Psychodynamic Counselling in Bonnyrigg

Photo of Dennis James Gurr, Counsellor, MBACP
Dennis James Gurr
Counsellor, MBACP
Bonnyrigg EH19
Clinical approaches: Person-Centred Therapy, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Existential Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Psychodynamic Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, Trauma-Focused Therapy.
Many people face situations and trials in their lives and box them away and put them in a cupboard hoping to block them out. And one day they attempt to put another box in the cupboard and they all tumble out on top of them. The saying that time is a healer isn't always true. Sometime time makes things worse. What I will help you do is to take those boxes out and look in them, process them and hopefully give them a decent burial. Years of self-medicating by constant studying, working, overeating or whatever means you use to soothe the pain and block out the unthinkable can stop,
Clinical approaches: Person-Centred Therapy, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Existential Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Psychodynamic Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, Trauma-Focused Therapy.
Many people face situations and trials in their lives and box them away and put them in a cupboard hoping to block them out. And one day they attempt to put another box in the cupboard and they all tumble out on top of them. The saying that time is a healer isn't always true. Sometime time makes things worse. What I will help you do is to take those boxes out and look in them, process them and hopefully give them a decent burial. Years of self-medicating by constant studying, working, overeating or whatever means you use to soothe the pain and block out the unthinkable can stop,
0131 381 4934 View 0131 381 4934
Photo of Tracy Carlisle - Open Heart Therapy , Counsellor, MA
Open Heart Therapy
Counsellor, MA
Serves Area
I blend attachment-based, CBT, humanistic, person-centred, and psychodynamic approaches to tailor our work to your needs.
Welcome to Open Heart Therapy. Offering safe, collaborative support through life’s hardest moments. Are you someone who’s spent years putting others first quietly wondering if your needs even matter? Maybe you feel unseen, unheard, or exhausted from trying to keep it all together. I offer a safe, compassionate space to explore your story, reconnect with your sense of self, and find a new way forward. One rooted in self-respect and emotional truth.
I blend attachment-based, CBT, humanistic, person-centred, and psychodynamic approaches to tailor our work to your needs.
Welcome to Open Heart Therapy. Offering safe, collaborative support through life’s hardest moments. Are you someone who’s spent years putting others first quietly wondering if your needs even matter? Maybe you feel unseen, unheard, or exhausted from trying to keep it all together. I offer a safe, compassionate space to explore your story, reconnect with your sense of self, and find a new way forward. One rooted in self-respect and emotional truth.
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Photo of Kirti Lawrence, Psychotherapist, ACP
Kirti Lawrence
Psychotherapist, ACP
1 Endorsed
Bonnyrigg EH19
Having worked across sectors with children and families such as Early Years, Education, Health, Social Work and the Third Sector for over 24 years, I offer highly specialized trauma-focused, attachment-based psychotherapy treatment to children (pre-school to 12 years) and adolescents (12 to 19 years) and young adults (19 to 25 years) with moderate to severe mental health difficulties. Additionally, I have over 13 years’ experience in working with children and young people who are looked after and accommodated.
Having worked across sectors with children and families such as Early Years, Education, Health, Social Work and the Third Sector for over 24 years, I offer highly specialized trauma-focused, attachment-based psychotherapy treatment to children (pre-school to 12 years) and adolescents (12 to 19 years) and young adults (19 to 25 years) with moderate to severe mental health difficulties. Additionally, I have over 13 years’ experience in working with children and young people who are looked after and accommodated.
0131 381 5844 View 0131 381 5844
Photo of Suzanne Andrade - Amani Counselling and Hypnotherapy , Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc.
Amani Counselling and Hypnotherapy
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc.
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Life is made up of challenges, some are easy for us to coordinate, others seem to be harder to overcome. We are all products of our lived experiences and have challenges that are unique to us as individuals.There are so many things that impact us in the now that stem from our past experiences of life. Not all experiences may seem to be important, however, each day we have lived has given us an experience which has been either positive or negative. As unique individuals our needs are so important and I will offer a safe, non judgmental space to share your thoughts.
Life is made up of challenges, some are easy for us to coordinate, others seem to be harder to overcome. We are all products of our lived experiences and have challenges that are unique to us as individuals.There are so many things that impact us in the now that stem from our past experiences of life. Not all experiences may seem to be important, however, each day we have lived has given us an experience which has been either positive or negative. As unique individuals our needs are so important and I will offer a safe, non judgmental space to share your thoughts.
0131 381 4752 View 0131 381 4752

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Vessela Ivkova, Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Vessela Ivkova
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
1 Endorsed
My practice is informed by psychodynamic theory and attachment research.
I have extensive experience working with adults and young people who struggle to express themselves, navigate loss, trauma, or displacement, and who often feel unsafe or disconnected. I support individuals who face challenges regulating their emotions, leading to disconnection or emotional overwhelm. My specialisation lies in helping those who find it difficult to build and sustain meaningful relationships, often grappling with feelings of worthlessness and emptiness. I also have a deep interest in psychosomatic conditions and developmental trauma.
My practice is informed by psychodynamic theory and attachment research.
I have extensive experience working with adults and young people who struggle to express themselves, navigate loss, trauma, or displacement, and who often feel unsafe or disconnected. I support individuals who face challenges regulating their emotions, leading to disconnection or emotional overwhelm. My specialisation lies in helping those who find it difficult to build and sustain meaningful relationships, often grappling with feelings of worthlessness and emptiness. I also have a deep interest in psychosomatic conditions and developmental trauma.
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Photo of Isabel Crozier, Psychotherapist, BACP
Isabel Crozier
Psychotherapist, BACP
1 Endorsed
I trained at The University of Edinburgh and my work is grounded in the psychodynamic approach.
I have always been profoundly curious about others and aim to foster that curiosity in my clients. I am interested in the ways that our families, culture and environment shape us and in the ways in which people create meaning in their lives. I have found again and again that psychotherapy can help people understand themselves more deeply and bring about changes which lead to more fulfilled and interesting ways of living, as well as to an improved understanding of themselves in relationship with others. I am able to work on both a short and long term basis, with a preference for longer term work.
I trained at The University of Edinburgh and my work is grounded in the psychodynamic approach.
I have always been profoundly curious about others and aim to foster that curiosity in my clients. I am interested in the ways that our families, culture and environment shape us and in the ways in which people create meaning in their lives. I have found again and again that psychotherapy can help people understand themselves more deeply and bring about changes which lead to more fulfilled and interesting ways of living, as well as to an improved understanding of themselves in relationship with others. I am able to work on both a short and long term basis, with a preference for longer term work.
0131 510 4056 View 0131 510 4056
Photo of Jonathan M Stokes, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Jonathan M Stokes
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
These include Humanistic, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Psychodynamic, Transactional Analysis, and more.
Hello, I'm Jonathan. Do you feel stuck in your life or a bit lost? Perhaps you aren't sure what you should be doing or why things aren't working. Perhaps you need to take some time to figure out where you are, what you want and how to progress there. I would be happy to help provide a space for you to do just that and work with you to see you get on track to a happier, more fulfilling life. I have found I am well suited to supporting people who are neurodivergent, struggling with anxiety or depression, or are part of a marginalised group.
These include Humanistic, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Psychodynamic, Transactional Analysis, and more.
Hello, I'm Jonathan. Do you feel stuck in your life or a bit lost? Perhaps you aren't sure what you should be doing or why things aren't working. Perhaps you need to take some time to figure out where you are, what you want and how to progress there. I would be happy to help provide a space for you to do just that and work with you to see you get on track to a happier, more fulfilling life. I have found I am well suited to supporting people who are neurodivergent, struggling with anxiety or depression, or are part of a marginalised group.
0131 381 4730 View 0131 381 4730
Photo of Benjamin Ng, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Benjamin Ng
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Online Only
By blending Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (to treat the symptoms) with a Psychodynamic approach (to treat the cause), structured within a Family Systems framework (to understand the context), you will be able to improve your understanding of self, communicate and relate better with others, and enhance your self-esteem and self-worth.
How does therapy work? Therapy cannot change history, but it can help you learn ways to move beyond past experiences to help you live the life you want to live. My job isn’t necessarily to “take the pain away,” but rather to help you navigate and cope with the pain whereby you emerge feeling resilient, confident, and self-sufficient. If you feel lost after a recent break-up, have suffered (or engaged in) an infidelity; if you struggle to connect with your partner; if you are unsure of “what to do next” after a bereavement; if you are enslaved to a substance or a behaviour, then my approach to therapy may be able to help you.
By blending Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (to treat the symptoms) with a Psychodynamic approach (to treat the cause), structured within a Family Systems framework (to understand the context), you will be able to improve your understanding of self, communicate and relate better with others, and enhance your self-esteem and self-worth.
How does therapy work? Therapy cannot change history, but it can help you learn ways to move beyond past experiences to help you live the life you want to live. My job isn’t necessarily to “take the pain away,” but rather to help you navigate and cope with the pain whereby you emerge feeling resilient, confident, and self-sufficient. If you feel lost after a recent break-up, have suffered (or engaged in) an infidelity; if you struggle to connect with your partner; if you are unsure of “what to do next” after a bereavement; if you are enslaved to a substance or a behaviour, then my approach to therapy may be able to help you.
020 4572 2156 View 020 4572 2156
Photo of April Cunliffe, Counsellor, MBACP
April Cunliffe
Counsellor, MBACP
I practice with a combination of techniques from person-centred, psychodynamic and CBT approaches.
Free 15 min intro chat! Hey, I'm April, and I am a therapist and counsellor practicing online and in person. I have particular experience in working with women and LGBTQIA+ clients. I work with anxiety, depression, LGBTQIA+ issues, stress and trauma. I am trauma informed, warm and empathetic, and I hope I can help you process what's weighing on you. Whether you're looking to bring about positive change, or work through difficult things from the past, I hope to help you achieve what matters to you.
I practice with a combination of techniques from person-centred, psychodynamic and CBT approaches.
Free 15 min intro chat! Hey, I'm April, and I am a therapist and counsellor practicing online and in person. I have particular experience in working with women and LGBTQIA+ clients. I work with anxiety, depression, LGBTQIA+ issues, stress and trauma. I am trauma informed, warm and empathetic, and I hope I can help you process what's weighing on you. Whether you're looking to bring about positive change, or work through difficult things from the past, I hope to help you achieve what matters to you.
0131 381 0898 View 0131 381 0898
Photo of Melissa Favre-Lorraine, Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Melissa Favre-Lorraine
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
I believe everyone’s journey is unique, so I integrate various therapeutic approaches like person-centred, psychodynamic, trauma-focused, and somatic practices.
Maybe you've spent years feeling like you had to be someone else—constantly trying to meet the expectations of others. Whether it’s unresolved trauma, attachment wounds, or the weight of anxiety and depression, it can leave you feeling disconnected from your true self. You might find yourself stuck in people-pleasing, overworking, masking, or repressing your emotions. Coping can turn into unhealthy patterns like self-harming, developing addictions, OCD, or eating disorders. Together, we can unravel those patterns, understand how your past is shaping your present, and help you develop what you need to feel good in your own skin.
I believe everyone’s journey is unique, so I integrate various therapeutic approaches like person-centred, psychodynamic, trauma-focused, and somatic practices.
Maybe you've spent years feeling like you had to be someone else—constantly trying to meet the expectations of others. Whether it’s unresolved trauma, attachment wounds, or the weight of anxiety and depression, it can leave you feeling disconnected from your true self. You might find yourself stuck in people-pleasing, overworking, masking, or repressing your emotions. Coping can turn into unhealthy patterns like self-harming, developing addictions, OCD, or eating disorders. Together, we can unravel those patterns, understand how your past is shaping your present, and help you develop what you need to feel good in your own skin.
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Photo of Lorraine Woolford, Counsellor, MBACP
Lorraine Woolford
Counsellor, MBACP
1 Endorsed
I trained in both person-centred and psychodynamic approaches and I draw on both to inform my practice, working creatively in the space.
I strive to create a trusting and authentic connection with each of my clients. Through our work together, we can explore the deeper dynamics and patterns that may be influencing your thoughts and behaviours, leading to new insights and a greater understanding of yourself. My work with you will be at your pace and I look forward to working creatively with you in a warm and committed relationship. I believe you hold the internal resources that can help you along the way, and I am here to support you in accessing them.
I trained in both person-centred and psychodynamic approaches and I draw on both to inform my practice, working creatively in the space.
I strive to create a trusting and authentic connection with each of my clients. Through our work together, we can explore the deeper dynamics and patterns that may be influencing your thoughts and behaviours, leading to new insights and a greater understanding of yourself. My work with you will be at your pace and I look forward to working creatively with you in a warm and committed relationship. I believe you hold the internal resources that can help you along the way, and I am here to support you in accessing them.
0131 381 1429 View 0131 381 1429
Photo of Hin Yan Easter Wong, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Hin Yan Easter Wong
Psychotherapist, MBACP
My integrative approach combines person-centered and psychodynamic therapy.
I am Easter, and I am a qualified counsellor with over five years of experience in counselling. My work focuses on the dynamics within relationships, helping individuals navigate emotional challenges and deepen their self-understanding. Throughout my career, I have supported clients facing anxiety, depression, bereavement, relationships challenge, abuse, trauma, low self-esteem, racism, self-harm, gender transition supports and more. I believe healing happens in the presence of understanding and connection, and my role is to provide a space where you feel heard, valued, and supported in making sense of your experiences.
My integrative approach combines person-centered and psychodynamic therapy.
I am Easter, and I am a qualified counsellor with over five years of experience in counselling. My work focuses on the dynamics within relationships, helping individuals navigate emotional challenges and deepen their self-understanding. Throughout my career, I have supported clients facing anxiety, depression, bereavement, relationships challenge, abuse, trauma, low self-esteem, racism, self-harm, gender transition supports and more. I believe healing happens in the presence of understanding and connection, and my role is to provide a space where you feel heard, valued, and supported in making sense of your experiences.
01934 314989 View 01934 314989
Photo of Dr John Addey Malherbe, Psychotherapist, PsychD, BACP
Dr John Addey Malherbe
Psychotherapist, PsychD, BACP
I follow a Psychodynamic and core Jungian approach to depth work, dream work, and transformation work through a relational style of psychotherapy.
My Psychotherapy practice experience relates to an insight into the human psyche in how unconscious processes impact and affect client's lived experience. Working through core internal and external relationships, transformative insight guides the therapeutic process to establish a greater sense of Self toward personal growth. My clients respond to a deeper way of working with the unconscious dimensions of their psyche, using dreams, difference and creativity to awaken consciousness and facilitate desired psychological outcomes toward change.
I follow a Psychodynamic and core Jungian approach to depth work, dream work, and transformation work through a relational style of psychotherapy.
My Psychotherapy practice experience relates to an insight into the human psyche in how unconscious processes impact and affect client's lived experience. Working through core internal and external relationships, transformative insight guides the therapeutic process to establish a greater sense of Self toward personal growth. My clients respond to a deeper way of working with the unconscious dimensions of their psyche, using dreams, difference and creativity to awaken consciousness and facilitate desired psychological outcomes toward change.
0131 381 2500 View 0131 381 2500
Photo of Cécile Sami, Psychotherapist, BACP
Cécile Sami
Psychotherapist, BACP
I am a qualified integrative psychotherapist trained in the person-centred and psychodynamic approaches.
At the core of my practice is the exploration of your relationship with yourself. Together, we will identify the narratives you tell yourself about who you are and how these narratives may hinder you. We will work towards growing a deeper understanding of yourself, grounded in self-acceptance and compassion, allowing you to experience a more fulfilling life.
I am a qualified integrative psychotherapist trained in the person-centred and psychodynamic approaches.
At the core of my practice is the exploration of your relationship with yourself. Together, we will identify the narratives you tell yourself about who you are and how these narratives may hinder you. We will work towards growing a deeper understanding of yourself, grounded in self-acceptance and compassion, allowing you to experience a more fulfilling life.
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Photo of Liz Lake, Counsellor, MUKCP
Liz Lake
Counsellor, MUKCP
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH15
I make use of psychodynamic and other theories in my work.
I'm a psychotherapeutic counsellor offering sessions face-to-face in Edinburgh, and online. I have over a decade of experience working with individuals facing a wide range of issues and, while it can sometimes be helpful to draw on my clinical experience, I appreciate that everyone's situation is unique to them. Consequently, I don't make any assumptions about you or your story. I strive to create a safe, non-judgmental space for us to work together to explore your thoughts, feelings, behaviours and experiences in order to make sense of them, think creatively about how to manage difficulties, process them and facilitate change.
I make use of psychodynamic and other theories in my work.
I'm a psychotherapeutic counsellor offering sessions face-to-face in Edinburgh, and online. I have over a decade of experience working with individuals facing a wide range of issues and, while it can sometimes be helpful to draw on my clinical experience, I appreciate that everyone's situation is unique to them. Consequently, I don't make any assumptions about you or your story. I strive to create a safe, non-judgmental space for us to work together to explore your thoughts, feelings, behaviours and experiences in order to make sense of them, think creatively about how to manage difficulties, process them and facilitate change.
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Photo of Maristela Lima-Napier, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Maristela Lima-Napier
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Edinburgh EH10
We can look through Psychodynamic and visit past experiences, Person-Centered encourages you to look at your own hidden strengths, and CBT can provide you with a variety of tools for how change can occur.
Are you feeling overwhelmed and in need of help to navigate some challenges? Whether you're feeling anxious, depression, struggling with ADHD and ASD symptoms, masking and low self-esteem, you don't have to do it alone. Therapy is non-judgmental, it encourages you to make your own choices in life to become complete. I offer creative approaches like sand play and art to help communicate emotions when words are hard to find. Available in both English and Portuguese, I offer counselling face-to-face and online to support your journey towards healing.
We can look through Psychodynamic and visit past experiences, Person-Centered encourages you to look at your own hidden strengths, and CBT can provide you with a variety of tools for how change can occur.
Are you feeling overwhelmed and in need of help to navigate some challenges? Whether you're feeling anxious, depression, struggling with ADHD and ASD symptoms, masking and low self-esteem, you don't have to do it alone. Therapy is non-judgmental, it encourages you to make your own choices in life to become complete. I offer creative approaches like sand play and art to help communicate emotions when words are hard to find. Available in both English and Portuguese, I offer counselling face-to-face and online to support your journey towards healing.
07593 342528 View 07593 342528
Photo of Maegann Jaworski, Counsellor, MBACP
Maegann Jaworski
Counsellor, MBACP
2 Endorsed
As a trauma informed integrative psychotherapist trained in person-centred and psychodynamic therapy, I work with people who experience the effects of childhood trauma, low self-worth, anxiety, estrangement, familial relationship issues, shame and attachment issues.
My approach is rooted in being non-judgemental and kind, allowing you to safely express your thoughts and process both past and present experiences. In using an integrative approach, I strive to provide a 'soft place to land' for those looking to explore how their lived experience has impacted who they are today.
As a trauma informed integrative psychotherapist trained in person-centred and psychodynamic therapy, I work with people who experience the effects of childhood trauma, low self-worth, anxiety, estrangement, familial relationship issues, shame and attachment issues.
My approach is rooted in being non-judgemental and kind, allowing you to safely express your thoughts and process both past and present experiences. In using an integrative approach, I strive to provide a 'soft place to land' for those looking to explore how their lived experience has impacted who they are today.
01934 316739 View 01934 316739
Photo of Andrea Jardine, Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Music Therap.
Andrea Jardine
Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Music Therap.
4 Endorsed
I am informed by psychodynamic theory, focusing on both the unconscious and conscious mind.
Music therapy provides a space for self-expression in your own way and time. It is an alternative to talking therapies, especially where finding words may be difficult or overwhelming. Creating music together can be helpful to process and make sense of difficult transitions. You do not need any musical experience to engage in music therapy, and this can be a mixture of music and talking in sessions. I am non-judgemental in my approach, and I allow the client to lead their sessions in their own way and at their own pace. Music therapy can also create a safe and creative space to process a recent autism/ADHD diagnosis.
I am informed by psychodynamic theory, focusing on both the unconscious and conscious mind.
Music therapy provides a space for self-expression in your own way and time. It is an alternative to talking therapies, especially where finding words may be difficult or overwhelming. Creating music together can be helpful to process and make sense of difficult transitions. You do not need any musical experience to engage in music therapy, and this can be a mixture of music and talking in sessions. I am non-judgemental in my approach, and I allow the client to lead their sessions in their own way and at their own pace. Music therapy can also create a safe and creative space to process a recent autism/ADHD diagnosis.
0131 381 6892 View 0131 381 6892
Photo of Laura Thomson - Broomfield Psychology - Dr Laura Thomson , Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Broomfield Psychology - Dr Laura Thomson
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Online Only
Laura is trained in psychodynamic, humanistic and CBT approaches, a relational approach underpins her work.
Welcome to Broomfield Psychology, we provide psychology and psychotherapy services to children and families, young people and adults. I am Dr Laura Thomson and I work with people experiencing a wide range of difficulties and mental health problems. I offer a professional, experienced and effective therapeutic approach and will work collaboratively with you and your goals for change. I have a caring and approachable style and together we can work through the issues that have led you to seek support.
Laura is trained in psychodynamic, humanistic and CBT approaches, a relational approach underpins her work.
Welcome to Broomfield Psychology, we provide psychology and psychotherapy services to children and families, young people and adults. I am Dr Laura Thomson and I work with people experiencing a wide range of difficulties and mental health problems. I offer a professional, experienced and effective therapeutic approach and will work collaboratively with you and your goals for change. I have a caring and approachable style and together we can work through the issues that have led you to seek support.
01250 718043 View 01250 718043
Photo of Sandra Cunniffe, Counsellor, MA, BACP
Sandra Cunniffe
Counsellor, MA, BACP
I am a person-centred / psychodynamic counsellor.
Taking that first step to come to counselling can be very overwhelming and the thought of talking to someone and telling them your innermost thoughts may feel impossible. I have extensive experience of, and a special interest in, working with people who have been impacted by abuse and trauma, and supporting them to manage the feelings they are left with.
I am a person-centred / psychodynamic counsellor.
Taking that first step to come to counselling can be very overwhelming and the thought of talking to someone and telling them your innermost thoughts may feel impossible. I have extensive experience of, and a special interest in, working with people who have been impacted by abuse and trauma, and supporting them to manage the feelings they are left with.
0131 381 8802 View 0131 381 8802
Psychodynamic Counsellors

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.