Counselling in Edinburgh

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Photo of Paul Bell - The Anchor Practice, BPC, Psychotherapist
The Anchor Practice
Psychotherapist, BPC
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH1
The Anchor Practice is a private mental health service specialising in the treatment of children, adolescents, young adults and families. Our clinicians have trained to the highest standards within the NHS, and have many years of experience providing clinical work in NHS CAMHS teams, as well as teaching on academic and clinical university courses. At The Anchor Practice we offer thorough assessment and treatment for a wide range of mental health difficulties, and a number of our treatments are currently recommended in NICE guidelines. A full description of our services can be found at: www.theanchorpractice.co.uk
The Anchor Practice is a private mental health service specialising in the treatment of children, adolescents, young adults and families. Our clinicians have trained to the highest standards within the NHS, and have many years of experience providing clinical work in NHS CAMHS teams, as well as teaching on academic and clinical university courses. At The Anchor Practice we offer thorough assessment and treatment for a wide range of mental health difficulties, and a number of our treatments are currently recommended in NICE guidelines. A full description of our services can be found at: www.theanchorpractice.co.uk
0131 297 6121 View 0131 297 6121
Photo of Krzysztof Wlodarski - Be Yourself Psychotherapy , DCounsPsych, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Be Yourself Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH7
The first session is an opportunity to hear what brings you to therapy. We will assess the level and impact of the difficulty you are facing on your life, which will create a baseline that we will use later to monitor progress. We will then focus on finding out what you would like to gain from our work together. Often, clients know what they do not want, but identifying what they would like to change is harder. My role is to help you with that. Studies show that awareness of your needs is the first crucial step in the process of change
The first session is an opportunity to hear what brings you to therapy. We will assess the level and impact of the difficulty you are facing on your life, which will create a baseline that we will use later to monitor progress. We will then focus on finding out what you would like to gain from our work together. Often, clients know what they do not want, but identifying what they would like to change is harder. My role is to help you with that. Studies show that awareness of your needs is the first crucial step in the process of change
01764 915872 View 01764 915872
Photo of Louise Hall - Dr Louise Hall, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Louise Hall
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Online Only
Do you struggle with persistent sadness, intense anxiety, or loss of trust in others that affect your ability to connect deeply in relationships and feel safe? Do you feel overwhelmed, lost, or disconnected by constantly supporting others while hiding your own pain? Maybe you are wondering if you will ever feel good enough. Do you hope that life could feel more vibrant and settled? Now more than ever, many people are feeling anxious and uncertain about finding a safe space to explore their true feelings.
Do you struggle with persistent sadness, intense anxiety, or loss of trust in others that affect your ability to connect deeply in relationships and feel safe? Do you feel overwhelmed, lost, or disconnected by constantly supporting others while hiding your own pain? Maybe you are wondering if you will ever feel good enough. Do you hope that life could feel more vibrant and settled? Now more than ever, many people are feeling anxious and uncertain about finding a safe space to explore their true feelings.
01392 321743 View 01392 321743
Photo of Tim Bush, MBACP, Counsellor
Tim Bush
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH2
Sometimes for whatever reason life can become difficult. Often, we can understand and recognise the reasons for this difficulty. However, there are other times when we don’t understand why we feel troubled – we just know that we do. I believe that in either case talking about it with a trained professional would help. As a trained counsellor I have experience in helping people to process and cope with a wide range of issues.
Sometimes for whatever reason life can become difficult. Often, we can understand and recognise the reasons for this difficulty. However, there are other times when we don’t understand why we feel troubled – we just know that we do. I believe that in either case talking about it with a trained professional would help. As a trained counsellor I have experience in helping people to process and cope with a wide range of issues.
0131 381 4014 View 0131 381 4014
Photo of Linsey Revell, MA, MBACP, Counsellor
Linsey Revell
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH2
Waitlist for new clients
I am aware that you might be coming to counselling for all sorts of reasons It may be something from your past or something that you are dealing with now, or both. You may feel stuck and want to understand yourself better or just not know what way to turn at all but know you want things to be better. Together we will work out what is going to be most helpful for you in counselling to enable you to move forward. I will support you to process and manage whatever it is that you are struggling with and come up with a flexible counselling plan to help you feel better and more able to manage and thrive in your life.
I am aware that you might be coming to counselling for all sorts of reasons It may be something from your past or something that you are dealing with now, or both. You may feel stuck and want to understand yourself better or just not know what way to turn at all but know you want things to be better. Together we will work out what is going to be most helpful for you in counselling to enable you to move forward. I will support you to process and manage whatever it is that you are struggling with and come up with a flexible counselling plan to help you feel better and more able to manage and thrive in your life.
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Photo of Sally McRae, MSc, HCPC-Drama Therap., Psychotherapist
Sally McRae
Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Drama Therap.
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH10
I offer a supportive and tailored approach to therapy, using evidence-based, accessible creative methods to help you navigate the challenges you're facing. With experience supporting both children and adults, I specialise in helping people through times of uncertainty and change, including grief, anxiety, depression, trauma, and existential concerns. This includes exploring questions around life’s meaning, personal identity, and how to live authentically.
I offer a supportive and tailored approach to therapy, using evidence-based, accessible creative methods to help you navigate the challenges you're facing. With experience supporting both children and adults, I specialise in helping people through times of uncertainty and change, including grief, anxiety, depression, trauma, and existential concerns. This includes exploring questions around life’s meaning, personal identity, and how to live authentically.
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Photo of Pippa Watson Rees, MA, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Pippa Watson Rees
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH9
Are you a new parent experiencing intrusive thoughts or mood swings which worry you? Perhaps you feel hateful towards your partner, or are full of regret. Alternatively past events may be very alive in your mind & may need to be processed with an experienced Therapist. If you need a place to be heard; to express yourself & explore difficulties then I can help you. I have a relational approach based in the psychodynamic tradition, which means we can explore & think about how your past may be affecting your present. Integrating years of experience & training I will help you move forwards by understanding yourself better.
Are you a new parent experiencing intrusive thoughts or mood swings which worry you? Perhaps you feel hateful towards your partner, or are full of regret. Alternatively past events may be very alive in your mind & may need to be processed with an experienced Therapist. If you need a place to be heard; to express yourself & explore difficulties then I can help you. I have a relational approach based in the psychodynamic tradition, which means we can explore & think about how your past may be affecting your present. Integrating years of experience & training I will help you move forwards by understanding yourself better.
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Photo of Dr Bruce Scott Psychoanalyst-Psychotherapist, PhD, Psychotherapist
Dr Bruce Scott Psychoanalyst-Psychotherapist
Psychotherapist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH2
Psychoanalysis or psychoanalytic psychotherapy is an open-ended conversation with no agenda and no time limit (i.e. number of sessions). The practice (Greek: Praxis) of psychoanalysis attends to the person who comes for analysis, to listen and witness their concerns, and to facilitate, if possible some kind of loosening of the strictures than bind and contort experience. I work with people with different needs under the rubric of mental distress.
Psychoanalysis or psychoanalytic psychotherapy is an open-ended conversation with no agenda and no time limit (i.e. number of sessions). The practice (Greek: Praxis) of psychoanalysis attends to the person who comes for analysis, to listen and witness their concerns, and to facilitate, if possible some kind of loosening of the strictures than bind and contort experience. I work with people with different needs under the rubric of mental distress.
0131 381 0244 View 0131 381 0244
Photo of Vessela Ivkova, MA, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Vessela Ivkova
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH9
Not accepting new clients
In my practice, I work with people who find it difficult to know and express what they want. I also work with clients who have experienced loss, trauma and displacement and therefore lack a sense of safety and belonging. I am experienced in working with people who find it challenging to regulate their emotions and fall into uncontrollable outbursts of confusion, anger, terror and worry. Finally, I specialise in working with individuals who struggle to form and sustain satisfying relationships and so suffer from feelings of worthlessness and emptiness.
In my practice, I work with people who find it difficult to know and express what they want. I also work with clients who have experienced loss, trauma and displacement and therefore lack a sense of safety and belonging. I am experienced in working with people who find it challenging to regulate their emotions and fall into uncontrollable outbursts of confusion, anger, terror and worry. Finally, I specialise in working with individuals who struggle to form and sustain satisfying relationships and so suffer from feelings of worthlessness and emptiness.
0131 510 5952 View 0131 510 5952
Photo of Kate Hedges, MBACP, Counsellor
Kate Hedges
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH9
Counselling is your confidential space to talk. You may be seeking clarity on an issue, or want to explore things that are overwhelming you, and if you wish, make changes in your life. I hope that by talking to a professional during these difficult times can bring peace. I offer a safe space as we unravel together the aspects of you that are struggling or stuck. And help you to find new perspectives to deal with living the way that you want to live.
Counselling is your confidential space to talk. You may be seeking clarity on an issue, or want to explore things that are overwhelming you, and if you wish, make changes in your life. I hope that by talking to a professional during these difficult times can bring peace. I offer a safe space as we unravel together the aspects of you that are struggling or stuck. And help you to find new perspectives to deal with living the way that you want to live.
01764 915672 View 01764 915672
Photo of Folke Wiemann - Music Therapist, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Folke Wiemann - Music Therapist
Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH9
Maybe you have tried talking therapy and feel stuck talking about the same things without seeing change.
 Maybe you regard yourself as a creative person and have noticed the positive influence music can have on your wellbeing, and wanting to explore this further.
 Maybe talking about things can feel overwhelming and you need a space to be heard without having to put things into words.
 Maybe you already use music to process your feelings and could benefit from guidance and support within that process.
 Maybe you are struggling with a specific issue in your life that you would like support with and try an alternative to counselling.
Maybe you have tried talking therapy and feel stuck talking about the same things without seeing change.
 Maybe you regard yourself as a creative person and have noticed the positive influence music can have on your wellbeing, and wanting to explore this further.
 Maybe talking about things can feel overwhelming and you need a space to be heard without having to put things into words.
 Maybe you already use music to process your feelings and could benefit from guidance and support within that process.
 Maybe you are struggling with a specific issue in your life that you would like support with and try an alternative to counselling.
01764 915879 View 01764 915879
Photo of Christiane Kelegher, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Christiane Kelegher
Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I work in collaboration with my clients to find what they would like to bring into the therapy room and have a particular interest in personal identities and how my clients wish to be seen and accepted in the world. This includes identities around chronic illness and disability, as well as around gender, sexuality and relationship diversity. I do not work as a blank mirror but instead use my knowledge and training to create a dialogue between me and my clients.
I work in collaboration with my clients to find what they would like to bring into the therapy room and have a particular interest in personal identities and how my clients wish to be seen and accepted in the world. This includes identities around chronic illness and disability, as well as around gender, sexuality and relationship diversity. I do not work as a blank mirror but instead use my knowledge and training to create a dialogue between me and my clients.
0191 743 0329 View 0191 743 0329
Photo of Lee Chalmers, UKCP Trainee, Counsellor
Lee Chalmers
Counsellor, UKCP Trainee
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH4
Are you successful in life but still feel a little empty inside? Do you long to make more impact on the world but feel that there is something holding you back? Do you want to reconnect to joy in your life, to feel more fulfilled?
Are you successful in life but still feel a little empty inside? Do you long to make more impact on the world but feel that there is something holding you back? Do you want to reconnect to joy in your life, to feel more fulfilled?
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Photo of Zofia Zyborska, MSc, COSRT Accred, Counsellor
Zofia Zyborska
Counsellor, MSc, COSRT Accred
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH3
I specialise in Sex and Relationship Therapy and offer talking therapy for couples and individuals with sexual problems. These include vaginismus, painful sex, difficulty achieving orgasm, loss of desire for sex, erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. I have particular experience in working with those impacted by past sexual trauma, abuse or assault. I am specifically trained and qualified to work with sex and porn addiction(s). I also work with partners of sex/porn addicts who are perhaps struggling with their partner’s addiction, working with the distress, betrayal, shock and trauma they may be experiencing.
I specialise in Sex and Relationship Therapy and offer talking therapy for couples and individuals with sexual problems. These include vaginismus, painful sex, difficulty achieving orgasm, loss of desire for sex, erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. I have particular experience in working with those impacted by past sexual trauma, abuse or assault. I am specifically trained and qualified to work with sex and porn addiction(s). I also work with partners of sex/porn addicts who are perhaps struggling with their partner’s addiction, working with the distress, betrayal, shock and trauma they may be experiencing.
0131 357 6236 View 0131 357 6236
Photo of Zoe Chouliara, PhD, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Zoe Chouliara
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH7
‘You are not just a catalogue of adversities that you are faced with in life. You are not just the ‘damage’ that you have been told you suffered from. You are not even the pathology or the series of labels and diagnoses that have been given to you. You are a creature of immeasurable strength with the innate ability to grow and trust again and keep trusting and even learning to trust for a first time. You are hard wired and geared to connect with other and through that connection to protect your mental health and recover. You are a Growing Truster.’ Prof. Dr Zoë Chouliara Formerly Professor in Mental Health, Consultant Psychologist
‘You are not just a catalogue of adversities that you are faced with in life. You are not just the ‘damage’ that you have been told you suffered from. You are not even the pathology or the series of labels and diagnoses that have been given to you. You are a creature of immeasurable strength with the innate ability to grow and trust again and keep trusting and even learning to trust for a first time. You are hard wired and geared to connect with other and through that connection to protect your mental health and recover. You are a Growing Truster.’ Prof. Dr Zoë Chouliara Formerly Professor in Mental Health, Consultant Psychologist
01764 915791 View 01764 915791
Photo of Peter Albert Lindsay, MA, MBACP, Counsellor
Peter Albert Lindsay
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH8
I offer relationship counselling mainly online to anyone who may need to work on a conflictual or difficult relationship. I can support you either as a couple or on your own. I aim to help you to get back into a good and civilised way of relating. I offer a "no satisfaction - no fee" guarantee to ensure you are totally satisfied with my counselling or mediation. If at any time you are not satisfied that progress is being made you may stop and not pay the session
I offer relationship counselling mainly online to anyone who may need to work on a conflictual or difficult relationship. I can support you either as a couple or on your own. I aim to help you to get back into a good and civilised way of relating. I offer a "no satisfaction - no fee" guarantee to ensure you are totally satisfied with my counselling or mediation. If at any time you are not satisfied that progress is being made you may stop and not pay the session
01764 910436 View 01764 910436
Photo of Valentina Sartore, MSc, GMBPsS, Psychotherapist
Valentina Sartore
Psychotherapist, MSc, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH7
Hey! I'm Valentina, and I am glad you're here. If you are a young adult or young person feeling overwhelmed by life or stuck in patterns that prevent you from moving forward, or if you are a parent seeking mental health support for your child, I can help, and I would love to work with you. Together, we will focus on practical strategies rooted in your strengths, with a good dose of self-compassion (and humour!) helping you or your child feel confident, resilient, and in control. You deserve to live your life to the fullest, and not be ruled by anxiety, OCD, low self-esteem, or whatever you might be struggling with right now.
Hey! I'm Valentina, and I am glad you're here. If you are a young adult or young person feeling overwhelmed by life or stuck in patterns that prevent you from moving forward, or if you are a parent seeking mental health support for your child, I can help, and I would love to work with you. Together, we will focus on practical strategies rooted in your strengths, with a good dose of self-compassion (and humour!) helping you or your child feel confident, resilient, and in control. You deserve to live your life to the fullest, and not be ruled by anxiety, OCD, low self-esteem, or whatever you might be struggling with right now.
01764 915877 View 01764 915877
Photo of Benji Pérez, MA, GMBPsS, Psychologist
Benji Pérez
Psychologist, MA, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH3
Are you feeling overwhelmed by life's challenges, struggling to navigate through the complexities of your emotions and experiences? Do you find yourself yearning for a deeper connection between your mind and body, seeking a holistic approach to growth? If so, you've come to the right place. Together, we will explore the underlying patterns and beliefs that shape your experiences, gently peeling back the layers to uncover what makes you tick. Through empathetic listening and insightful dialogue, we will cultivate a deeper understanding of your thoughts and emotions, fostering self-awareness and acceptance.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by life's challenges, struggling to navigate through the complexities of your emotions and experiences? Do you find yourself yearning for a deeper connection between your mind and body, seeking a holistic approach to growth? If so, you've come to the right place. Together, we will explore the underlying patterns and beliefs that shape your experiences, gently peeling back the layers to uncover what makes you tick. Through empathetic listening and insightful dialogue, we will cultivate a deeper understanding of your thoughts and emotions, fostering self-awareness and acceptance.
0131 322 0982 View 0131 322 0982
Photo of Carolyn Cassidy, MBACP, Counsellor
Carolyn Cassidy
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH12
Hello and a warm welcome. Counselling is a process in which a trained therapist can help you to understand and deal with difficult emotions that you may be experiencing. These can be linked with previous difficult life experiences. People often seek counselling when they are going through challenging times in their lives. You may be feeling low, anxious or depressed. I can help you make sense of what is happening and try to help you to find ways of dealing with this.
Hello and a warm welcome. Counselling is a process in which a trained therapist can help you to understand and deal with difficult emotions that you may be experiencing. These can be linked with previous difficult life experiences. People often seek counselling when they are going through challenging times in their lives. You may be feeling low, anxious or depressed. I can help you make sense of what is happening and try to help you to find ways of dealing with this.
0131 510 4167 View 0131 510 4167
Photo of Claire Murdoch, MCOSCA, Counsellor
Claire Murdoch
Counsellor, MCOSCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH14
Seeking counselling can feel like a big step. Perhaps a confusing one. Let me tell you a little about myself so that you can decide if I am the right counsellor for you. I have a COSCA accredited Diploma in Person Centred counselling meaning that I offer a safe, non-judgemental space for you to explore your thoughts and feelings. I have a creative, eclectic approach and can bring other models into the counselling room where appropriate such as CBT, small world, gestalt and even music. At the moment I offer on-line and telephone counselling, however, post pandemic would also offer outdoor walking therapy.
Seeking counselling can feel like a big step. Perhaps a confusing one. Let me tell you a little about myself so that you can decide if I am the right counsellor for you. I have a COSCA accredited Diploma in Person Centred counselling meaning that I offer a safe, non-judgemental space for you to explore your thoughts and feelings. I have a creative, eclectic approach and can bring other models into the counselling room where appropriate such as CBT, small world, gestalt and even music. At the moment I offer on-line and telephone counselling, however, post pandemic would also offer outdoor walking therapy.
01506 539589 View 01506 539589
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See more therapy options for Edinburgh

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Edinburgh

600+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in Edinburgh who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
82% Depression
82% Self Esteem
78% Stress
76% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
57% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

59% Aviva
54% AXA PPP
47% Bupa

How Counsellors in Edinburgh see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
24% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Edinburgh?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.