you feeling Anxious, Depressed or stuck in your personal or professional life? Are you experiencing a profound loss due to Bereavement or a Traumatic /PTSD that causes you sleeplessness? or going through Relationship, Domestic Abuse/ Violence, Spiritual, Identity or Cultural issues? Are you struggling with feeling of shame, guilt, abandonment or looking for healing due to unresolved past hurt and disappointment? I have personal experience of how it felt to be trapped and joy to be liberated. We will collaboratively work together with empathy and respect to gain confidence you need to live a happy and fulfilling life with .
Are you feeling Anxious, Depressed or stuck in your personal or professional life? Are you experiencing a profound loss due to Bereavement or a Traumatic /PTSD that causes you sleeplessness? or going through Relationship, Domestic Abuse/ Violence, Spiritual, Identity or Cultural issues? Are you struggling with feeling of shame, guilt, abandonment or looking for healing due to unresolved past hurt and disappointment? I have personal experience of how it felt to be trapped and joy to be liberated. We will collaboratively work together with empathy and respect to gain confidence you need to live a happy and fulfilling life with .
01689 663148 View 01689 663148
Photo of Attachment Trauma Therapy Clinic, Psychotherapist in SE12, England
Attachment Trauma Therapy Clinic
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
London SE12
Hi. I’m Mirek. Some people seek help because they experience a variety of emotional challenges (e.g. depression, anxiety, addictive tendencies, issues within relationships, unhelpful patterns of relating, and they want to feel better. Counselling and psychotherapy can help with it, but most importantly it can help with changing internal landscapes so that we then better understand how we function and have an idea where our troubles come from. Knowing that it is then easier to manage ourselves with anything that live throws at us. There is nothing better than a sense of freedom from old unhealthy patterns of relating!
Hi. I’m Mirek. Some people seek help because they experience a variety of emotional challenges (e.g. depression, anxiety, addictive tendencies, issues within relationships, unhelpful patterns of relating, and they want to feel better. Counselling and psychotherapy can help with it, but most importantly it can help with changing internal landscapes so that we then better understand how we function and have an idea where our troubles come from. Knowing that it is then easier to manage ourselves with anything that live throws at us. There is nothing better than a sense of freedom from old unhealthy patterns of relating!
020 3974 2015 View 020 3974 2015
Photo of Laura Rader, Counsellor in SE12, England
Laura Rader
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE12
If you wish you understood yourself more, are feeling directionless right now and are finding it hard to express your needs to somebody who will really listen, then I am here for you. When distraction is no longer an option and you want or need to face what is troubling you, do reach out. I can help you if you dislike yourself, find emotions difficult to manage or struggle with relationships. We can work towards identifying your patterns of relating to yourself and to others, with compassion. We can identify your personal goals and your resources, learn and rehearse new ways of relating, that will get you what you want from life.
If you wish you understood yourself more, are feeling directionless right now and are finding it hard to express your needs to somebody who will really listen, then I am here for you. When distraction is no longer an option and you want or need to face what is troubling you, do reach out. I can help you if you dislike yourself, find emotions difficult to manage or struggle with relationships. We can work towards identifying your patterns of relating to yourself and to others, with compassion. We can identify your personal goals and your resources, learn and rehearse new ways of relating, that will get you what you want from life.
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See more therapy options for SE12

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in SE12

50+

Average cost per session

£65

Counsellors in SE12 who prioritize treating:

86% Anxiety
86% Stress
82% Depression
81% Self Esteem
77% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
63% Bereavement

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

50% Aviva
44% Vitality
39% Cigna and Evernorth

How Counsellors in SE12 see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in SE12?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.