Counselling in Kilmarnock

Photo of Victoria Pollard, BACP, Counsellor
Victoria Pollard
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Kilmarnock KA3
Hello, I'm Victoria. Whatever is troubling you, I am here to listen. My aim is to support you in talking through your concerns and emotions so that you can make better sense of your own thoughts and feelings. By doing so I hope to help you find a positive way forward. You'll hear counsellors mention 'a safe space' - that's really about the relationship that we build together, and how it differs from talking to a friend or family member who may have their own feelings and judgements around the issues that are concerning you.
Hello, I'm Victoria. Whatever is troubling you, I am here to listen. My aim is to support you in talking through your concerns and emotions so that you can make better sense of your own thoughts and feelings. By doing so I hope to help you find a positive way forward. You'll hear counsellors mention 'a safe space' - that's really about the relationship that we build together, and how it differs from talking to a friend or family member who may have their own feelings and judgements around the issues that are concerning you.
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Photo of Vicky Gordon ( Cbt Therapist), MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Vicky Gordon ( Cbt Therapist)
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Kilmarnock KA1
My name is Vicky and I am a fully accredited Cognitive Behavioural Therapist. (BABCP) I am available to help you to understand and work through your difficulties. CBT is an evidence based practice and effective in treating problems such as depression, low confidence, panic, stress, obsessional problems, phobias, PTSD, health anxieties and excessive worry. My aim is to help you to understand your problems better and to assist you to learn and practice using proven techniques which can reduce distress so that you can lead a life with a greater sense of enjoyment and fulfilment.
My name is Vicky and I am a fully accredited Cognitive Behavioural Therapist. (BABCP) I am available to help you to understand and work through your difficulties. CBT is an evidence based practice and effective in treating problems such as depression, low confidence, panic, stress, obsessional problems, phobias, PTSD, health anxieties and excessive worry. My aim is to help you to understand your problems better and to assist you to learn and practice using proven techniques which can reduce distress so that you can lead a life with a greater sense of enjoyment and fulfilment.
01563 597200 View 01563 597200
Photo of Robert Fulton, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Robert Fulton
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Kilmarnock KA1
Waitlist for new clients
I am an accredited cognitive behavioural therapist who runs Progress Psychotherapy. The service operates in Kilmarnock or UK wide if you prefer videocalls. My experience involves treating anxiety, depression, trauma, OCD low self-esteem, self-harm, BPD, DID and many other issues.
I am an accredited cognitive behavioural therapist who runs Progress Psychotherapy. The service operates in Kilmarnock or UK wide if you prefer videocalls. My experience involves treating anxiety, depression, trauma, OCD low self-esteem, self-harm, BPD, DID and many other issues.
01563 593290 View 01563 593290
Photo of Gayle Cowie, DCounsPsych, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Gayle Cowie
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBABCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kilmarnock KA1
Hello, my name is Gayle , I am an integrative Cognitive Behavioural Therapist. Life can be difficult and sometimes we need to reach out for a little help and support. Taking this first step is a brave decision to make but by seeking help and speaking to a qualified therapist you will gain a better understanding of where your problems originate and how this is affecting your everyday life. You are perhaps feeling lost, stuck and unsure of how to make changes, I can help with this. If you feel ready to make changes or just to have a one to one meeting to chat about your problems with no obligation , contact me.
Hello, my name is Gayle , I am an integrative Cognitive Behavioural Therapist. Life can be difficult and sometimes we need to reach out for a little help and support. Taking this first step is a brave decision to make but by seeking help and speaking to a qualified therapist you will gain a better understanding of where your problems originate and how this is affecting your everyday life. You are perhaps feeling lost, stuck and unsure of how to make changes, I can help with this. If you feel ready to make changes or just to have a one to one meeting to chat about your problems with no obligation , contact me.
01292 439781 View 01292 439781
Photo of Leah Earl, MSc, MBACP, Counsellor
Leah Earl
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Kilmarnock KA1
These days therapy can seem like a daunting task to organise and keep up with. As a person centred therapist, my approach is tailored to your unique needs. Whatever you might be struggling with as an individual- I offer a safe, non-judgemental space where you can explore your thoughts and feelings at whatever pace you feel comfortable. By listening and working together with you, my therapy sessions can empower you to find your own path to healing and personal growth. If you have any reservations or concerns, I offer a free 10 minute phone call to help answer any questions you may have.
These days therapy can seem like a daunting task to organise and keep up with. As a person centred therapist, my approach is tailored to your unique needs. Whatever you might be struggling with as an individual- I offer a safe, non-judgemental space where you can explore your thoughts and feelings at whatever pace you feel comfortable. By listening and working together with you, my therapy sessions can empower you to find your own path to healing and personal growth. If you have any reservations or concerns, I offer a free 10 minute phone call to help answer any questions you may have.
01563 593280 View 01563 593280
Photo of Samantha McEwan, MSc, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Samantha McEwan
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Kilmarnock KA1
Mental health is just as important as our physical health and our sense of self, value and purpose is often related to our past and current experiences and relationshps. I am a trauma informed cognitive behaviour therapist, mental health nurse and coach and provide mental health support and CBT counselling in Kilmarnock, Ayrshire. I have extensive experience helping people successfully work through a wide range of difficulties affecting their wellbeing in their personal or working lives, such as social or generalised anxiety, relationship issues, depression, low self-esteem, trauma, PTSD, workplace bullying and burnout.
Mental health is just as important as our physical health and our sense of self, value and purpose is often related to our past and current experiences and relationshps. I am a trauma informed cognitive behaviour therapist, mental health nurse and coach and provide mental health support and CBT counselling in Kilmarnock, Ayrshire. I have extensive experience helping people successfully work through a wide range of difficulties affecting their wellbeing in their personal or working lives, such as social or generalised anxiety, relationship issues, depression, low self-esteem, trauma, PTSD, workplace bullying and burnout.
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Photo of Lucy Watkins - Lucy Lewis Therapy, MBACP, Counsellor
Lucy Lewis Therapy
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Kilmarnock KA3
I can help with a range of issues you may be struggling with including; eating, sleep, insomnia, trauma (including PTSD and C-PTSD) and depression. Whatever you are looking for, please get in touch and we can discuss goals together and what you are looking to get from therapy.
I can help with a range of issues you may be struggling with including; eating, sleep, insomnia, trauma (including PTSD and C-PTSD) and depression. Whatever you are looking for, please get in touch and we can discuss goals together and what you are looking to get from therapy.
01560 090135 View 01560 090135
Photo of Alison Mclean, DCounsPsych, MCOSCA, Counsellor
Alison Mclean
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MCOSCA
Verified Verified
Kilmarnock KA1
Hello my name is Alison, I am an integrative therapist. What this means is I can draw upon various modalities/techniques to work with you. I believe in working together with you to move through any difficulties that is causing you distress in your life. If you are feeling stuck please get in touch and I am happy to arrange a time to either have a quick chat on the phone or meet up to help you decide if therapy is for you. I have experience of working with both children and adults.
Hello my name is Alison, I am an integrative therapist. What this means is I can draw upon various modalities/techniques to work with you. I believe in working together with you to move through any difficulties that is causing you distress in your life. If you are feeling stuck please get in touch and I am happy to arrange a time to either have a quick chat on the phone or meet up to help you decide if therapy is for you. I have experience of working with both children and adults.
01563 597199 View 01563 597199
Photo of Annfreda Corsar - Reflections Counselling Services, MSc
Reflections Counselling Services
MSc
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kilmarnock KA1
I am a counsellor and qualified mental health and wellbeing practitioner specialising in Integrative and holistic approach to counselling and mental wellbeing support. I aim to support you as you explore the problems that you are experiencing in a safe, confidential space and at a pace that you are comfortable with. Any treatment interventions we agree upon and/or implement will focus on you as an individual, and with emphasis what you can do to achieve meaningful recovery form your current psychological/mental wellbeing concerns. Sometimes, you may just want to talk as you figure things out, I am here to listen to you.
I am a counsellor and qualified mental health and wellbeing practitioner specialising in Integrative and holistic approach to counselling and mental wellbeing support. I aim to support you as you explore the problems that you are experiencing in a safe, confidential space and at a pace that you are comfortable with. Any treatment interventions we agree upon and/or implement will focus on you as an individual, and with emphasis what you can do to achieve meaningful recovery form your current psychological/mental wellbeing concerns. Sometimes, you may just want to talk as you figure things out, I am here to listen to you.
01563 591829 View 01563 591829
Photo of Valerie Barr - Dynamic Diamond Consultancy, MBACP, Counsellor
Dynamic Diamond Consultancy
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Kilmarnock KA1
I am an Integrative Cognitive Behavioural Therapist my interest in becoming a therapist developed within my career in Social Care and Trauma Informed services. I am also an experienced Trainer and currently deliver various Self Esteem, Wellbeing & Nutrition Workshops, including Retrain your Brain - Mood Food which provides Psychoeducation around anxiety and food. In life we may have similar experiences but our uniqueness as human beings mean we all recover from emotional pain in our own individual way. Whatever you’re experience we can work together to help you gain a better understanding of your thoughts, feelings and behaviours.
I am an Integrative Cognitive Behavioural Therapist my interest in becoming a therapist developed within my career in Social Care and Trauma Informed services. I am also an experienced Trainer and currently deliver various Self Esteem, Wellbeing & Nutrition Workshops, including Retrain your Brain - Mood Food which provides Psychoeducation around anxiety and food. In life we may have similar experiences but our uniqueness as human beings mean we all recover from emotional pain in our own individual way. Whatever you’re experience we can work together to help you gain a better understanding of your thoughts, feelings and behaviours.
01563 599989 View 01563 599989
Photo of Mary Ritchie - Mary Ritchie, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Mary Ritchie
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kilmarnock KA3  (Online Only)
Hi , I'm Mary a psychotherapist. If life is challenging right now whether it's relationship struggles, anxiety, depression past or present trauma - You have come to the right place. I'm a caring , person centred, and offer a warm non judgemental space where we can explore things together. From my own experience, I've found that learning about ourselves can be incredibly liberating. It can help us understand why things feel difficult and open up new possibilities .If you are ready to take the first step ,I'd love to hear from you.
Hi , I'm Mary a psychotherapist. If life is challenging right now whether it's relationship struggles, anxiety, depression past or present trauma - You have come to the right place. I'm a caring , person centred, and offer a warm non judgemental space where we can explore things together. From my own experience, I've found that learning about ourselves can be incredibly liberating. It can help us understand why things feel difficult and open up new possibilities .If you are ready to take the first step ,I'd love to hear from you.
01563 597210 View 01563 597210
Photo of Raj Sandhu Chima, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Raj Sandhu Chima
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kilmarnock KA1
Waitlist for new clients
Hello and a very warm welcome to you! We all experience times in our life when we feel stuck, overwhelmed, lacking in direction or purpose ... and it's at times like these when we might seek support in facing these challenges and making positive change. I thoroughly enjoy supporting individuals and groups through challenging periods. I have been in a supportive role for over 20 years, my passion is for people. I am a Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist and work with a blend of evidence-based modalities.
Hello and a very warm welcome to you! We all experience times in our life when we feel stuck, overwhelmed, lacking in direction or purpose ... and it's at times like these when we might seek support in facing these challenges and making positive change. I thoroughly enjoy supporting individuals and groups through challenging periods. I have been in a supportive role for over 20 years, my passion is for people. I am a Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist and work with a blend of evidence-based modalities.
01563 597371 View 01563 597371
Photo of Fiona Mclean, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Fiona Mclean
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Kilmarnock KA1
Welcome to my profile. I believe that successful counselling starts with rapport and trust. From there, having a safe space to be able to talk about what is causing distress to you, is only beneficial if there is a good therapeutic foundation. Over the years, I have had the privilege of providing therapeutic support to children and adults with many different presenting issues. Counselling is a journey with many lightbulb moments and helping find answers in the darkest corners. I have always felt that it is a gift to be able to talk to someone and share your story, which allows growth and change
Welcome to my profile. I believe that successful counselling starts with rapport and trust. From there, having a safe space to be able to talk about what is causing distress to you, is only beneficial if there is a good therapeutic foundation. Over the years, I have had the privilege of providing therapeutic support to children and adults with many different presenting issues. Counselling is a journey with many lightbulb moments and helping find answers in the darkest corners. I have always felt that it is a gift to be able to talk to someone and share your story, which allows growth and change
01560 337713 View 01560 337713
Photo of Vicky Paterson, BACP, Counsellor
Vicky Paterson
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Kilmarnock KA1
At various points in our lives, we all encounter moments of feeling stuck, overwhelmed, directionless, or adrift. When life becomes too much to handle, finding a way forward can seem daunting. You might have resigned yourself to thinking, "This is just how things are now," but the good news is that it doesn't have to be that way, and I'm here to assist you. I am a qualified cognitive behavioural therapist. I provide a confidential and non-judgmental environment where I assist you in addressing and overcoming any challenges, fears, or difficulties that may be causing distress and negatively impacting your overall wellbeing. I'm here
At various points in our lives, we all encounter moments of feeling stuck, overwhelmed, directionless, or adrift. When life becomes too much to handle, finding a way forward can seem daunting. You might have resigned yourself to thinking, "This is just how things are now," but the good news is that it doesn't have to be that way, and I'm here to assist you. I am a qualified cognitive behavioural therapist. I provide a confidential and non-judgmental environment where I assist you in addressing and overcoming any challenges, fears, or difficulties that may be causing distress and negatively impacting your overall wellbeing. I'm here
07947 819647 View 07947 819647
Photo of Alan Mclauchlan
Alan Mclauchlan
Verified Verified
Kilmarnock KA1
Hi, my name is Alan . I am a qualified cognitive behaviour therapist . As people we all struggle with stress, anxiety and trauma from time to time and need support to help us to work through our issues and move on with our lives . I will work with you in a person centred manner , with the use of cognitive behaviour therapy . I will introduce you to CBT interventions to assist you to achieve your own personal goal and become more confident in your future .As a therapist I am able to support you at a level and pace that is beneficial to you and allows you the opportunity to move forward .
Hi, my name is Alan . I am a qualified cognitive behaviour therapist . As people we all struggle with stress, anxiety and trauma from time to time and need support to help us to work through our issues and move on with our lives . I will work with you in a person centred manner , with the use of cognitive behaviour therapy . I will introduce you to CBT interventions to assist you to achieve your own personal goal and become more confident in your future .As a therapist I am able to support you at a level and pace that is beneficial to you and allows you the opportunity to move forward .
01292 439732 View 01292 439732
Photo of Andrea Webb, PsychD
Andrea Webb
PsychD
Verified Verified
Kilmarnock KA1  (Online Only)
Counselling and CBT psychotherapist. High success rate in outcomes for clients. A professional approach with a warm and caring manner. always putting your needs first. Providing a safe, confidential and non-judgemental environment working together to gain insight into the less conscious aspects of your thinking, behaviour and feelings. I offer focused counselling and psychotherapy where we can work together to explore deeper rooted difficulties which may have built up over time. Working together to gain a new and different perspective.
Counselling and CBT psychotherapist. High success rate in outcomes for clients. A professional approach with a warm and caring manner. always putting your needs first. Providing a safe, confidential and non-judgemental environment working together to gain insight into the less conscious aspects of your thinking, behaviour and feelings. I offer focused counselling and psychotherapy where we can work together to explore deeper rooted difficulties which may have built up over time. Working together to gain a new and different perspective.
0141 471 9093 View 0141 471 9093
Photo of Jill Ogston, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Jill Ogston
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Kilmarnock KA1  (Online Only)
Hi I am Dr Jill Ogston and I am a highly experienced Clinical Psychologist at The Beacon Practice. I offer psychological assessment and therapeutic intervention in West and Central Scotland. I work with children, adults and families to help them understand and manage a wide range of emotional difficulties. In addition, I have particular expertise in working with people with Autism Spectrum Conditions and related conditions; in providing support to live in a neurotypical world, with emotional difficulties and in providing an opinion on whether a full assessment of Autism would be helpful.
Hi I am Dr Jill Ogston and I am a highly experienced Clinical Psychologist at The Beacon Practice. I offer psychological assessment and therapeutic intervention in West and Central Scotland. I work with children, adults and families to help them understand and manage a wide range of emotional difficulties. In addition, I have particular expertise in working with people with Autism Spectrum Conditions and related conditions; in providing support to live in a neurotypical world, with emotional difficulties and in providing an opinion on whether a full assessment of Autism would be helpful.
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Photo of Elaine McQueen, MBACP, Counsellor
Elaine McQueen
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Kilmarnock KA1
Not accepting new clients
Everybody struggles sometimes and talking about whatever may be troubling us helps us to explore our inner feelings. However, considering counselling can feel a bit daunting. Often, we are so used to putting others before ourselves that it can almost feel selfish to take care of ourselves so we just try to 'get on with it'. It can be difficult to take that first step but I can provide a safe space where I will work compassionately with you to help explore whatever may be troubling you. It can be healing to speak to someone outside of your own circle who can be non judgemental and empathic.
Everybody struggles sometimes and talking about whatever may be troubling us helps us to explore our inner feelings. However, considering counselling can feel a bit daunting. Often, we are so used to putting others before ourselves that it can almost feel selfish to take care of ourselves so we just try to 'get on with it'. It can be difficult to take that first step but I can provide a safe space where I will work compassionately with you to help explore whatever may be troubling you. It can be healing to speak to someone outside of your own circle who can be non judgemental and empathic.
01294 445329 View 01294 445329
Photo of Anita Struthers - Anita counselling service , DCounsPsych, MBACP, Counsellor
Anita counselling service
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
Kilmarnock KA1
Hi, I'm Anita, (MBACP) a qualified counsellor, here to support you through difficulties you are experiencing with life, from anxiety, stress, bereavement, abusive relationships or distressful feelings. My focus is on connecting with you to gain a deep understanding of what your issues are and to develop a trusting relationship with you. Through this connection, I will listen to hear you, focus on your perspective and be alongside you with support on your own journey of awareness, to come to your own decisions that feel right for you.
Hi, I'm Anita, (MBACP) a qualified counsellor, here to support you through difficulties you are experiencing with life, from anxiety, stress, bereavement, abusive relationships or distressful feelings. My focus is on connecting with you to gain a deep understanding of what your issues are and to develop a trusting relationship with you. Through this connection, I will listen to hear you, focus on your perspective and be alongside you with support on your own journey of awareness, to come to your own decisions that feel right for you.
0141 673 0135 View 0141 673 0135
Photo of Shirley Macmillan
Shirley Macmillan
Verified Verified
Kilmarnock KA1  (Online Only)
I am a qualified Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist based in Ayrshire. I work predominantly with a Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) approach, but also draw on other therapeutic approaches to provide a more integrative and tailored therapy for you. There are times when we all experience situations that cause distress or uncertainty and it can be difficult to move past these events or to speak to those close to us.
I am a qualified Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist based in Ayrshire. I work predominantly with a Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) approach, but also draw on other therapeutic approaches to provide a more integrative and tailored therapy for you. There are times when we all experience situations that cause distress or uncertainty and it can be difficult to move past these events or to speak to those close to us.
01292 439650 View 01292 439650
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See more therapy options for Kilmarnock

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Kilmarnock

20+

Average cost per session

£50

Counsellors in Kilmarnock who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
96% Self Esteem
88% Depression
80% Stress
76% Relationship Issues
76% Trauma and PTSD
68% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

5 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

60% Aviva
60% AXA PPP
40% Bupa

How Counsellors in Kilmarnock see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
14% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Kilmarnock?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.