Counselling in Dumbarton

Photo of Maggie McLaren, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Maggie McLaren
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
I'm a Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT) with seven years experience of practice with clients. I lead with CBT, but have an integrative approach and can adapt to suit client needs, as necessary to help them understand and work towards recovery. Currently work for NHS England (have worked for six different services) for part of the week and do remote private work (video and telephone). Have experience of working with a wide variety of clients and problems and a real passion for helping people to overcome low self esteem. I'm a registered member of the BABCP, the professional organisation for therapists.
I'm a Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT) with seven years experience of practice with clients. I lead with CBT, but have an integrative approach and can adapt to suit client needs, as necessary to help them understand and work towards recovery. Currently work for NHS England (have worked for six different services) for part of the week and do remote private work (video and telephone). Have experience of working with a wide variety of clients and problems and a real passion for helping people to overcome low self esteem. I'm a registered member of the BABCP, the professional organisation for therapists.
07480 773046 View 07480 773046
Photo of William Shreenan - Prospective Counselling William Shreenan, Counsellor, MBACP
Prospective Counselling William Shreenan
Counsellor, MBACP
Online Only
About me and my therapy MBACP (Member of British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy) I (William) am here to listen. As an integrative counsellor, I offer a combined approach to psychotherapy, bringing together various elements of specific therapies... Tailoring therapy to my clients and not my clients to the therapy. I offer down-to-earth, warm, empathic and non-judgmental counselling thus, giving you the opportunity to talk about any issues which may be affecting you. Everyone has their own unique story and I am here to listen to yours. I am a qualified and experienced Integrative Counsellor.
About me and my therapy MBACP (Member of British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy) I (William) am here to listen. As an integrative counsellor, I offer a combined approach to psychotherapy, bringing together various elements of specific therapies... Tailoring therapy to my clients and not my clients to the therapy. I offer down-to-earth, warm, empathic and non-judgmental counselling thus, giving you the opportunity to talk about any issues which may be affecting you. Everyone has their own unique story and I am here to listen to yours. I am a qualified and experienced Integrative Counsellor.
01389 318552 View 01389 318552
Photo of Amanda Marie Hartley, Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Amanda Marie Hartley
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Life feels hectic and busy most of the time. I'm sure at some point in the past we have all wished for a quiet moment to reboot our busy lives. So why is it so hard to make that happen? There are so many pressures we put on ourselves and the way we go about life..... if you need a neutral,supporting person to talk these feelings through with, or even some support in seeing things in a different way... I'm here! Friendly, enthusiastic and very supportive. No ones circumstances are the same and no one answer is right. We could find a new way of coping together to help you find the way to adjust to life today and going forward.
Life feels hectic and busy most of the time. I'm sure at some point in the past we have all wished for a quiet moment to reboot our busy lives. So why is it so hard to make that happen? There are so many pressures we put on ourselves and the way we go about life..... if you need a neutral,supporting person to talk these feelings through with, or even some support in seeing things in a different way... I'm here! Friendly, enthusiastic and very supportive. No ones circumstances are the same and no one answer is right. We could find a new way of coping together to help you find the way to adjust to life today and going forward.
07449 585365 View 07449 585365
Photo of Helen Buri - Novo Therapy and Care Ltd, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Novo Therapy and Care Ltd
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Serves Area
An experienced occupational therapist of 30 years I have a background in physical disabilities and complex Injuries and trauma including head injury. Skilled in injury rehabilitation, I decided to train as a CBT therapist in order to help people recover from the psychological trauma as well as their physical injuries. I am also trained in eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy (EMDR) and I am currently training in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).
An experienced occupational therapist of 30 years I have a background in physical disabilities and complex Injuries and trauma including head injury. Skilled in injury rehabilitation, I decided to train as a CBT therapist in order to help people recover from the psychological trauma as well as their physical injuries. I am also trained in eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy (EMDR) and I am currently training in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).
01436 647195 View 01436 647195
Photo of Jessica Gath - Wellhouse Counselling, Counsellor
Wellhouse Counselling
Counsellor
Serves Area
Hi there! Thank you for stopping by my profile. My name is Jess, and it is a pleasure to meet you. I am here to offer you a safe, confidential space to explore yourself , your thoughts, feelings and behaviours and help work towards your goals; whatever they may be. No matter what is going on for you right now, there are ways forward, and I believe we can find them together. I like to offer my clients hope, that things can be different, that together we can bring about the changes you want to see , and when you're out of hope, you can borrow mine for a while.
Hi there! Thank you for stopping by my profile. My name is Jess, and it is a pleasure to meet you. I am here to offer you a safe, confidential space to explore yourself , your thoughts, feelings and behaviours and help work towards your goals; whatever they may be. No matter what is going on for you right now, there are ways forward, and I believe we can find them together. I like to offer my clients hope, that things can be different, that together we can bring about the changes you want to see , and when you're out of hope, you can borrow mine for a while.
01436 647378 View 01436 647378
Photo of Liz Grant, Counsellor, MBACP
Liz Grant
Counsellor, MBACP
Serves Area
We all experience difficult times in our lives. Big life events, traumatic episodes and life transitions can take their toll on our mental and emotional well-being. Trying to navigate our way through our thoughts & emotions with family member's, or friend's opinions in the mix, can really add to the challenge. Choosing to speak with a counsellor allows you to freely explore what's going on without judgement. You have the space to start your process of releasing, unpicking & healing inner battles; repairing and making sense of your world.
We all experience difficult times in our lives. Big life events, traumatic episodes and life transitions can take their toll on our mental and emotional well-being. Trying to navigate our way through our thoughts & emotions with family member's, or friend's opinions in the mix, can really add to the challenge. Choosing to speak with a counsellor allows you to freely explore what's going on without judgement. You have the space to start your process of releasing, unpicking & healing inner battles; repairing and making sense of your world.
01436 647370 View 01436 647370
Photo of Helen Cuinn - TalkWell, Counsellor, MBACP
TalkWell
Counsellor, MBACP
Serves Area
Are you feeling stuck, low, anxious or just not sure how to cope? That what your are going through is just too hard to manage alone? Sometimes an outside perspective is what we need to help us get out of the rut and on to even ground. I work with people who have realised something has to change and are looking for support with how to change it.
Are you feeling stuck, low, anxious or just not sure how to cope? That what your are going through is just too hard to manage alone? Sometimes an outside perspective is what we need to help us get out of the rut and on to even ground. I work with people who have realised something has to change and are looking for support with how to change it.
0141 673 9663 View 0141 673 9663
Photo of Emma-Jane LaRoche, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Emma-Jane LaRoche
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Serves Area
If life’s been feeling heavy lately, you’re not alone. I offer a warm, grounded space to explore whatever’s weighing on you, at your pace. Overthinking everything? Questioning yourself? If that sounds familiar, I’m here to help you untangle it all. Therapy isn’t about fixing you—it’s about finding you. I support adults who are navigating anxiety, burnout, or feeling stuck in life’s transitions. Additionally I work with bereavement, depression and Adults with ADHD.
If life’s been feeling heavy lately, you’re not alone. I offer a warm, grounded space to explore whatever’s weighing on you, at your pace. Overthinking everything? Questioning yourself? If that sounds familiar, I’m here to help you untangle it all. Therapy isn’t about fixing you—it’s about finding you. I support adults who are navigating anxiety, burnout, or feeling stuck in life’s transitions. Additionally I work with bereavement, depression and Adults with ADHD.
01436 647396 View 01436 647396
Photo of Zoe Williams
Zoe Williams
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I’m a qualified CBT therapist based in the west end of Glasgow with experience in NHS and education. This background has given me a strong understanding of the complex pressures faced by adults and young people during times of stress, change, or uncertainty. I work well with clients experiencing anxiety, including panic attacks, phobia and social anxiety. As an LGBTQ+ affirming therapist, I’m committed to creating a space where clients feel understood whilst navigating issues relating to gender, sexuality or identity. My approach is collaborative and based on evidence which allows clients to develop practical tools for change.
I’m a qualified CBT therapist based in the west end of Glasgow with experience in NHS and education. This background has given me a strong understanding of the complex pressures faced by adults and young people during times of stress, change, or uncertainty. I work well with clients experiencing anxiety, including panic attacks, phobia and social anxiety. As an LGBTQ+ affirming therapist, I’m committed to creating a space where clients feel understood whilst navigating issues relating to gender, sexuality or identity. My approach is collaborative and based on evidence which allows clients to develop practical tools for change.
0141 673 1873 View 0141 673 1873

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Stephen Murray Mbacp, Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Stephen Murray Mbacp
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
General information I am an accredited Psychotherapist, Counsellor and CBT practitioner and work with an array of mental health disorders. I also work with couples as I believe so many of our problems are relational. I have experience working with addiction, depression, anxiety, OCD, stress, abuse, self-worth, self-esteem and self-confidence. I have a particular interest in working with panic, anxiety and emotional regulation. I work with children and adults, who have a range of reasons for seeking therapy, from but not limited to emotional distress, addiction, behaviour problems, low self-esteem, relationship issues, work stress.
General information I am an accredited Psychotherapist, Counsellor and CBT practitioner and work with an array of mental health disorders. I also work with couples as I believe so many of our problems are relational. I have experience working with addiction, depression, anxiety, OCD, stress, abuse, self-worth, self-esteem and self-confidence. I have a particular interest in working with panic, anxiety and emotional regulation. I work with children and adults, who have a range of reasons for seeking therapy, from but not limited to emotional distress, addiction, behaviour problems, low self-esteem, relationship issues, work stress.
01698 757632 View 01698 757632
Photo of Florence Gray, Counsellor, MBACP
Florence Gray
Counsellor, MBACP
With 20 years' experience, I am a leading authority in marriage, couple and relationship counselling. I have had the pleasure and privilege of helping countless couples resolve their differences and re-establish an emotional connection. I am passionate about my work and the changes I help to facilitate. When you’re having a relationship or marital problems, it’s natural to want to talk about it. Unfortunately, turning to those around you isn’t always possible or the best option. What you really need is an independent ear — someone who can view your relationship without bias and who won’t take sides.
With 20 years' experience, I am a leading authority in marriage, couple and relationship counselling. I have had the pleasure and privilege of helping countless couples resolve their differences and re-establish an emotional connection. I am passionate about my work and the changes I help to facilitate. When you’re having a relationship or marital problems, it’s natural to want to talk about it. Unfortunately, turning to those around you isn’t always possible or the best option. What you really need is an independent ear — someone who can view your relationship without bias and who won’t take sides.
0141 353 9373 View 0141 353 9373
Photo of Louise Montgomery, Counsellor, MBACP
Louise Montgomery
Counsellor, MBACP
Glasgow G46
I have over twenty years’ experience working with individuals who have experienced challenging times including addiction, abuse, anxiety, domestic violence, depression, relationship breakdown, loss, homelessness, trauma and many others. I am aware of the impact that such challenges can have on individuals and together we can explore this.
I have over twenty years’ experience working with individuals who have experienced challenging times including addiction, abuse, anxiety, domestic violence, depression, relationship breakdown, loss, homelessness, trauma and many others. I am aware of the impact that such challenges can have on individuals and together we can explore this.
07790 232202 View 07790 232202
Photo of Dr Dela Mawutor, Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dr Dela Mawutor
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Online Only
I am an HCPC registered Chartered Counselling Psychologist, with extensive experience of working with adults, children, couples, groups and families. I practice pluralistically based on a pluralistic framework which draws on techniques and interventions from a variety of therapeutic approaches and characterised by metatherapeutic communication with clients. Informed by my clinical experience and evidence-based practice, I work collaboratively with clients to help identify their therapeutic goals and corresponding appropriate tasks, tailored to their sense of what would be most useful for them.
I am an HCPC registered Chartered Counselling Psychologist, with extensive experience of working with adults, children, couples, groups and families. I practice pluralistically based on a pluralistic framework which draws on techniques and interventions from a variety of therapeutic approaches and characterised by metatherapeutic communication with clients. Informed by my clinical experience and evidence-based practice, I work collaboratively with clients to help identify their therapeutic goals and corresponding appropriate tasks, tailored to their sense of what would be most useful for them.
0141 673 9460 View 0141 673 9460
Photo of Christine Douglas, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Christine Douglas
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Glasgow G53
Firstly a warm hello! Finding the right therapist and booking your first  session can be a daunting experience, it takes a lot of courage to do so. I have years of experience supporting them to meet their goals for therapy. I could say a lot about my specific qualifications and the type of therapy I offer, honestly I believe all types of therapy can work. The most important factor on your journey I believe, is the therapeutic relationship you have with your therapist. Please take time to read about me and go with what your gut tells you (it's normally right)!
Firstly a warm hello! Finding the right therapist and booking your first  session can be a daunting experience, it takes a lot of courage to do so. I have years of experience supporting them to meet their goals for therapy. I could say a lot about my specific qualifications and the type of therapy I offer, honestly I believe all types of therapy can work. The most important factor on your journey I believe, is the therapeutic relationship you have with your therapist. Please take time to read about me and go with what your gut tells you (it's normally right)!
01505 805901 View 01505 805901
Photo of Zoe Fridd, Counsellor, MSc, GMBPsS
Zoe Fridd
Counsellor, MSc, GMBPsS
Ardrossan KA22
Welcome. I started my training in 2003 and completed a Bsc in Psychology. I gained a Msc in Health Psychology specifically focussing on behaviour change and health related counselling. My PGD was in Counselling Psychology with the British Psychological Society. I predominantly worked in trauma, addiction and mental health. Currently working for a service providing counselling for family conflict, attachment disorder and trauma for both adults and children. Privately I work with clients with a variety of mental health issues, self harm, eating disorders, trauma, anxiety/depression and relationship issues.
Welcome. I started my training in 2003 and completed a Bsc in Psychology. I gained a Msc in Health Psychology specifically focussing on behaviour change and health related counselling. My PGD was in Counselling Psychology with the British Psychological Society. I predominantly worked in trauma, addiction and mental health. Currently working for a service providing counselling for family conflict, attachment disorder and trauma for both adults and children. Privately I work with clients with a variety of mental health issues, self harm, eating disorders, trauma, anxiety/depression and relationship issues.
01294 442411 View 01294 442411
Alison Cruickshank
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
I am an accredited member of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP), an experienced integrative psychotherapist with a strong passion for helping my clients improve their lives and become the version of themselves they want to be. I tailor my approach to meet the unique needs and preferences of each client, drawing from different counselling modalities to ensure the best fit for you. My supportive approach, will help us build a strong therapeutic relationship & work collaboratively so you can make better choices and achieve your desired outcomes as an individual and/or in relationships.
I am an accredited member of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP), an experienced integrative psychotherapist with a strong passion for helping my clients improve their lives and become the version of themselves they want to be. I tailor my approach to meet the unique needs and preferences of each client, drawing from different counselling modalities to ensure the best fit for you. My supportive approach, will help us build a strong therapeutic relationship & work collaboratively so you can make better choices and achieve your desired outcomes as an individual and/or in relationships.
01236 914435 View 01236 914435
Photo of Lucy Corbishley, Psychotherapist, HCPC-Drama Therap.
Lucy Corbishley
Psychotherapist, HCPC-Drama Therap.
Glasgow G12
Not accepting new clients
Hello and thankyou for looking into my profile. I qualified as a Dramatherapist in 2001 and I am registered with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) and with The British Association of Dramatherapists (BADth). I have over 25 years experience of working alongside children and their families in a wide variety of settings. For the past 10 years I have managed a counselling and therapy service based in primary schools for a national charity as well as working in private practice. I offer children and young people a safe, accepting and non-judgemental space in which they can choose to communicate verbally or non-verbally.
Hello and thankyou for looking into my profile. I qualified as a Dramatherapist in 2001 and I am registered with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) and with The British Association of Dramatherapists (BADth). I have over 25 years experience of working alongside children and their families in a wide variety of settings. For the past 10 years I have managed a counselling and therapy service based in primary schools for a national charity as well as working in private practice. I offer children and young people a safe, accepting and non-judgemental space in which they can choose to communicate verbally or non-verbally.
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Photo of Dr Ross Deuchar - Ross Deuchar Coaching, PhD
Ross Deuchar Coaching
Verified Verified
Glasgow G62
As a Professional Hypnotherapist, Life Coach, Mindfulness & Breathing Coach, NLP Practitioner and Personal Trainer I very much believe in a holistic approach - supporting clients to improve their overall mental, physical and cognitive wellbeing. In my work as a coach and therapist, I support clients who have been struggling with their physical and mental health - tapping into their subconscious mind to help them overcome the fears, habits, addictions or patterns of behaviour that have been holding them back, enabling them to become the best version of themselves. Within this process, hypnotherapy is a central transformative tool.
As a Professional Hypnotherapist, Life Coach, Mindfulness & Breathing Coach, NLP Practitioner and Personal Trainer I very much believe in a holistic approach - supporting clients to improve their overall mental, physical and cognitive wellbeing. In my work as a coach and therapist, I support clients who have been struggling with their physical and mental health - tapping into their subconscious mind to help them overcome the fears, habits, addictions or patterns of behaviour that have been holding them back, enabling them to become the best version of themselves. Within this process, hypnotherapy is a central transformative tool.
0141 465 5772 View 0141 465 5772
Photo of Michelle McQuillan - Michelle McQuillan MSc Counselling & Psychotherapy, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
If you have found yourself here you may be looking for support. Are you sad, anxious or depressed? Grieving the loss of a loved one, pet or a job and in need of emotional support, but have no one to turn to? Maybe you are struggling in a relationship or with a break up? Having a safe place to express and explore what is happening for you can empower you to work towards making changes to live your life more fully, in a way that is right for you. Talking with your Counsellor can help you to gain clarity and understanding about your thoughts, feelings and emotions, and see how you can use them to help you to grow with, or around them.
If you have found yourself here you may be looking for support. Are you sad, anxious or depressed? Grieving the loss of a loved one, pet or a job and in need of emotional support, but have no one to turn to? Maybe you are struggling in a relationship or with a break up? Having a safe place to express and explore what is happening for you can empower you to work towards making changes to live your life more fully, in a way that is right for you. Talking with your Counsellor can help you to gain clarity and understanding about your thoughts, feelings and emotions, and see how you can use them to help you to grow with, or around them.
01236 914490 View 01236 914490
Photo of Dr Emma Williams - Dr Emma Williams (EmPsych Ltd), Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Emma Williams (EmPsych Ltd)
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Hi! I'm Dr Emma Williams, Clinical Psychologist and Director of EmPsych limited. People come to me for therapy for help to manage a range of emotional and physical difficulties. I specialise in trauma therapy, adjustment to physical health difficulties, adjustment to and rehabilitation from neurological conditions including Functional Neurological Disorder (FND).
Hi! I'm Dr Emma Williams, Clinical Psychologist and Director of EmPsych limited. People come to me for therapy for help to manage a range of emotional and physical difficulties. I specialise in trauma therapy, adjustment to physical health difficulties, adjustment to and rehabilitation from neurological conditions including Functional Neurological Disorder (FND).
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How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Dumbarton

< 10

Counsellors in Dumbarton who prioritize treating:

89% Depression
89% Anxiety
78% Coping Skills
78% Self Esteem
67% Relationship Issues
67% Stress
67% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

7 Years

Gender breakdown

88% Female
12% Male

How Counsellors in Dumbarton see their clients

89% In Person and Online
11% Online Only
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Dumbarton?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.