Cognitive Behavioural (CBT) Counselling in Burntisland

Photo of Lynne Morrison, Counsellor, MBACP
Lynne Morrison
Counsellor, MBACP
  Talking therapy and self awareness, CBT Positive Mindset Meditation, Deep Breathing & Guided Meditation, and Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction meditation for peace and calm and CBT Life & Happiness Coaching.
I help people navigate the now and the next steps in life, towards the peace they want and the changes they seek, counselling brings gifts that last a lifetime. Read more to get in touch.
  Talking therapy and self awareness, CBT Positive Mindset Meditation, Deep Breathing & Guided Meditation, and Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction meditation for peace and calm and CBT Life & Happiness Coaching.
I help people navigate the now and the next steps in life, towards the peace they want and the changes they seek, counselling brings gifts that last a lifetime. Read more to get in touch.
07511 928962 View 07511 928962
Photo of Sara Elizabeth Rae - Sara Rae | Psychological Therapy Fife, MSc
Sara Rae | Psychological Therapy Fife
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Hi, I am Sara, I'm a Clinical Associate in Applied Psychology (CAAP), and I specialise in supporting people through Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ( CBT).
Through CBT, we’ll explore how your thoughts, feelings, and actions connect, working together to develop practical strategies for lasting change. I also draw on third-wave approaches, including Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), to create a flexible, person-centred approach tailored to your goals and values.
Hi, I am Sara, I'm a Clinical Associate in Applied Psychology (CAAP), and I specialise in supporting people through Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ( CBT).
Through CBT, we’ll explore how your thoughts, feelings, and actions connect, working together to develop practical strategies for lasting change. I also draw on third-wave approaches, including Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), to create a flexible, person-centred approach tailored to your goals and values.
01592 801156 View 01592 801156
Photo of Alexandra Maguire - Anchorage Counselling, Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Anchorage Counselling
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
CBT we explore your negative thoughts and ways of thinking recognising new ways in responding to these accepting the importance of your emotions and how these impact.
If you want to change your life, build relationships and seek help from someone with 30 years experience in delivering therapy, I can offer you a safe space to talk. I offer support for depression, OCD, constant worrying, relationship breakdown and anxiety. Together we would agree a contract and identify what is holding you back. Everyone has the right to be happy and to achieve their potential. The essence of your success will often be measured by our relationship and your commitment to change. Without hope we have nothing. It is your choice. Reach out or stay stuck, Both choices involve risk but I will support your journey.
CBT we explore your negative thoughts and ways of thinking recognising new ways in responding to these accepting the importance of your emotions and how these impact.
If you want to change your life, build relationships and seek help from someone with 30 years experience in delivering therapy, I can offer you a safe space to talk. I offer support for depression, OCD, constant worrying, relationship breakdown and anxiety. Together we would agree a contract and identify what is holding you back. Everyone has the right to be happy and to achieve their potential. The essence of your success will often be measured by our relationship and your commitment to change. Without hope we have nothing. It is your choice. Reach out or stay stuck, Both choices involve risk but I will support your journey.
07714 095428 View 07714 095428
Photo of Sarah Murphy, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Sarah Murphy
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My integrative approach draws on CBT, ACT and compassion-focused work to support a new way of being rather than just a therapy.
You may feel overwhelmed by anxiety, low mood, low self worth, OCD, phobia, trauma or complex PTSD. Perhaps you’ve tried therapy before and found the changes didn’t last. You might be questioning whether you’re neurodivergent, or adjusting to a diagnosis, and wanting support with acceptance, relationships or daily life. Deep down, you want relief—but also understanding. You want to feel safe, less self-critical, and more able to live fully, even if some difficult thoughts and feelings remain. Relationships can also be difficult when you are coming to them with a host of difficult past experiences.
My integrative approach draws on CBT, ACT and compassion-focused work to support a new way of being rather than just a therapy.
You may feel overwhelmed by anxiety, low mood, low self worth, OCD, phobia, trauma or complex PTSD. Perhaps you’ve tried therapy before and found the changes didn’t last. You might be questioning whether you’re neurodivergent, or adjusting to a diagnosis, and wanting support with acceptance, relationships or daily life. Deep down, you want relief—but also understanding. You want to feel safe, less self-critical, and more able to live fully, even if some difficult thoughts and feelings remain. Relationships can also be difficult when you are coming to them with a host of difficult past experiences.
01592 800914 View 01592 800914
Photo of Claire Thomson, Counsellor
Claire Thomson
Counsellor
2 Endorsed
I'm Claire, a Cognitive Behavioural Therapist, Coach and someone who knows first hand the impact anxiety can have on your quality of life.
I can help with a range of anxiety related disorders, such as - Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Social Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder Phobias/Fears Obsessive-compulsive Disorder Health Anxiety Body Dysmorphia Disorder (BDD) As well as issues such as - Low Self-Esteem Low Mood Lack of Self Confidence Excessive Worrying
I'm Claire, a Cognitive Behavioural Therapist, Coach and someone who knows first hand the impact anxiety can have on your quality of life.
I can help with a range of anxiety related disorders, such as - Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Social Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder Phobias/Fears Obsessive-compulsive Disorder Health Anxiety Body Dysmorphia Disorder (BDD) As well as issues such as - Low Self-Esteem Low Mood Lack of Self Confidence Excessive Worrying
0131 381 4481 View 0131 381 4481
Photo of Dr Charlotte Metcalfe, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Charlotte Metcalfe
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Serves Area
With over 20 years experience as a Clinical Psychologist working in the NHS and third sector, my integrative approach combines evidence-based therapies - including CBT, EMDR for trauma processing and EFT for emotional regulation - with practical life coaching strategies to support both emotional healing and personal growth.
Are you feeling stuck in patterns of anxiety, stress or low mood? Do your current life circumstances feel overwhelming? Are you navigating big changes, whether in relationships, career or personal identity? Are you dealing with the impact of trauma and want to heal from the past while building a fulfilling future? Perhaps as a parent, you're struggling to know how to support your children?
With over 20 years experience as a Clinical Psychologist working in the NHS and third sector, my integrative approach combines evidence-based therapies - including CBT, EMDR for trauma processing and EFT for emotional regulation - with practical life coaching strategies to support both emotional healing and personal growth.
Are you feeling stuck in patterns of anxiety, stress or low mood? Do your current life circumstances feel overwhelming? Are you navigating big changes, whether in relationships, career or personal identity? Are you dealing with the impact of trauma and want to heal from the past while building a fulfilling future? Perhaps as a parent, you're struggling to know how to support your children?
01592 806008 View 01592 806008
Photo of Susan Ballingall, Counsellor, COSRT General
Susan Ballingall
Counsellor, COSRT General
Serves Area
My practice is integrative and I use methods from Person-Centred, Systemic, Psychodynamic & Cognitive Behaviour Therapies, etc
Sometimes we can feel sad, overwhelmed and stuck. We might not always know the reasons why, but we do know that we don’t want to stay feeling like this. Friends and family are not always available or the best people to speak with to get unbiased support. It may be a past trauma, a difficult childhood, an unhappy relationship, stress / anxiety / depression or bereavement & loss. You may have an ok or good relationship that you would like to make better, to understand your partner or be understood. You may be considering leaving your relationship but are not sure how to.
My practice is integrative and I use methods from Person-Centred, Systemic, Psychodynamic & Cognitive Behaviour Therapies, etc
Sometimes we can feel sad, overwhelmed and stuck. We might not always know the reasons why, but we do know that we don’t want to stay feeling like this. Friends and family are not always available or the best people to speak with to get unbiased support. It may be a past trauma, a difficult childhood, an unhappy relationship, stress / anxiety / depression or bereavement & loss. You may have an ok or good relationship that you would like to make better, to understand your partner or be understood. You may be considering leaving your relationship but are not sure how to.
01383 665791 View 01383 665791

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Kirsty Lorenz - Kirsty Lorenz Counselling, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Kirsty Lorenz Counselling
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Cupar KY15
If you are suffering emotionally, have experienced trauma or find yourself stuck I'd like to help you. Life can be extremely difficult, it is ok to need help. It takes courage to seek it. I work with kindness, respect, consistency and transparency, creating a trusting relationship that supports you to do what you need to. I offer pluralistic therapy which means we work collaboratively to address the unique issues and experiences that bring you to counselling, drawing from a range of evidence based approaches to find what is meaningful and helpful for you. How we work together is always offered as a choice
If you are suffering emotionally, have experienced trauma or find yourself stuck I'd like to help you. Life can be extremely difficult, it is ok to need help. It takes courage to seek it. I work with kindness, respect, consistency and transparency, creating a trusting relationship that supports you to do what you need to. I offer pluralistic therapy which means we work collaboratively to address the unique issues and experiences that bring you to counselling, drawing from a range of evidence based approaches to find what is meaningful and helpful for you. How we work together is always offered as a choice
01334 804405 View 01334 804405
Photo of Rachel Rickman, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Rachel Rickman
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Waitlist for new clients
I am a qualified CBT therapist with experience of people with issues such as anxiety, anger, depression and self esteem.
Hello I’m Rachel and a very warm welcome. As you find yourself here, you may be feeling stuck in life at the moment and perhaps issues or difficulties may be causing you distress or to feel overwhelmed. Perhaps you feel anxious, depressed or have low self esteem? Often through no fault of our own we can get caught up in these difficult cycles. The good news is I can help you get "unstuck" and help you to achieve lasting change in your life. I will help you move towards your goals and lead a more fulfilled life. I am here to support you every step of the way, giving you the space and time to discover yourself.
I am a qualified CBT therapist with experience of people with issues such as anxiety, anger, depression and self esteem.
Hello I’m Rachel and a very warm welcome. As you find yourself here, you may be feeling stuck in life at the moment and perhaps issues or difficulties may be causing you distress or to feel overwhelmed. Perhaps you feel anxious, depressed or have low self esteem? Often through no fault of our own we can get caught up in these difficult cycles. The good news is I can help you get "unstuck" and help you to achieve lasting change in your life. I will help you move towards your goals and lead a more fulfilled life. I am here to support you every step of the way, giving you the space and time to discover yourself.
0131 381 8606 View 0131 381 8606
Photo of Dr Alexandra Nielsen, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Alexandra Nielsen
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
3 Endorsed
Have you received a diagnosis of ASC and/or ADHD and are struggling to make sense of your experiences? Are you looking for an assessment for ASC and/or ADHD for yourself? Is your family struggling? Do you feel stuck in your relationship? I am a Senior Clinical Psychologist and I practice in London and Edinburgh. I run an independent practice, ClinPsychConsulting, based in London, specialising in neurodiverse children, young people and families experiencing difficulties.
Have you received a diagnosis of ASC and/or ADHD and are struggling to make sense of your experiences? Are you looking for an assessment for ASC and/or ADHD for yourself? Is your family struggling? Do you feel stuck in your relationship? I am a Senior Clinical Psychologist and I practice in London and Edinburgh. I run an independent practice, ClinPsychConsulting, based in London, specialising in neurodiverse children, young people and families experiencing difficulties.
020 3948 4027 View 020 3948 4027
Photo of Psicología En Edimburgo - Psicología en Edimburgo, Psychologist, GMBPsS
Psicología en Edimburgo
Psychologist, GMBPsS
Life abroad can be enriching, but it often comes with challenges that feel overwhelming. Many people seek therapy when they notice recurring patterns that cause them distress, when emotions and thoughts pile up and become unmanageable, or when old coping strategies and the support of friends or family are no longer enough. Sometimes, therapy is simply about wanting to better understand yourself and build a stronger, more fulfilling relationship with who you are. Our approach combines diverse therapeutic perspectives and an understanding of different cultural contexts, offering a broader view of people and their inner experiences.
Life abroad can be enriching, but it often comes with challenges that feel overwhelming. Many people seek therapy when they notice recurring patterns that cause them distress, when emotions and thoughts pile up and become unmanageable, or when old coping strategies and the support of friends or family are no longer enough. Sometimes, therapy is simply about wanting to better understand yourself and build a stronger, more fulfilling relationship with who you are. Our approach combines diverse therapeutic perspectives and an understanding of different cultural contexts, offering a broader view of people and their inner experiences.
0131 381 0242 View 0131 381 0242
Photo of Joanna Dul, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Joanna Dul
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
4 Endorsed
How often in your life does somebody give you their full attention? That’s what I am offering you. Drawing on two master’s degrees in psychology and a third in counselling, I offer trauma-sensitive help for anxiety, relationship difficulties, and physical health. You might feel your emotions are “too much” to be understood, or that you’ve spent years holding things together on the outside while feeling numb, overwhelmed, or exhausted inside. If you're looking for space to slow down and unpack what’s beneath the surface, I can help you reconnect with your needs, feelings, and resources. We will always work at your pace.
How often in your life does somebody give you their full attention? That’s what I am offering you. Drawing on two master’s degrees in psychology and a third in counselling, I offer trauma-sensitive help for anxiety, relationship difficulties, and physical health. You might feel your emotions are “too much” to be understood, or that you’ve spent years holding things together on the outside while feeling numb, overwhelmed, or exhausted inside. If you're looking for space to slow down and unpack what’s beneath the surface, I can help you reconnect with your needs, feelings, and resources. We will always work at your pace.
01764 910706 View 01764 910706
Photo of Monika Trojanowska, Counsellor, BACP
Monika Trojanowska
Counsellor, BACP
I am a qualified CBT therapist and SMART Recovery Facilitator.
You may be feeling stuck in patterns that keep repeating despite your best efforts. Perhaps you find yourself overthinking, taking too much responsibility, feeling “not good enough” or emotionally disconnected. Anxiety, low mood or the impact of past experiences may be leaving you exhausted and unsure of who you are beneath these patterns. You may want more than just coping — you want to understand where these patterns come from and how to move towards a more grounded, confident and authentic way of being.
I am a qualified CBT therapist and SMART Recovery Facilitator.
You may be feeling stuck in patterns that keep repeating despite your best efforts. Perhaps you find yourself overthinking, taking too much responsibility, feeling “not good enough” or emotionally disconnected. Anxiety, low mood or the impact of past experiences may be leaving you exhausted and unsure of who you are beneath these patterns. You may want more than just coping — you want to understand where these patterns come from and how to move towards a more grounded, confident and authentic way of being.
0131 381 3423 View 0131 381 3423
Photo of Peter Albert Lindsay, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Peter Albert Lindsay
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
You will not be disappointed if you come to me for whatever has gone wrong in your relationship. If your communication has broken down or emotional distance has developed I provide a calm and supportive space where you and your partner will be listened to and understood. You will feel respected and comfortable and move to a better situation rapidly in our counselling process. Drawing on many years of experience in counselling and mediation, I guarantee your moving to healthier, more constructive ways of relating by offering that you do not pay if session is not helpful. Sessions available online or at my Edinburgh home- office.
You will not be disappointed if you come to me for whatever has gone wrong in your relationship. If your communication has broken down or emotional distance has developed I provide a calm and supportive space where you and your partner will be listened to and understood. You will feel respected and comfortable and move to a better situation rapidly in our counselling process. Drawing on many years of experience in counselling and mediation, I guarantee your moving to healthier, more constructive ways of relating by offering that you do not pay if session is not helpful. Sessions available online or at my Edinburgh home- office.
01764 910436 View 01764 910436
Photo of Hannah Drummond, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Hannah Drummond
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Ceres KY15
I draw on different therapeutic methods (e.g. person-centred, cognitive-behavioural, solution-focused) and mindfulness practices.
If you are navigating anxiety, depression, relationship issues or some big life transitions, I will support you in discovering your strengths and finding practical strategies for change with care and respect.
I draw on different therapeutic methods (e.g. person-centred, cognitive-behavioural, solution-focused) and mindfulness practices.
If you are navigating anxiety, depression, relationship issues or some big life transitions, I will support you in discovering your strengths and finding practical strategies for change with care and respect.
01337 326993 View 01337 326993
Photo of Sho Sho O - Polaris Counselling, MA
Polaris Counselling
Verified Verified
Online Only
My counselling approach is also grounded in somatic psychology, Lifespan Integration, polyvagal theory, Ego States theory, CBT and ACT.
Originally from Hong Kong, I am a registered counsellor, EMDR Certified Therapist and an Approved Clinical Supervisor (ACS) candidate based in Vancouver, Canada. I provide therapy in English, Cantonese and Mandarin. My personal experiences have led me to explore the complex impacts of trauma, including its connection to anxiety, depression and somatic symptoms. I’ve dedicated myself to studying how the brain, body and nervous system respond to trauma, and how it can lead to changes that affect physical health, behaviour, social patterns and our ability to cope with stress.
My counselling approach is also grounded in somatic psychology, Lifespan Integration, polyvagal theory, Ego States theory, CBT and ACT.
Originally from Hong Kong, I am a registered counsellor, EMDR Certified Therapist and an Approved Clinical Supervisor (ACS) candidate based in Vancouver, Canada. I provide therapy in English, Cantonese and Mandarin. My personal experiences have led me to explore the complex impacts of trauma, including its connection to anxiety, depression and somatic symptoms. I’ve dedicated myself to studying how the brain, body and nervous system respond to trauma, and how it can lead to changes that affect physical health, behaviour, social patterns and our ability to cope with stress.
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Photo of Dr Sarah Quinley, Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Dr Sarah Quinley
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Online Only
My approach to therapy is pluralistic, meaning that I draw from many schools of thought in my work, including person-centred therapy, experiential therapy, psychodynamic therapy, Systems Theory therapy, Cognitive Analytic Therapy, Transactional Analysis, Internal Family Systems Therapy, and Emotion-Focused Therapy.
Do you sometimes feel like you’re living on the outside, different from the people around you? Have you spent a lot of time trying to fit in, working hard to get things ‘right’ or to do what you think you 'should' do, yet feel you're losing yourself and it's still not quite enough? You might notice familiar patterns in relationships, such as overthinking, overgiving, or doubting yourself and it's exhausting. Many people I work with long for spaces and relationships where they don’t have to work so hard. Where they can feel accepted for who they are, even if that is different. If this sounds like you, you're very welcome here.
My approach to therapy is pluralistic, meaning that I draw from many schools of thought in my work, including person-centred therapy, experiential therapy, psychodynamic therapy, Systems Theory therapy, Cognitive Analytic Therapy, Transactional Analysis, Internal Family Systems Therapy, and Emotion-Focused Therapy.
Do you sometimes feel like you’re living on the outside, different from the people around you? Have you spent a lot of time trying to fit in, working hard to get things ‘right’ or to do what you think you 'should' do, yet feel you're losing yourself and it's still not quite enough? You might notice familiar patterns in relationships, such as overthinking, overgiving, or doubting yourself and it's exhausting. Many people I work with long for spaces and relationships where they don’t have to work so hard. Where they can feel accepted for who they are, even if that is different. If this sounds like you, you're very welcome here.
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Photo of Dr Tim Hardie, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Sport Psych.
Dr Tim Hardie
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Sport Psych.
6 Endorsed
Using person-centred, cognitive-behavioural, and acceptance-based approaches, I create tailored plans to meet your needs.
Are you feeling stuck, lost, or overwhelmed? Perhaps you're struggling with low self-worth, navigating personal challenges, or feel that things just aren't working anymore. Seeking support for these challenges is a powerful first step. As a HCPC registered psychologist, I provide a safe and welcoming space for people to explore these issues. My approach is to work collaboratively with you, integrating multiple evidence-based therapies to unravel the patterns and experiences shaping your present. Together, we can foster self-awareness, build skills to create meaningful change, and reconnect to what matters in your life.
Using person-centred, cognitive-behavioural, and acceptance-based approaches, I create tailored plans to meet your needs.
Are you feeling stuck, lost, or overwhelmed? Perhaps you're struggling with low self-worth, navigating personal challenges, or feel that things just aren't working anymore. Seeking support for these challenges is a powerful first step. As a HCPC registered psychologist, I provide a safe and welcoming space for people to explore these issues. My approach is to work collaboratively with you, integrating multiple evidence-based therapies to unravel the patterns and experiences shaping your present. Together, we can foster self-awareness, build skills to create meaningful change, and reconnect to what matters in your life.
01786 232307 View 01786 232307
Photo of Tara Beazley - Art Therapy with T, Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap.
Art Therapy with T
Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap.
4 Endorsed
Hello, my name is Tara (They/she) & I go by T! I'm an Integrative Art psychotherapist dedicated to improving the lives of marginalized young people and adults. I'm a proud AuDHD, Non-binary, bi and polyamorous therapist. I create a space where clients feel seen, understood and affirmed in who they are. We work together at your pace to build relational safety, supporting you to heal from the impact of othering/exile, towards feeling affirmed and enough.
Hello, my name is Tara (They/she) & I go by T! I'm an Integrative Art psychotherapist dedicated to improving the lives of marginalized young people and adults. I'm a proud AuDHD, Non-binary, bi and polyamorous therapist. I create a space where clients feel seen, understood and affirmed in who they are. We work together at your pace to build relational safety, supporting you to heal from the impact of othering/exile, towards feeling affirmed and enough.
0131 381 1622 View 0131 381 1622
Photo of Claire Robertson - Heartwork Services, Counsellor, MBACP
Heartwork Services
Counsellor, MBACP
Dundee DD2
Life, as it turns out, is not without its challenges. Clients often come to visit me with a sense of loss anxiety or sadness. I love watching clients acquire a renewed sense of self-compassion and self-worth. My wish is to support you on your journey to discover that you have the tools required to overcome the challenges in your life. For me it is an honour and a privilege to support you to recognise that harnessing your strengths will allow you to have a more fulfilling and happy life.
Life, as it turns out, is not without its challenges. Clients often come to visit me with a sense of loss anxiety or sadness. I love watching clients acquire a renewed sense of self-compassion and self-worth. My wish is to support you on your journey to discover that you have the tools required to overcome the challenges in your life. For me it is an honour and a privilege to support you to recognise that harnessing your strengths will allow you to have a more fulfilling and happy life.
01382 919583 View 01382 919583
Cognitive Behavioural (CBT) Counsellors
How does cognitive behavioural therapy work?
Cognitive behavioural therapy works by exploring how your thoughts affect your emotions and experiences. CBT helps you identify distortions in your thinking. For example, you may tend to jump to the worst case scenario catastrophising or think in extremes (all-or-nothing thinking). A therapist can teach you how to push back against those thoughts to ultimately change your feelings and behavior for the better. They can also provide coping skills to better deal with stressors and challenges.

When do I know to seek treatment with cognitive behavioural therapy?
It’s reasonable to consider cognitive behavioural therapy if you struggle to manage difficult emotions or behaviors to such an extent that you are not getting the most out of life on a day-to-day basis. If you want a shorter term, concrete, skills-based approach, CBT is a great option. (By contrast, other types of therapy may devote more time to exploring your past and its effects.) The decision to seek CBT also depends on the condition you’re treating; CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and many other disorders.

How can I find a cognitive behavioural therapist for someone else?
To find a cognitive behavioural therapist for someone else, you may want to begin by discussing the person’s problem, researching cognitive behavioural therapy, and assessing whether the approach is the right fit. You could then reach out to a few cognitive behavioral therapists in this directory, explain the scenario, have a consultation with those available, and determine who could be a good match.

Why is CBT such a popular form of therapy?
CBT has become a popular form of therapy because it is effective and accessible. Robust research has demonstrated that CBT is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions. And CBT can be learned in relatively few sessions, which means that many people can engage in the process, afford it, and see results quickly. It involves learning concrete skills such as disputing unhelpful thoughts; these skills can also be taught and spread widely.