Counselling in Gorgie, Edinburgh

Photo of Sharon McAree Thomas - SMT Counselling, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
SMT Counselling
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Gorgie, Edinburgh EH11
I am a Pluralistic counsellor with 25 years of experience working with adults, children & young people in a variety of settings.  Counselling will help you identify and move past the obstacles that may have been keeping you back in your life and to identify your personal values and strengths. It will empower you to see your life through a different lens, to gain new perspectives and achieve the outcomes you’re striving for. Anxiety, depression, stress, negative thinking patterns... can affect parts of your life and your ability to handle your situation. Are you ready to explore the possibilities for a happier and healthier life?
I am a Pluralistic counsellor with 25 years of experience working with adults, children & young people in a variety of settings.  Counselling will help you identify and move past the obstacles that may have been keeping you back in your life and to identify your personal values and strengths. It will empower you to see your life through a different lens, to gain new perspectives and achieve the outcomes you’re striving for. Anxiety, depression, stress, negative thinking patterns... can affect parts of your life and your ability to handle your situation. Are you ready to explore the possibilities for a happier and healthier life?
0131 381 8059 View 0131 381 8059
Photo of Priya Patel, Counsellor, MSc
Priya Patel
Counsellor, MSc
2 Endorsed
Gorgie, Edinburgh EH11
Life can feel overwhelming sometimes, can’t it? Maybe you’re struggling with anxiety, stress, or low self-esteem, or navigating a big change that’s left you feeling lost. Perhaps you’ve been carrying the weight of past trauma or dealing with the pressure to meet expectations, whether they come from others or yourself. I work with people who want to feel like themselves again, to find clarity, confidence, and balance in their lives. You might be looking for someone to truly listen, to understand your unique story without judgment, and to help you make sense of the challenges you’re facing. I’m here to help you every step of the way.
Life can feel overwhelming sometimes, can’t it? Maybe you’re struggling with anxiety, stress, or low self-esteem, or navigating a big change that’s left you feeling lost. Perhaps you’ve been carrying the weight of past trauma or dealing with the pressure to meet expectations, whether they come from others or yourself. I work with people who want to feel like themselves again, to find clarity, confidence, and balance in their lives. You might be looking for someone to truly listen, to understand your unique story without judgment, and to help you make sense of the challenges you’re facing. I’m here to help you every step of the way.
07767 619512 View 07767 619512
Photo of Richard Kettley, Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Richard Kettley
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Gorgie, Edinburgh EH11
My person-centred approach underpins a sensitivity to trauma and to cultural contexts. I aim to provide a safe space for you to bring any thoughts and feelings about any subject, and to be listened to attentively. Each person is unique and has experienced life differently, and I will endeavour to work together with you to respond to your particular situation.
My person-centred approach underpins a sensitivity to trauma and to cultural contexts. I aim to provide a safe space for you to bring any thoughts and feelings about any subject, and to be listened to attentively. Each person is unique and has experienced life differently, and I will endeavour to work together with you to respond to your particular situation.
0131 381 3910 View 0131 381 3910
Photo of Melanie Clair Newnam - Mind Oxygen Ltd, Psychotherapist, BACP
Mind Oxygen Ltd
Psychotherapist, BACP
2 Endorsed
Gorgie, Edinburgh EH12
Hi, my name is Mel (she/her), and I am a Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT) with the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP). I am a private practitioner and lecturer and work part-time as a student counsellor at the University of Strathclyde. I offer medium-term psychological support to help you understand why you feel the way you do, establish what is maintaining the problem and then determine how we might work together to solve this using CBT tools and techniques to help you feel better. Based near Murrayfield in Edinburgh, I offer in-person, walk-and-talk or online remote video sessions.
Hi, my name is Mel (she/her), and I am a Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT) with the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP). I am a private practitioner and lecturer and work part-time as a student counsellor at the University of Strathclyde. I offer medium-term psychological support to help you understand why you feel the way you do, establish what is maintaining the problem and then determine how we might work together to solve this using CBT tools and techniques to help you feel better. Based near Murrayfield in Edinburgh, I offer in-person, walk-and-talk or online remote video sessions.
0131 381 2609 View 0131 381 2609
Photo of Owen Vaughan, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Owen Vaughan
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Gorgie, Edinburgh EH11
I offer counselling and psychotherapy on a wide range of issues based on my training in Transactional Analysis, which I finds provides a flexible and responsive approach to therapy and counselling. Throughout our work, I want you to understand the therapy process and feel comfortable that we are focussing on your needs. I work both short and long-term with clients as their needs arise.
I offer counselling and psychotherapy on a wide range of issues based on my training in Transactional Analysis, which I finds provides a flexible and responsive approach to therapy and counselling. Throughout our work, I want you to understand the therapy process and feel comfortable that we are focussing on your needs. I work both short and long-term with clients as their needs arise.
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Photo of Lucy Maxwell, Counsellor, MBACP
Lucy Maxwell
Counsellor, MBACP
Gorgie, Edinburgh EH11
It takes courage to reach out for support. We can find ourselves stuck in unhelpful patterns and longing for change. Maybe you feel lost, stuck, anxious, depressed or have low self-esteem? Our work together will focus on helping you move forward in the ways you wish. I am dedicated to creating a space where you feel seen, heard and valued. Experience has taught me how essential the strength of the therapeutic relationship is in bringing about positive change. I believe it is through an accepting and compassionate connection that we can transform our perspectives and the way we relate to ourselves and others in the world.
It takes courage to reach out for support. We can find ourselves stuck in unhelpful patterns and longing for change. Maybe you feel lost, stuck, anxious, depressed or have low self-esteem? Our work together will focus on helping you move forward in the ways you wish. I am dedicated to creating a space where you feel seen, heard and valued. Experience has taught me how essential the strength of the therapeutic relationship is in bringing about positive change. I believe it is through an accepting and compassionate connection that we can transform our perspectives and the way we relate to ourselves and others in the world.
0131 381 6379 View 0131 381 6379
Photo of Dr Bethany Brown, Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Bethany Brown
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Gorgie, Edinburgh EH12
I am passionate about forming strong therapeutic relationships to enable us to work in collaboration towards your personal goals. I have worked in psychology services since 2008 and as a Clinical Psychologist in highly specialist teams within the NHS since 2015. I became an EMDR Europe Accredited Practitioner in 2024. I have specialist experience in working with people living with physical health conditions, as well as working with people who are dealing with challenging life stressors. I am experienced in drawing upon a number of evidenced based approaches and tailoring therapy to my clients needs, goals and values.
I am passionate about forming strong therapeutic relationships to enable us to work in collaboration towards your personal goals. I have worked in psychology services since 2008 and as a Clinical Psychologist in highly specialist teams within the NHS since 2015. I became an EMDR Europe Accredited Practitioner in 2024. I have specialist experience in working with people living with physical health conditions, as well as working with people who are dealing with challenging life stressors. I am experienced in drawing upon a number of evidenced based approaches and tailoring therapy to my clients needs, goals and values.
0131 378 1031 View 0131 378 1031
Photo of Jenny Page, Counsellor, MBACP
Jenny Page
Counsellor, MBACP
Gorgie, Edinburgh EH11
We have all have experienced painful things in our lives that have left a lasting mark. Sometimes, these experiences lead us to develop maladaptive ways of coping. Although these defences—such as anxiety—are ways that our mind tries to keep us safe, they ultimately lead to further suffering. I can offer a safe and open space to explore your story, challenge maladaptive beliefs and behaviours, and together work towards a place of healing.
We have all have experienced painful things in our lives that have left a lasting mark. Sometimes, these experiences lead us to develop maladaptive ways of coping. Although these defences—such as anxiety—are ways that our mind tries to keep us safe, they ultimately lead to further suffering. I can offer a safe and open space to explore your story, challenge maladaptive beliefs and behaviours, and together work towards a place of healing.
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Photo of Sarah Brown, Counsellor, BACP
Sarah Brown
Counsellor, BACP
Gorgie, Edinburgh EH12
I have worked in many different roles over the past decade, even before becoming a counsellor, in which I've helped people improve their mental health. I take pride in my ability to work with people from all walks of life. I have worked with people with complex mental health diagnoses, ex-offenders, drug addicts and sexual abuse survivors. I seek to help without any prejudice or bias. We all have moments in life when we need help, it doesn’t matter who we are, where we come from or what we’ve done. We’re all humans!
I have worked in many different roles over the past decade, even before becoming a counsellor, in which I've helped people improve their mental health. I take pride in my ability to work with people from all walks of life. I have worked with people with complex mental health diagnoses, ex-offenders, drug addicts and sexual abuse survivors. I seek to help without any prejudice or bias. We all have moments in life when we need help, it doesn’t matter who we are, where we come from or what we’ve done. We’re all humans!
0131 381 2881 View 0131 381 2881
Photo of Fiona Corrigan, Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Fiona Corrigan
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
1 Endorsed
Gorgie, Edinburgh EH12
As a Clinical Psychologist, I’m trained in a number of evidence-based therapies. This means I will tailor our work together to suit your goals, preferences, and what feels most helpful to you. My aim is to offer a calm, safe and respectful space where you can feel heard and supported. I’m committed to creating a welcoming, inclusive space for all clients. I recognise that factors like race, gender, disability, sexuality, neurodiversity, and culture can interact with our mental health. My practice is affirming, trauma-informed, and respectful of your identity and lived experience.
As a Clinical Psychologist, I’m trained in a number of evidence-based therapies. This means I will tailor our work together to suit your goals, preferences, and what feels most helpful to you. My aim is to offer a calm, safe and respectful space where you can feel heard and supported. I’m committed to creating a welcoming, inclusive space for all clients. I recognise that factors like race, gender, disability, sexuality, neurodiversity, and culture can interact with our mental health. My practice is affirming, trauma-informed, and respectful of your identity and lived experience.
01463 217789 View 01463 217789
Photo of Emma Rhodes, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Emma Rhodes
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Gorgie, Edinburgh EH12
Are you struggling to know how to support your child? Are you concerned about your teenager's emotional wellbeing? Are you looking for your own support to allow you to be the parent you want to be? It is normal for your child to experience ups and downs as they grow, but sometimes they need some extra help to get them back on track. As a parent, it can sometimes be difficult to know how best to help. You may be seeking some advice or support for your own mental health. I provide a calm, nurturing and compassionate space to allow us together to explore, understand and manage the difficulties you or your child are facing.
Are you struggling to know how to support your child? Are you concerned about your teenager's emotional wellbeing? Are you looking for your own support to allow you to be the parent you want to be? It is normal for your child to experience ups and downs as they grow, but sometimes they need some extra help to get them back on track. As a parent, it can sometimes be difficult to know how best to help. You may be seeking some advice or support for your own mental health. I provide a calm, nurturing and compassionate space to allow us together to explore, understand and manage the difficulties you or your child are facing.
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Photo of Dr Mia Zielinska, Psychotherapist, PhD, MBACP Accred
Dr Mia Zielinska
Psychotherapist, PhD, MBACP Accred
Serves Area
My approach helps people who struggle with low mood, overwhelm, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, and suicidal ideation. If you feel angry or tearful, lost and confused, these are experiences I can help you through. I have considerable experience supporting people through conflicts within themselves and with other people. In therapy, we work through your experiences, thoughts and feelings so you feel less distressed and more at east in your life.
My approach helps people who struggle with low mood, overwhelm, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, and suicidal ideation. If you feel angry or tearful, lost and confused, these are experiences I can help you through. I have considerable experience supporting people through conflicts within themselves and with other people. In therapy, we work through your experiences, thoughts and feelings so you feel less distressed and more at east in your life.
0131 381 2980 View 0131 381 2980
Photo of Suzanne Price, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Suzanne Price
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Serves Area
Finding the right person to talk to is a big step. I offer a safe, confidential space for you to explore your thoughts and feelings without judgment. I meet individuals and couples in Edinburgh to navigate anxiety, depression, or relationship issues. My approach is empathic, using Person-centred, Psychodynamic, and Relational therapy. What inspires me most is the courage my clients show in seeking change. I primarily work in-person in Edinburgh, but am also available online or by phone. If you're ready to take the next step, please feel free to get in touch. I am 5 free clinical supervision for counsellors also at the moment.
Finding the right person to talk to is a big step. I offer a safe, confidential space for you to explore your thoughts and feelings without judgment. I meet individuals and couples in Edinburgh to navigate anxiety, depression, or relationship issues. My approach is empathic, using Person-centred, Psychodynamic, and Relational therapy. What inspires me most is the courage my clients show in seeking change. I primarily work in-person in Edinburgh, but am also available online or by phone. If you're ready to take the next step, please feel free to get in touch. I am 5 free clinical supervision for counsellors also at the moment.
0131 381 1293 View 0131 381 1293
Photo of Morgan Mitchell Emdr, Counsellor, GMBPsS
Morgan Mitchell Emdr
Counsellor, GMBPsS
Serves Area
Trauma can include life-threatening events or simply moments where you were overwhelmed and felt helpless. A troubling or terrifying event has an impact on the whole person – it is held in the body, changes ways of thinking, and often comes with an overwhelming set of emotional and behavioural responses. At times, these changes and responses are unhelpful and seriously affect people’s quality of life and their ability to move forward. Working together, we explore and come to understand your current responses. We identify tools that you can use to rebuild your life in a way that works for you.
Trauma can include life-threatening events or simply moments where you were overwhelmed and felt helpless. A troubling or terrifying event has an impact on the whole person – it is held in the body, changes ways of thinking, and often comes with an overwhelming set of emotional and behavioural responses. At times, these changes and responses are unhelpful and seriously affect people’s quality of life and their ability to move forward. Working together, we explore and come to understand your current responses. We identify tools that you can use to rebuild your life in a way that works for you.
0131 381 8084 View 0131 381 8084
Photo of Bennie Sanio - BeeSan Psychotherapy and Counselling Services, Psychotherapist, MBACP
BeeSan Psychotherapy and Counselling Services
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Serves Area
Starting therapy may seem daunting at first as we try to make sense of our world, thoughts, feelings and emotions. We might be repeating patterns of behaviour in our present lives due to past experiences and patterns. I want to help you shift mental blocks, untangle complex emotions, resolve issues and reveal new perspectives. Whether it’s self-development, addressing emotional and psychological issues, or processing traumatic events, I will work with you to help you become more integrated in yourself. I offer both online and in-person appointments in the centre of Edinburgh where we will work together to help you achieve your goal.
Starting therapy may seem daunting at first as we try to make sense of our world, thoughts, feelings and emotions. We might be repeating patterns of behaviour in our present lives due to past experiences and patterns. I want to help you shift mental blocks, untangle complex emotions, resolve issues and reveal new perspectives. Whether it’s self-development, addressing emotional and psychological issues, or processing traumatic events, I will work with you to help you become more integrated in yourself. I offer both online and in-person appointments in the centre of Edinburgh where we will work together to help you achieve your goal.
0131 381 8083 View 0131 381 8083
Photo of Findlay Headden, Counsellor, MCOSCA
Findlay Headden
Counsellor, MCOSCA
Serves Area
I’m an experienced, COSCA-registered counsellor focused on children and young people, with a background in education and family support. I’ve been counselling children and young people since 2013. I’m based in Edinburgh and work with children across central Scotland and beyond.
I’m an experienced, COSCA-registered counsellor focused on children and young people, with a background in education and family support. I’ve been counselling children and young people since 2013. I’m based in Edinburgh and work with children across central Scotland and beyond.
0131 381 0152 View 0131 381 0152
Photo of Debbie Marshall, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MCOSCA
Debbie Marshall
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MCOSCA
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
If you are dealing with difficulties or are feeling increasingly aware of the need to talk to someone, I am here. I am a qualified and experienced therapist working with adults experiencing a range of issues. I believe that we are all valuable individuals with our own unique experiences and sometimes need a confidential, safe environment in which to gain powerful insight and life changing perspective. You will find my approach to be warm, grounding and attuned to you as an individual. My clients often refer to the trust we build between us as allowing them the space and safety to say anything.
If you are dealing with difficulties or are feeling increasingly aware of the need to talk to someone, I am here. I am a qualified and experienced therapist working with adults experiencing a range of issues. I believe that we are all valuable individuals with our own unique experiences and sometimes need a confidential, safe environment in which to gain powerful insight and life changing perspective. You will find my approach to be warm, grounding and attuned to you as an individual. My clients often refer to the trust we build between us as allowing them the space and safety to say anything.
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Photo of Craig Wilson - Craig Wilson - Headwinds Counselling, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Craig Wilson - Headwinds Counselling
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
It can be difficult to give ourselves the space to heal... to feel worthy of it. But, when we take shelter from the headwind we can peel back some layers, carefully set out our map, light a candle, and give ourselves time to determine the best way forward. I work with those feeling weary, anxious, lonely and lost; those with wounds to heal and those seeking... understanding, their pathway or a renewed spark. Clients often comment at the end of sessions that their thoughts are simplified, they feel more regulated emotionally and have improved hope and motivation.
It can be difficult to give ourselves the space to heal... to feel worthy of it. But, when we take shelter from the headwind we can peel back some layers, carefully set out our map, light a candle, and give ourselves time to determine the best way forward. I work with those feeling weary, anxious, lonely and lost; those with wounds to heal and those seeking... understanding, their pathway or a renewed spark. Clients often comment at the end of sessions that their thoughts are simplified, they feel more regulated emotionally and have improved hope and motivation.
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Photo of Dr Jacqueline Geddes, Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Jacqueline Geddes
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Serves Area
You may be feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, or caught in patterns that don’t make sense anymore. Many of the people I support describe carrying too much, feeling responsible for everyone else, or losing touch with their own needs. You might want clarity, steadiness, or simply somewhere you can say things out loud. You don’t need to have everything worked out. Therapy gives you space to explore what’s happening and make sense of what you need next. We take it step by step, at a pace that feels safe for you.
You may be feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, or caught in patterns that don’t make sense anymore. Many of the people I support describe carrying too much, feeling responsible for everyone else, or losing touch with their own needs. You might want clarity, steadiness, or simply somewhere you can say things out loud. You don’t need to have everything worked out. Therapy gives you space to explore what’s happening and make sense of what you need next. We take it step by step, at a pace that feels safe for you.
01292 833129 View 01292 833129
Photo of Jane Edwards, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Jane Edwards
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Serves Area
Are you struggling with anxiety or depression? Unhappy, stressed, experiencing relationship problems, feeling alone or held back by bereavement? Are you seeking counselling for a child or young person? Therapy can be short term, 4-6 sessions and we can work together in a highly focused way, including exploring strategies if you wish to. For some, longer term therapy is preferred. In this we can explore issues in greater depth and you can be supported to make lasting changes in your life. For children, therapy happens in the midst of play and craft activities.
Are you struggling with anxiety or depression? Unhappy, stressed, experiencing relationship problems, feeling alone or held back by bereavement? Are you seeking counselling for a child or young person? Therapy can be short term, 4-6 sessions and we can work together in a highly focused way, including exploring strategies if you wish to. For some, longer term therapy is preferred. In this we can explore issues in greater depth and you can be supported to make lasting changes in your life. For children, therapy happens in the midst of play and craft activities.
0131 381 2882 View 0131 381 2882

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Gorgie, Edinburgh

40+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in Gorgie, Edinburgh who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
89% Depression
83% Self Esteem
78% Relationship Issues
74% Stress
70% Trauma and PTSD
59% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% Aviva
60% Bupa
50% AXA PPP

How Counsellors in Gorgie, Edinburgh see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Gorgie, Edinburgh?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.