Counselling in Dundee

Photo of Lynda Goudie, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Lynda Goudie
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Dundee DD5
Hi, my name is Lynda and I have a masters (MSc) in Counselling. I also have an MA Hons Degree in English, my passion for stories on the page have also become a passion for individuals who each have their own unique story. Counselling is 50 minutes of time for you, to be heard, supported and understood. Together we can explore problems from the past, anxieties for the future and how these issues are affecting the present. You may have a specific problem or dilemma that is all about now but whatever you bring, can be explored together in a non-judgemental, empathetic and kind way.
Hi, my name is Lynda and I have a masters (MSc) in Counselling. I also have an MA Hons Degree in English, my passion for stories on the page have also become a passion for individuals who each have their own unique story. Counselling is 50 minutes of time for you, to be heard, supported and understood. Together we can explore problems from the past, anxieties for the future and how these issues are affecting the present. You may have a specific problem or dilemma that is all about now but whatever you bring, can be explored together in a non-judgemental, empathetic and kind way.
01382 933111 View 01382 933111
Photo of Sarah Higgins, Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Sarah Higgins
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Dundee DD4
Art/Psychotherapy, Children's Work and Supervision - Are you seeking a safe and creative space to explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences? Whether you're an adult facing life challenges or a child navigating emotions, psychotherapy can help you unlock new pathways to healing and personal growth.
Art/Psychotherapy, Children's Work and Supervision - Are you seeking a safe and creative space to explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences? Whether you're an adult facing life challenges or a child navigating emotions, psychotherapy can help you unlock new pathways to healing and personal growth.
View
Photo of John Walker, Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
John Walker
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Dundee DD1
Are you an Adult Survivor of Childhood Trauma? Do you have feelings of guilt or shame about what happened to you? Do you crave adult connection with a parent who did not meet your needs as a child?Maybe you still experience overwhelming feelings of anger/rage which lie buried deep inside you even decades after these events took place. All of these thoughts and feelings are common amongst survivors of childhood trauma. It can be really distressing to realise that the wounds of years ago may still be getting in the way of you experiencing fulfilling relationships with others right now. How do you move forward? I can help you.
Are you an Adult Survivor of Childhood Trauma? Do you have feelings of guilt or shame about what happened to you? Do you crave adult connection with a parent who did not meet your needs as a child?Maybe you still experience overwhelming feelings of anger/rage which lie buried deep inside you even decades after these events took place. All of these thoughts and feelings are common amongst survivors of childhood trauma. It can be really distressing to realise that the wounds of years ago may still be getting in the way of you experiencing fulfilling relationships with others right now. How do you move forward? I can help you.
01382 919540 View 01382 919540
Photo of Lynn Guyan, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Lynn Guyan
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Dundee DD3
I believe healing begins with being truly seen and heard. I offer a safe, compassionate space for adults and young people navigating difficulties arising from complex trauma, emotional distress and substance use. My counselling approach is pluralistic and integrative - meaning I tailor each session to meet you exactly where you are, drawing on a range of evidence-based techniques to support your journey. As a trauma-enhanced practitioner, I create a compassionate, safe and flexible space for exploration and growth. Every person’s story is different and I tailor my approach to honour your unique needs, strengths and goals.
I believe healing begins with being truly seen and heard. I offer a safe, compassionate space for adults and young people navigating difficulties arising from complex trauma, emotional distress and substance use. My counselling approach is pluralistic and integrative - meaning I tailor each session to meet you exactly where you are, drawing on a range of evidence-based techniques to support your journey. As a trauma-enhanced practitioner, I create a compassionate, safe and flexible space for exploration and growth. Every person’s story is different and I tailor my approach to honour your unique needs, strengths and goals.
View
Photo of Katy Mitchell, Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Katy Mitchell
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dundee DD1
Every person is different, which means every treatment will be different too. I provide a range of psychological therapies that will be tailored to meet your needs. I work with adults of all ages and backgrounds. Difficulties I work with include (but are not limited to): depression, anxiety, stress (including work, academic, or general life stress), loss and bereavement, panic, OCD, anger, trauma, life changes (e.g. birth, retirement, relationship ending), sexual difficulties, eating disorders, health anxiety, low self-esteem, relationship difficulties, and desire for personal development.
Every person is different, which means every treatment will be different too. I provide a range of psychological therapies that will be tailored to meet your needs. I work with adults of all ages and backgrounds. Difficulties I work with include (but are not limited to): depression, anxiety, stress (including work, academic, or general life stress), loss and bereavement, panic, OCD, anger, trauma, life changes (e.g. birth, retirement, relationship ending), sexual difficulties, eating disorders, health anxiety, low self-esteem, relationship difficulties, and desire for personal development.
01333 408717 View 01333 408717
Photo of Julia Vaczo, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Julia Vaczo
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Online Only
When we feel lost, stuck, or uncertain for an extended period, pausing and taking the time to understand ourselves can help us find clarity and direction. But sometimes self-exploration is challenging to navigate alone. I offer a safe, supportive environment to work with you in this process. I listen deeply and ask gentle and thoughtful questions that may encourage you to reflect and help you see yourself and your situation from different perspectives.
When we feel lost, stuck, or uncertain for an extended period, pausing and taking the time to understand ourselves can help us find clarity and direction. But sometimes self-exploration is challenging to navigate alone. I offer a safe, supportive environment to work with you in this process. I listen deeply and ask gentle and thoughtful questions that may encourage you to reflect and help you see yourself and your situation from different perspectives.
01382 919536 View 01382 919536
Photo of Lucy Paterson - String Psychology, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
String Psychology
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dundee DD1
I’m a clinical psychologist with a deeply relational approach. My work is rooted in warmth, connection, and curiosity to support clients in exploring the patterns and parts that shape how they move through the world. In sessions, we explore and understand your patterns with the aim of thinking together about change. Many of us come to therapy when we experience painful and difficult emotions that exist as knots in our hearts and minds, and in the relationships around us. Very often this can be triggered by life events or life stages and the work can be to understand the meaning of these for you and why it may be difficult for you.
I’m a clinical psychologist with a deeply relational approach. My work is rooted in warmth, connection, and curiosity to support clients in exploring the patterns and parts that shape how they move through the world. In sessions, we explore and understand your patterns with the aim of thinking together about change. Many of us come to therapy when we experience painful and difficult emotions that exist as knots in our hearts and minds, and in the relationships around us. Very often this can be triggered by life events or life stages and the work can be to understand the meaning of these for you and why it may be difficult for you.
View
Photo of Dr Csilla Gulyas, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Csilla Gulyas
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
1 Endorsed
Dundee DD1
I put emphasis on ensuring that we can jointly develop a shared understanding of your experiences and difficulties with the aim of empowering you to take actions to reach your desired goals. I provide a range of evidence-based psychological therapies for those over the age of 16 from various backgrounds. Difficulties I work with include (but are not limited to): depression, anxiety, stress, loss, body image issues, panic, OCD, anger, trauma, life changes, sexual difficulties, health anxiety, low self-esteem and relationship difficulties. I also offer input towards personal development and self-reflection.
I put emphasis on ensuring that we can jointly develop a shared understanding of your experiences and difficulties with the aim of empowering you to take actions to reach your desired goals. I provide a range of evidence-based psychological therapies for those over the age of 16 from various backgrounds. Difficulties I work with include (but are not limited to): depression, anxiety, stress, loss, body image issues, panic, OCD, anger, trauma, life changes, sexual difficulties, health anxiety, low self-esteem and relationship difficulties. I also offer input towards personal development and self-reflection.
01382 919559 View 01382 919559
Photo of Phillipa Donnelly, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Phillipa Donnelly
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Dundee DD1
Are you struggling with anxiety, low mood, sadness, low self esteem or anger? Have you experienced trauma, relationship issues or a bereavement that's making life harder? Or are you struggling with family life as a parent and feel you are failing? Do you want to feel more positive about life but don't know where to start? Life can at times feel overwhelming but considering counselling is a positive step. Counselling offers you the chance to explore these issues without judgement in a confidential and safe space.
Are you struggling with anxiety, low mood, sadness, low self esteem or anger? Have you experienced trauma, relationship issues or a bereavement that's making life harder? Or are you struggling with family life as a parent and feel you are failing? Do you want to feel more positive about life but don't know where to start? Life can at times feel overwhelming but considering counselling is a positive step. Counselling offers you the chance to explore these issues without judgement in a confidential and safe space.
01382 933103 View 01382 933103
Photo of Joyce Cherry, Counsellor, MBACP
Joyce Cherry
Counsellor, MBACP
Dundee DD1
Where to begin? How do you choose the right person to work with you? If you want to work with someone who has their own lived experiences, someone who will not only listen without judgement, but will respect your choice to take it at your own speed, then,let's talk. I work with Adults, Children and Young People,using a variety of approaches which are trauma based, also support issues with Anxiety/Depression. I have experience working with Neurodivergent clients. Helping you to make changes in your life whatever the issue. I know it's hard,but you've taken the first step,let me walk with you now and see what we can do together.
Where to begin? How do you choose the right person to work with you? If you want to work with someone who has their own lived experiences, someone who will not only listen without judgement, but will respect your choice to take it at your own speed, then,let's talk. I work with Adults, Children and Young People,using a variety of approaches which are trauma based, also support issues with Anxiety/Depression. I have experience working with Neurodivergent clients. Helping you to make changes in your life whatever the issue. I know it's hard,but you've taken the first step,let me walk with you now and see what we can do together.
01382 919594 View 01382 919594
Photo of Nova Pinfold - Nova at Natural Space Counselling (PmCOSCA), Psychotherapist, MCOSCA
Nova at Natural Space Counselling (PmCOSCA)
Psychotherapist, MCOSCA
4 Endorsed
Dundee DD5
Are you looking for a confidential space to explore your needs, where you are heard, without judgement? I’m Nova. I work in person, or outdoors (your chosen place), and online. My experience supporting people and working with trauma gives strong foundations to my therapy work. My approach is relational, drawing from different approaches. I believe different things work for different people at different times. In collaboration we create a compassionate, calm space where you are heard and validated. We work with what you bring in ways which work for you. Different methods offer various ways of working together towards change.
Are you looking for a confidential space to explore your needs, where you are heard, without judgement? I’m Nova. I work in person, or outdoors (your chosen place), and online. My experience supporting people and working with trauma gives strong foundations to my therapy work. My approach is relational, drawing from different approaches. I believe different things work for different people at different times. In collaboration we create a compassionate, calm space where you are heard and validated. We work with what you bring in ways which work for you. Different methods offer various ways of working together towards change.
07768 426194 View 07768 426194
Photo of Wendy Nicoll - Wendy Nicoll Counselling, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Wendy Nicoll Counselling
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Online Only
We all need some help from time to time. My experience is in collaborating with clients in a safe and non-judgemental environment, to help work through difficult situations or feelings, help improve mood, develop better coping mechanisms, and learn ways to think more fondly of yourself. I can also help you to develop healthier lifestyle habits and more useful behaviours, particularly for those who are overweight; struggle with yo-yo dieting; bingeeating, or are during or pre/post weightloss injection use or bariatric surgery. We can work to increase your self-esteem and self-confidence and reduce negative body image thoughts.
We all need some help from time to time. My experience is in collaborating with clients in a safe and non-judgemental environment, to help work through difficult situations or feelings, help improve mood, develop better coping mechanisms, and learn ways to think more fondly of yourself. I can also help you to develop healthier lifestyle habits and more useful behaviours, particularly for those who are overweight; struggle with yo-yo dieting; bingeeating, or are during or pre/post weightloss injection use or bariatric surgery. We can work to increase your self-esteem and self-confidence and reduce negative body image thoughts.
View
Photo of Lindsay-Jo Sevier-Guy, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Lindsay-Jo Sevier-Guy
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
1 Endorsed
Dundee DD1
Every person is different, which means every treatment will be different too. I provide a range of psychological therapies that will be tailored to meet your needs. I work with people of all ages and backgrounds. Difficulties I work with include (but are not limited to): depression, anxiety, stress (including work, academic, or general life stress), loss and bereavement, panic, OCD, anger, trauma, life changes (e.g. birth, retirement, relationship ending), sexual difficulties, eating disorders, health anxiety, low self-esteem, relationship difficulties, and desire for personal development.
Every person is different, which means every treatment will be different too. I provide a range of psychological therapies that will be tailored to meet your needs. I work with people of all ages and backgrounds. Difficulties I work with include (but are not limited to): depression, anxiety, stress (including work, academic, or general life stress), loss and bereavement, panic, OCD, anger, trauma, life changes (e.g. birth, retirement, relationship ending), sexual difficulties, eating disorders, health anxiety, low self-esteem, relationship difficulties, and desire for personal development.
01382 797247 View 01382 797247
Photo of Nicole McKendry - Therapy in the City, Counsellor, MCOSCA
Therapy in the City
Counsellor, MCOSCA
Dundee DD4
The first steps we take on our healing journey can be the most challenging but finding the right therapist to work with that you can trust and feel comfortable with can make all the difference in helping you move forward and feel safe and supported in exploring the issues you are facing. I have always believed therapy should be an informal, authentic and relaxing experience. The therapeutic approach I offer is gentle and empathetic , you will find yourself at the centre of our therapy together building a trusting relationship, valuing your individuality rather than just working with your issue.
The first steps we take on our healing journey can be the most challenging but finding the right therapist to work with that you can trust and feel comfortable with can make all the difference in helping you move forward and feel safe and supported in exploring the issues you are facing. I have always believed therapy should be an informal, authentic and relaxing experience. The therapeutic approach I offer is gentle and empathetic , you will find yourself at the centre of our therapy together building a trusting relationship, valuing your individuality rather than just working with your issue.
01382 279927 View 01382 279927
Photo of Alexander Leon Nite, Psychotherapist, MSc, GMBPsS
Alexander Leon Nite
Psychotherapist, MSc, GMBPsS
Dundee DD1
Infidelity, heartbreak, or divorce? Stuck in repeating relationship patterns, trust issues, or low self-worth? You may also be dealing with addictions like pornography or other compulsive behaviours and want to understand the deeper causes. Regain clarity, stability, and confidence.
Infidelity, heartbreak, or divorce? Stuck in repeating relationship patterns, trust issues, or low self-worth? You may also be dealing with addictions like pornography or other compulsive behaviours and want to understand the deeper causes. Regain clarity, stability, and confidence.
01382 933258 View 01382 933258
Photo of Martine Kilgour, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Martine Kilgour
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Dundee DD5
Everybody has problems so why should you go for counselling? Problems are part of everyday life, we all encounter them and fortunately we are able to solve them the majority of the time without any intervention. Counselling may be beneficial to you if problems become all consuming and start to affect your personal happiness, perhaps take up a high percentage of your thinking time or in fact prevent you from doing day to day things. Today's fast pace of life does not always offer time to reflect on how we are feeling or help us understand why we become unhappy, low in mood and no longer enjoy life.
Everybody has problems so why should you go for counselling? Problems are part of everyday life, we all encounter them and fortunately we are able to solve them the majority of the time without any intervention. Counselling may be beneficial to you if problems become all consuming and start to affect your personal happiness, perhaps take up a high percentage of your thinking time or in fact prevent you from doing day to day things. Today's fast pace of life does not always offer time to reflect on how we are feeling or help us understand why we become unhappy, low in mood and no longer enjoy life.
01382 933305 View 01382 933305
Photo of Lynda Jane Lawrence - Beingwell, Counsellor, MBACP
Beingwell
Counsellor, MBACP
Dundee DD2
Hello, My name is Lynda and I am the counsellor within Beingwell, a holistic wellbeing centre in Dundee. Counselling can benefit everyone and aims to address people's life problems in a safe environment where you will be listened to without fear of criticism or judgement. Our relationship is really important to me and I would want to work in a flexible and collaborative way to ensure that you feel comfortable and empowered in our sessions together. I offer short or long term counselling to be decided together.
Hello, My name is Lynda and I am the counsellor within Beingwell, a holistic wellbeing centre in Dundee. Counselling can benefit everyone and aims to address people's life problems in a safe environment where you will be listened to without fear of criticism or judgement. Our relationship is really important to me and I would want to work in a flexible and collaborative way to ensure that you feel comfortable and empowered in our sessions together. I offer short or long term counselling to be decided together.
01382 933266 View 01382 933266
Photo of Dr Samantha Baradhi, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dr Samantha Baradhi
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dundee DD5
Dr Samantha Baradhi (CPsychol) is a Chartered and HCPC Registered Psychologist and COSRT Accredited Psychosexual Therapist offering psychological therapy and psychosexual therapy to adults, couples and young people above 14 years. As a counselling psychologist her approach is relational and attachment focused. A thorough psychological assessment, a humanistic stance and in-depth formulation underpin the therapy relationship, whilst an integration of therapeutic models allows Samantha to work with each individual's specific needs and goals. She has been established here at The Broughty Practice, Dundee since 2006.
Dr Samantha Baradhi (CPsychol) is a Chartered and HCPC Registered Psychologist and COSRT Accredited Psychosexual Therapist offering psychological therapy and psychosexual therapy to adults, couples and young people above 14 years. As a counselling psychologist her approach is relational and attachment focused. A thorough psychological assessment, a humanistic stance and in-depth formulation underpin the therapy relationship, whilst an integration of therapeutic models allows Samantha to work with each individual's specific needs and goals. She has been established here at The Broughty Practice, Dundee since 2006.
01382 933250 View 01382 933250
Photo of Louise Loughran, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Louise Loughran
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dundee DD1
I offer specialist Autism Assessment services to teenagers and young adults. I have over 15 years' experience working with Autistic young people and I am dedicated to delivering a high quality, personalised experience. My team share the values of professionalism, compassion and commitment to the young people and families we see.
I offer specialist Autism Assessment services to teenagers and young adults. I have over 15 years' experience working with Autistic young people and I am dedicated to delivering a high quality, personalised experience. My team share the values of professionalism, compassion and commitment to the young people and families we see.
View
Photo of Steven Davies, Counsellor, PhD, MBACP
Steven Davies
Counsellor, PhD, MBACP
Dundee DD4
Waitlist for new clients
Hello, I'm Steven - a BACP registered counsellor working with adult clients (18+). I bring warmth, acceptance and insight into the therapy room. As your counsellor, I would help you to make sense of and work through your difficulties - with your autonomy and empowerment always at the forefront. Acceptance, care, attention and wisdom can be extremely powerful tools for growth. I endeavour to provide those qualities in order to empower you to get to a better place. For me, helping a client to overcome their distress, and helping them to start thriving in life, are one in the same thing.
Hello, I'm Steven - a BACP registered counsellor working with adult clients (18+). I bring warmth, acceptance and insight into the therapy room. As your counsellor, I would help you to make sense of and work through your difficulties - with your autonomy and empowerment always at the forefront. Acceptance, care, attention and wisdom can be extremely powerful tools for growth. I endeavour to provide those qualities in order to empower you to get to a better place. For me, helping a client to overcome their distress, and helping them to start thriving in life, are one in the same thing.
View

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Dundee

80+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in Dundee who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
84% Depression
83% Stress
81% Self Esteem
77% Relationship Issues
67% Bereavement
67% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

7 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

90% Bupa
90% WPA
80% Aviva

How Counsellors in Dundee see their clients

84% In Person and Online
16% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
17% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Dundee?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.