Counselling in Inverness

Photo of Julia Donald - Cognitive Vitality Ltd, Psychotherapist in Inverness, Scotland
Julia Donald - Cognitive Vitality Ltd
Psychotherapist, MA, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Inverness IV2  (Online Only)
Life is full of ups and downs. There are times it can feel like an endless uphill battle with little reprieve. Maybe you are noticing an increase in feeling anxious, depressed, stressed or overwhelmed. Perhaps you are having issues at work, your relationships, low self esteem or the loss of a loved one. If you have experienced childhood or adult trauma(s) there may be painful memories, flashbacks or nightmares disrupting your life, even many years after the event. I work with most mental health concerns but specialise in trauma, anxiety, dissociation, fertility issues, baby loss and low self esteem. I work exclusively online.
Life is full of ups and downs. There are times it can feel like an endless uphill battle with little reprieve. Maybe you are noticing an increase in feeling anxious, depressed, stressed or overwhelmed. Perhaps you are having issues at work, your relationships, low self esteem or the loss of a loved one. If you have experienced childhood or adult trauma(s) there may be painful memories, flashbacks or nightmares disrupting your life, even many years after the event. I work with most mental health concerns but specialise in trauma, anxiety, dissociation, fertility issues, baby loss and low self esteem. I work exclusively online.
01463 630027 View 01463 630027
Photo of Amber Path Counselling, Counsellor in Inverness, Scotland
Amber Path Counselling
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Inverness IV3
Hi, my name is Susan. Do you struggle with anxiety, stress, intrusive thoughts, reliving the past, or anxiety about the future? Maybe you want to improve your confidence or find self-acceptance? I can support you to find a path to a new way of life. I provide confidential counselling on a face to face, video/online, telephone or email basis, tailored to your personal needs. Give me a call to arrange a free 30 minute telephone consultation to get a feel of whether we would work well together and ask me any questions you may have. I am based in Clachnaharry, Inverness.
Hi, my name is Susan. Do you struggle with anxiety, stress, intrusive thoughts, reliving the past, or anxiety about the future? Maybe you want to improve your confidence or find self-acceptance? I can support you to find a path to a new way of life. I provide confidential counselling on a face to face, video/online, telephone or email basis, tailored to your personal needs. Give me a call to arrange a free 30 minute telephone consultation to get a feel of whether we would work well together and ask me any questions you may have. I am based in Clachnaharry, Inverness.
01386 574255 View 01386 574255
Photo of Laura Johnston-Scott, Counsellor in Inverness, Scotland
Laura Johnston-Scott
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Inverness IV3
Not accepting new clients
Hello and thank you for visiting my profile. I am person-centred counsellor and my aim is to offer you a space where you will find a warm, non-judgmental haven for exploring your thoughts, emotions, and life's challenges. Life can sometimes become overwhelming, and seeking help is a courageous step towards achieving better mental health.
Hello and thank you for visiting my profile. I am person-centred counsellor and my aim is to offer you a space where you will find a warm, non-judgmental haven for exploring your thoughts, emotions, and life's challenges. Life can sometimes become overwhelming, and seeking help is a courageous step towards achieving better mental health.
01463 217790 View 01463 217790
Photo of Zachari Duncalf, Counsellor in Inverness, Scotland
Zachari Duncalf
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Inverness IV2
A warm welcome to you, At some point in our lives all of us will experience mental health difficulties that bring us to a place where we need to find care and support from another person to help us work through them. You do not have to be on your own whilst you are experiencing a challenging time in your life. I have experience of working with many different people from a variety of backgrounds bringing a wide range of issues. At the core i am interested in you as a person and together I can help you work through the difficulties you are facing.
A warm welcome to you, At some point in our lives all of us will experience mental health difficulties that bring us to a place where we need to find care and support from another person to help us work through them. You do not have to be on your own whilst you are experiencing a challenging time in your life. I have experience of working with many different people from a variety of backgrounds bringing a wide range of issues. At the core i am interested in you as a person and together I can help you work through the difficulties you are facing.
0141 280 2773 View 0141 280 2773
Photo of Birch Therapy Clinic, Psychotherapist in Inverness, Scotland
Birch Therapy Clinic
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Inverness IV3  (Online Only)
We are a team of accredited and highly skilled psychotherapists, delivering remote CBT and Trauma therapy throughout the UK. We provide a range of specialised therapy services, including: • CBT Therapy and integrated psychotherapy • Trauma therapy & EMDR • Sleep/ Insomnia focused therapy from our NHS specialist • BABCP Clinical Supervision for trainees and accredited therapists.
We are a team of accredited and highly skilled psychotherapists, delivering remote CBT and Trauma therapy throughout the UK. We provide a range of specialised therapy services, including: • CBT Therapy and integrated psychotherapy • Trauma therapy & EMDR • Sleep/ Insomnia focused therapy from our NHS specialist • BABCP Clinical Supervision for trainees and accredited therapists.
01463 211668 View 01463 211668
Photo of Alexandra Maclean, Counsellor in Inverness, Scotland
Alexandra Maclean
Counsellor, MA, MCOSCA
Verified Verified
Inverness IV2
I am an integrative counsellor and psychotherapist. This means I draw on different approaches depending on your needs; my training and experience include Person Centered, Psychodynamic Counselling and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. I work with a range of clients including, children, young people and adults. I offer a non-judgmental space to help you to connect with and make sense of your deeper thoughts and emotions. We will work together to look through your past and present influences, unhelpful behavioural and thought patterns and make space for your future hopes and dreams, personal identity, self-esteem and confidence.
I am an integrative counsellor and psychotherapist. This means I draw on different approaches depending on your needs; my training and experience include Person Centered, Psychodynamic Counselling and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. I work with a range of clients including, children, young people and adults. I offer a non-judgmental space to help you to connect with and make sense of your deeper thoughts and emotions. We will work together to look through your past and present influences, unhelpful behavioural and thought patterns and make space for your future hopes and dreams, personal identity, self-esteem and confidence.
01456 498678 View 01456 498678
Photo of Catriona Bowie, Counsellor in Inverness, Scotland
Catriona Bowie
Counsellor, MCOSCA
Verified Verified
Inverness IV1
Waitlist for new clients
There are countless reasons why someone might be looking for a counsellor. Everyone in the world is unique and as such their worries, concerns or issues are also unique. In the current climate the world has changed and as such you life might have too. As a Person Centred Counsellor my hope is to help you through whatever is not right for you and to be able to help you be the best you possible. I offer a safe, supportive, confidential and non-judgemental place for your counselling journey.
There are countless reasons why someone might be looking for a counsellor. Everyone in the world is unique and as such their worries, concerns or issues are also unique. In the current climate the world has changed and as such you life might have too. As a Person Centred Counsellor my hope is to help you through whatever is not right for you and to be able to help you be the best you possible. I offer a safe, supportive, confidential and non-judgemental place for your counselling journey.
01456 498719 View 01456 498719
Photo of James McComas, Counsellor in Inverness, Scotland
James McComas
Counsellor, MCOSCA
Verified Verified
Inverness IV2
I am an experienced practitioner who offers counselling / psychotherapy from a person-centred perspective. I aim to support clients as they explore their unique situation and beliefs, enabling them to trust and understand themselves better. I help clients to Identify things that aren’t working in their lives and look at how these can be improved, so that life becomes more worth while and relationships with self and others more enriching. I provide a safe space where a person can be listened to without judgement. This creates a powerful experience which can lead to lasting positive change.
I am an experienced practitioner who offers counselling / psychotherapy from a person-centred perspective. I aim to support clients as they explore their unique situation and beliefs, enabling them to trust and understand themselves better. I help clients to Identify things that aren’t working in their lives and look at how these can be improved, so that life becomes more worth while and relationships with self and others more enriching. I provide a safe space where a person can be listened to without judgement. This creates a powerful experience which can lead to lasting positive change.
01456 498688 View 01456 498688
Photo of Rae Moss, Counsellor in Inverness, Scotland
Rae Moss
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Inverness IV1  (Online Only)
Whatever you’re going through, you’ve arrived here because you want something in your life to be different. This could be the way you feel / think about yourself, your relationships with others, and / or your world. It can be difficult to know where to turn and sometimes you can feel very alone, struggling to open up to those around you for fear of being burdensome, not understood or accepted. Therapy is an empowering process, supporting you to become more aware of and connect with yourself. Through it you'll heal past wounds, identify and prioritise your needs, enhancing the feeling of security within yourself and relationships.
Whatever you’re going through, you’ve arrived here because you want something in your life to be different. This could be the way you feel / think about yourself, your relationships with others, and / or your world. It can be difficult to know where to turn and sometimes you can feel very alone, struggling to open up to those around you for fear of being burdensome, not understood or accepted. Therapy is an empowering process, supporting you to become more aware of and connect with yourself. Through it you'll heal past wounds, identify and prioritise your needs, enhancing the feeling of security within yourself and relationships.
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Photo of Kathryn Hawksworth, Psychotherapist in Inverness, Scotland
Kathryn Hawksworth
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Inverness IV3  (Online Only)
Hi Welcome to my page! My name is Kathryn and I am a qualified Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist.I know that searching for a therapist can be quite daunting however you have now taken that first crucial step to find help and support. There are times in our lives when we may feel stuck or trapped. We may feel we are at a crossroads and not sure how or where to go next.This situation can lead to negative thoughts and feelings about ourselves and others. Resulting in a range of mental health conditions including anxiety, depression, low self esteem, addictions,feelings of helplessness and consequent self defeating behaviours.
Hi Welcome to my page! My name is Kathryn and I am a qualified Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist.I know that searching for a therapist can be quite daunting however you have now taken that first crucial step to find help and support. There are times in our lives when we may feel stuck or trapped. We may feel we are at a crossroads and not sure how or where to go next.This situation can lead to negative thoughts and feelings about ourselves and others. Resulting in a range of mental health conditions including anxiety, depression, low self esteem, addictions,feelings of helplessness and consequent self defeating behaviours.
01463 218141 View 01463 218141
Photo of Christine Anne Lauritsen, Psychotherapist in Inverness, Scotland
Christine Anne Lauritsen
Psychotherapist, MHGI
Verified Verified
Inverness IV2
Difficult and challenging life situations affect us all. Sometimes however, we can get overwhelmed or find it a struggle to cope with these things, whether they are in our surroundings, our relationships or in our own thinking and general emotional health. If you feel that you would benefit from support, then it would be my sincere hope that by working with me you would quickly recover a sense of equilibrium and get back on track.
Difficult and challenging life situations affect us all. Sometimes however, we can get overwhelmed or find it a struggle to cope with these things, whether they are in our surroundings, our relationships or in our own thinking and general emotional health. If you feel that you would benefit from support, then it would be my sincere hope that by working with me you would quickly recover a sense of equilibrium and get back on track.
01463 212096 View 01463 212096
Photo of Tracy Sedgeworth, Psychotherapist in Inverness, Scotland
Tracy Sedgeworth
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Inverness IV1
Making the decision to see a therapist is a big step forward in dealing with what is troubling you and it can be difficult to know where to start. Finding the right therapist for you is an important first step. I aim to provide a comfortable and supportive environment, where we will work through whatever is troubling you at your own pace. You will be listened to, accepted and respected regardless of what you tell me. I will not tell you what to do, but will do my best to support you in working through any difficulties you may be experiencing and to give you the space to make the decisions that are right for you.
Making the decision to see a therapist is a big step forward in dealing with what is troubling you and it can be difficult to know where to start. Finding the right therapist for you is an important first step. I aim to provide a comfortable and supportive environment, where we will work through whatever is troubling you at your own pace. You will be listened to, accepted and respected regardless of what you tell me. I will not tell you what to do, but will do my best to support you in working through any difficulties you may be experiencing and to give you the space to make the decisions that are right for you.
01456 498698 View 01456 498698
Photo of Brooke Hulsizer in Inverness, Scotland
Brooke Hulsizer
MSc
Verified Verified
Inverness IV2
I am originally from the USA, where I have experience working with adults, families, and groups in both inpatient and outpatient settings. My passions lie in working with people impacted by trauma, attachment disorders, relational distress, addiction, depression/anxiety, and general unhappiness. I often work alongside my clients to figure out why they feel the way they do and identify their needs based on what we discover. I use modalities like CBT, DBT, Emotion-Focused Therapy, and EMDR to understand and heal underlying causes of external problems.
I am originally from the USA, where I have experience working with adults, families, and groups in both inpatient and outpatient settings. My passions lie in working with people impacted by trauma, attachment disorders, relational distress, addiction, depression/anxiety, and general unhappiness. I often work alongside my clients to figure out why they feel the way they do and identify their needs based on what we discover. I use modalities like CBT, DBT, Emotion-Focused Therapy, and EMDR to understand and heal underlying causes of external problems.
01456 494627 View 01456 494627
Photo of Michelle Kuzak, Counsellor in Inverness, Scotland
Michelle Kuzak
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
Inverness IV2  (Online Only)
For those who are struggling with their eating, weight, shape or appearance, I help and specialise in psychological restoration of those who have eating disorders or disordered eating. As a potential client, you may have high levels of anxiety, perfectionism, OCD, depression and body dysmorphia amongst other issues. You may be very tired with people telling you to eat more, or less. You may notice that your normal level of living is impaired in a variety of ways. You want change but don't know where to start.
For those who are struggling with their eating, weight, shape or appearance, I help and specialise in psychological restoration of those who have eating disorders or disordered eating. As a potential client, you may have high levels of anxiety, perfectionism, OCD, depression and body dysmorphia amongst other issues. You may be very tired with people telling you to eat more, or less. You may notice that your normal level of living is impaired in a variety of ways. You want change but don't know where to start.
01456 494641 View 01456 494641
Photo of Katie McInnes, Psychologist in Inverness, Scotland
Katie McInnes
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Inverness IV2
I know how difficult it can be to choose the right practitioner, so please take your time to read through my profile and feel free to contact me if you have any questions. I use person-centred therapy, CBT and EMDR. If life is getting you down and you struggle with things like worry, fear, trauma, low-mood, sleep problems or relationship issues, I can help. I also offer professional supervision to counsellors, trainee and qualified psychologists.
I know how difficult it can be to choose the right practitioner, so please take your time to read through my profile and feel free to contact me if you have any questions. I use person-centred therapy, CBT and EMDR. If life is getting you down and you struggle with things like worry, fear, trauma, low-mood, sleep problems or relationship issues, I can help. I also offer professional supervision to counsellors, trainee and qualified psychologists.
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Photo of Shona Mackay, Counsellor in Inverness, Scotland
Shona Mackay
Counsellor
Verified Verified
Inverness IV2
I am a qualified Person-Centred Counsellor and Psychotherapist, based in the Highlands. Opening up to someone can be difficult and feel uncomfortable, so I aim to offer a safe, confidential, genuine and accepting environment where you can explore your thoughts, emotions and the challenges you are facing. A person-centred approach allows you to have control over the content and pace of your sessions, with no expectations or judgement. As we build our relationship, I want you to feel free and supported to disclose whatever is troubling you.
I am a qualified Person-Centred Counsellor and Psychotherapist, based in the Highlands. Opening up to someone can be difficult and feel uncomfortable, so I aim to offer a safe, confidential, genuine and accepting environment where you can explore your thoughts, emotions and the challenges you are facing. A person-centred approach allows you to have control over the content and pace of your sessions, with no expectations or judgement. As we build our relationship, I want you to feel free and supported to disclose whatever is troubling you.
01456 498699 View 01456 498699
Photo of Sally Flanagan, Counsellor in Inverness, Scotland
Sally Flanagan
Counsellor, MCOSCA
Verified Verified
Inverness IV2
I am a person-centred counsellor and psychotherapist. I offer an empathetic, non judgemental and congruent environment for therapy. The sessions are led by you, the client, and I aim to enable you to explore and start to process your thoughts, feelings, experiences and any issues to improve and enhance your self awareness. I aspire to develop a trusting, therapeutic relationship with you where we work collaboratively to empower you in your life. I am able to work face-to-face, telephone, online and home visits. Please contact me by email/text/phone to arrange an initial consultation.
I am a person-centred counsellor and psychotherapist. I offer an empathetic, non judgemental and congruent environment for therapy. The sessions are led by you, the client, and I aim to enable you to explore and start to process your thoughts, feelings, experiences and any issues to improve and enhance your self awareness. I aspire to develop a trusting, therapeutic relationship with you where we work collaboratively to empower you in your life. I am able to work face-to-face, telephone, online and home visits. Please contact me by email/text/phone to arrange an initial consultation.
01456 494640 View 01456 494640
Photo of Lara Fraser, Counsellor in Inverness, Scotland
Lara Fraser
Counsellor, MSc
Verified Verified
Inverness IV2
With the right therapeutic approach, it is possible to make our problems more manageable, whether new or ongoing issues. When engaging in talking therapy we all expect a non-judgmental, supportive space to explore or address, re-visit or understand current issues that are holding you back from achieving your desired happiness and well-being. I will support you on this journey with my knowledge, strength, optimism, support and commitment to you as an individual. I promise to be there for you every step of your journey to help you heal from your pain, and move forward more positively
With the right therapeutic approach, it is possible to make our problems more manageable, whether new or ongoing issues. When engaging in talking therapy we all expect a non-judgmental, supportive space to explore or address, re-visit or understand current issues that are holding you back from achieving your desired happiness and well-being. I will support you on this journey with my knowledge, strength, optimism, support and commitment to you as an individual. I promise to be there for you every step of your journey to help you heal from your pain, and move forward more positively
01456 498712 View 01456 498712
Photo of Highland Trauma Services, Psychotherapist in Inverness, Scotland
Highland Trauma Services
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Not Verified Not Verified
Inverness IV4
Waitlist for new clients
Deciding on the right therapist needs careful consideration. Welcome to evidence based approaches which get to the heart of the matter. I offer assessment and treatment which is based on up to date neuroscience to help reclaim your life. We now know that common signs of unprocessed past traumatic life events can present as depression, anxiety, panic, phobia, social anxiety and / or addiction . Please look up Highland Trauma Services to learn a little more about my clinical experience and qualifications in mental health.
Deciding on the right therapist needs careful consideration. Welcome to evidence based approaches which get to the heart of the matter. I offer assessment and treatment which is based on up to date neuroscience to help reclaim your life. We now know that common signs of unprocessed past traumatic life events can present as depression, anxiety, panic, phobia, social anxiety and / or addiction . Please look up Highland Trauma Services to learn a little more about my clinical experience and qualifications in mental health.
01456 494629 View 01456 494629
Photo of Lorraine Davidson, Counsellor in Inverness, Scotland
Lorraine Davidson
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Inverness IV1
I understand that life can become difficult and stressful. Some situations can feel overwhelming. I'm here to listen and to start you on the path to good mental health. Counselling provides a regular time and space for you to talk about your troubles and explore difficult feelings in an environment that is dependable, free from intrusion and confidential. Your viewpoint will always be respected. Counselling can support you to deal with specific problems, cope with a crisis, improve your relationships, or develop better ways of living. You can gain insight into your feelings and behaviour and make positive changes for mental health
I understand that life can become difficult and stressful. Some situations can feel overwhelming. I'm here to listen and to start you on the path to good mental health. Counselling provides a regular time and space for you to talk about your troubles and explore difficult feelings in an environment that is dependable, free from intrusion and confidential. Your viewpoint will always be respected. Counselling can support you to deal with specific problems, cope with a crisis, improve your relationships, or develop better ways of living. You can gain insight into your feelings and behaviour and make positive changes for mental health
01408 910351 View 01408 910351

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How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Inverness

60+

Average cost per session

£55

Counsellors in Inverness who prioritize treating:

88% Anxiety
85% Self Esteem
82% Depression
77% Stress
73% Relationship Issues
70% Trauma and PTSD
67% Bereavement

Average years in practice

7 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

63% Aviva
63% AXA PPP
63% Vitality

How Counsellors in Inverness see their clients

72% In Person and Online
28% Online Only

Gender breakdown

88% Female
12% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Inverness?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.