Counselling in Alloa

Photo of Emma Margaret McArthur - Wholeness Counselling & Psychotherapy, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Wholeness Counselling & Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Alloa FK10
Creating a space for personal growth in therapy begins with the development of a safe therapeutic relationship. My approach offers a safe, confidential, and non-judgmental active listening space where you can take time to explore your experience. This allows us to work together to define the areas that you would like to work on and to check in on how you are experiencing your internal and external environment. Doing this helps to form a clearer picture of environmental, emotional, physical, cognitive, and behavioural events in your experience and how you currently manage and respond to them.
Creating a space for personal growth in therapy begins with the development of a safe therapeutic relationship. My approach offers a safe, confidential, and non-judgmental active listening space where you can take time to explore your experience. This allows us to work together to define the areas that you would like to work on and to check in on how you are experiencing your internal and external environment. Doing this helps to form a clearer picture of environmental, emotional, physical, cognitive, and behavioural events in your experience and how you currently manage and respond to them.
01259 235151 View 01259 235151
Photo of Kim Wylie, Counsellor, MBACP
Kim Wylie
Counsellor, MBACP
Alloa FK10
My name is Kim Wylie and I am a highly experienced integrative counsellor with training in various trauma modalities. My specialism is in supporting adult survivors of childhood trauma. In both individual and couples work, I incorporate protective techniques which enable clients to process their experiences without being flooded by intolerable emotions.
My name is Kim Wylie and I am a highly experienced integrative counsellor with training in various trauma modalities. My specialism is in supporting adult survivors of childhood trauma. In both individual and couples work, I incorporate protective techniques which enable clients to process their experiences without being flooded by intolerable emotions.
0141 673 0856 View 0141 673 0856
Photo of Dr Susan Eley Morris, Psychologist, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dr Susan Eley Morris
Psychologist, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Serves Area
Most people come to me asking how to cope better, often after years of adjusting to a life that turned out harder than expected. What once kept you safe can be what wears you out now. Your anxiety can look like conscientiousness and reliability; it can also be exhausting. What I'm curious about is why coping became the whole project.
Most people come to me asking how to cope better, often after years of adjusting to a life that turned out harder than expected. What once kept you safe can be what wears you out now. Your anxiety can look like conscientiousness and reliability; it can also be exhausting. What I'm curious about is why coping became the whole project.
01786 231272 View 01786 231272
Photo of Stephen Balfour, Counsellor, MBACP
Stephen Balfour
Counsellor, MBACP
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Life can be difficult and painful at times and we could all benefit from a safe space to make sense of and process difficult emotions, develop our resilience and coping strategies. I am a qualified CBT Counsellor and predominantly work with clients using a CBT based approach but can also call upon skills and experience I have gained through additional training in clinical hypnotherapy, life coaching and person-centred counselling.
Life can be difficult and painful at times and we could all benefit from a safe space to make sense of and process difficult emotions, develop our resilience and coping strategies. I am a qualified CBT Counsellor and predominantly work with clients using a CBT based approach but can also call upon skills and experience I have gained through additional training in clinical hypnotherapy, life coaching and person-centred counselling.
01259 235995 View 01259 235995
Photo of Arlene Struthers-Lake, Counsellor, UKCP Trainee
Arlene Struthers-Lake
Counsellor, UKCP Trainee
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I offer Individual Adults 18+, Couples & Relationship Counselling in Stirling, Dunblane & Online. I offer a calm, safe space to explore what brings you to therapy, including anxiety, depression, menopause, feeling stuck, relationship difficulties, we work at a pace that feels right for you, without pressure. Many people come to therapy feeling overwhelmed, misunderstood, or unsure where to start. Shaped by my lived experience of late-diagnosed dyslexia and ADHD, I have a particular interest in supporting late-diagnosed or self-identifying neurodivergent clients, couples navigating difference and communication challenges.
I offer Individual Adults 18+, Couples & Relationship Counselling in Stirling, Dunblane & Online. I offer a calm, safe space to explore what brings you to therapy, including anxiety, depression, menopause, feeling stuck, relationship difficulties, we work at a pace that feels right for you, without pressure. Many people come to therapy feeling overwhelmed, misunderstood, or unsure where to start. Shaped by my lived experience of late-diagnosed dyslexia and ADHD, I have a particular interest in supporting late-diagnosed or self-identifying neurodivergent clients, couples navigating difference and communication challenges.
01877 360532 View 01877 360532
Photo of Stella Cloquet, Psychotherapist, UKCP Trainee
Stella Cloquet
Psychotherapist, UKCP Trainee
Serves Area
Hi, people come to psychotherapy for many reasons, sometimes those reasons are clear, other times they are harder to name. Therapy is not only for people who are struggling to cope, its also for those who are coping at a cost. Many of the people that I work with are stuck in circles of worry, doubt and overwhelm, believing that how they feel now will be how they will always feel. I will provide a safe space, begin to build a trustworthy therapeutic relationship where you can begin to make sense of your life and decide what you would like to be different. Please get in touch and together we will begin this vital process.
Hi, people come to psychotherapy for many reasons, sometimes those reasons are clear, other times they are harder to name. Therapy is not only for people who are struggling to cope, its also for those who are coping at a cost. Many of the people that I work with are stuck in circles of worry, doubt and overwhelm, believing that how they feel now will be how they will always feel. I will provide a safe space, begin to build a trustworthy therapeutic relationship where you can begin to make sense of your life and decide what you would like to be different. Please get in touch and together we will begin this vital process.
01786 239839 View 01786 239839
Photo of Antonia Higgins, Counsellor, MBACP
Antonia Higgins
Counsellor, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I offer face-to-face counselling from my therapy room in Falkirk and online counselling. I work with adults of all genders, offering individual and relationship counselling. Counselling can help you tackle many issues including abuse, anxiety, bullying, confidence, depression, domestic abuse, relationship and family issues, grief and loss, personal boundaries, self-harming behaviours, trauma and work-related problems.
I offer face-to-face counselling from my therapy room in Falkirk and online counselling. I work with adults of all genders, offering individual and relationship counselling. Counselling can help you tackle many issues including abuse, anxiety, bullying, confidence, depression, domestic abuse, relationship and family issues, grief and loss, personal boundaries, self-harming behaviours, trauma and work-related problems.
01324 430080 View 01324 430080
Photo of Brenda Fleming - Brenda Fleming Counselling , Counsellor, MBACP
Brenda Fleming Counselling
Counsellor, MBACP
Online Only
If you are reading this statement then you are considering counselling for either you or someone close. Sometimes we all need help with coping with life either with past or present issues. These issues and how we currently manage them can prevent us from moving forward. They can also make us feel not too good about ourselves, others and the world. They can impact on our day to day life and relationships. My role is to work with you to create a balance in your life to enable you to move forward. I am also a qualified brain spotting therapist. This is a talk therapy that reveals unprocessed traumas through the use of the visual field.
If you are reading this statement then you are considering counselling for either you or someone close. Sometimes we all need help with coping with life either with past or present issues. These issues and how we currently manage them can prevent us from moving forward. They can also make us feel not too good about ourselves, others and the world. They can impact on our day to day life and relationships. My role is to work with you to create a balance in your life to enable you to move forward. I am also a qualified brain spotting therapist. This is a talk therapy that reveals unprocessed traumas through the use of the visual field.
01324 374528 View 01324 374528
Photo of Vicky McLeod, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Vicky McLeod
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Serves Area
I am committed to providing a safe and supportive space for you to seeking personal growth and healing. With a foundation built on empathy, understanding, strong interpersonal skills, trustworthiness, flexibility, and sensitivity, I take a person-centred approach which puts clients at the centre. Prioritising your unique perspective, I create an environment free from judgment, fostering open and honest exploration. Through attentive and reflective listening, I aim to deeply understand your experiences, providing a space for your narrative to unfold, cultivating a trusting collaborative therapeutic relationship.
I am committed to providing a safe and supportive space for you to seeking personal growth and healing. With a foundation built on empathy, understanding, strong interpersonal skills, trustworthiness, flexibility, and sensitivity, I take a person-centred approach which puts clients at the centre. Prioritising your unique perspective, I create an environment free from judgment, fostering open and honest exploration. Through attentive and reflective listening, I aim to deeply understand your experiences, providing a space for your narrative to unfold, cultivating a trusting collaborative therapeutic relationship.
01786 236991 View 01786 236991
Photo of Tina Cameron - Cameron Counselling, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Cameron Counselling
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Serves Area
I am an experienced, well-qualified counsellor with a diploma in counselling and psychotherapy with an additional qualification for young people. I work in a warm and gentle way, offering a safe place for you to talk about the things that are troubling you. I see people struggling with a broad range of problems, e.g. anxiety, depression, low self esteem and other experiences that overwhelm them. I can help you through loss and grieving, cope with issues relating to abortion, sexual abuse, domestic abuse and so on. I work with people with eating disorders and body image issues. I am trained to work with people who are suicidal. ©
I am an experienced, well-qualified counsellor with a diploma in counselling and psychotherapy with an additional qualification for young people. I work in a warm and gentle way, offering a safe place for you to talk about the things that are troubling you. I see people struggling with a broad range of problems, e.g. anxiety, depression, low self esteem and other experiences that overwhelm them. I can help you through loss and grieving, cope with issues relating to abortion, sexual abuse, domestic abuse and so on. I work with people with eating disorders and body image issues. I am trained to work with people who are suicidal. ©
0131 357 6341 View 0131 357 6341
Photo of Suze Mackintosh - The Play Therapy Haven Ltd, Counsellor, MSc
The Play Therapy Haven Ltd
Counsellor, MSc
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Hi, I’m Suze, a child and adolescent therapist offering counselling and creative therapies for children and teens. I provide a warm, safe space for children to explore their emotions, make sense of their experiences, and feel heard. I support children facing challenges such as anxiety, anger, grief, trauma, school avoidance, and life changes. Families come to me seeking a supportive environment where their child receives tailored support to meet their unique needs, build resilience and develop coping strategies. I am here to help children and families navigate their challenges with warmth, kindness, and patience.
Hi, I’m Suze, a child and adolescent therapist offering counselling and creative therapies for children and teens. I provide a warm, safe space for children to explore their emotions, make sense of their experiences, and feel heard. I support children facing challenges such as anxiety, anger, grief, trauma, school avoidance, and life changes. Families come to me seeking a supportive environment where their child receives tailored support to meet their unique needs, build resilience and develop coping strategies. I am here to help children and families navigate their challenges with warmth, kindness, and patience.
01786 396460 View 01786 396460

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Sarah Page, Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap.
Sarah Page
Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap.
Serves Area
I offer a warm and non-judgemental space where you can explore difficult emotions, reduce feelings of isolation, build self-trust, and reconnect with a sense of hope and understanding. I have worked with people facing many different challenges, such as anxiety, depression, trauma, bereavement, PTSD, gender identity, addiction, attachment difficulties, and the emotional impact of dementia or Alzheimer’s. At the heart of my practice is a belief in the healing power of creativity and the importance of being truly seen and heard.
I offer a warm and non-judgemental space where you can explore difficult emotions, reduce feelings of isolation, build self-trust, and reconnect with a sense of hope and understanding. I have worked with people facing many different challenges, such as anxiety, depression, trauma, bereavement, PTSD, gender identity, addiction, attachment difficulties, and the emotional impact of dementia or Alzheimer’s. At the heart of my practice is a belief in the healing power of creativity and the importance of being truly seen and heard.
0131 381 3563 View 0131 381 3563
Photo of Karen Duncan, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Karen Duncan
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Hello. When we may be going through distressing life events, we can experience many different feelings and thoughts which may be difficult to manage. Often we can resolve these issues on our own, however, some things can seem more complex and confuding , and we may need additional support to find our way forward. At times like these, we may consider counselling to help us work through some of the difficulties you are facing. I offer you a safe , confidential space to do this.
Hello. When we may be going through distressing life events, we can experience many different feelings and thoughts which may be difficult to manage. Often we can resolve these issues on our own, however, some things can seem more complex and confuding , and we may need additional support to find our way forward. At times like these, we may consider counselling to help us work through some of the difficulties you are facing. I offer you a safe , confidential space to do this.
01764 917002 View 01764 917002
Photo of Peter Lindsayhall, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Peter Lindsayhall
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
I’m an experienced and Accredited Therapist with a specific focus in treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). I have also recovered from OCD myself. Additionally, I have significant experience treating Anxiety, Addictions and Traumatic Stress. I use a range of effective approaches to help treat these difficulties. I believe that everyone deserves to be heard and supported. Together, we can navigate your challenges, and develop effective strategies that empower you toward lasting change. You can be free from your problems. I look forward to working with you on this journey.
I’m an experienced and Accredited Therapist with a specific focus in treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). I have also recovered from OCD myself. Additionally, I have significant experience treating Anxiety, Addictions and Traumatic Stress. I use a range of effective approaches to help treat these difficulties. I believe that everyone deserves to be heard and supported. Together, we can navigate your challenges, and develop effective strategies that empower you toward lasting change. You can be free from your problems. I look forward to working with you on this journey.
0141 673 8164 View 0141 673 8164
Photo of Joanne Kerr - Get-Unstuck Counselling and Therapy, Counsellor, MBACP
As a qualified Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (MBACP) with over 700 client hours and 4 years’ post-qualification experience. I specialise in helping people overcome anxiety, low mood, self-esteem issues, and perfectionism. My approach is collaborative, warm, and practical, using evidence-based strategies to help you identify unhelpful thoughts and behaviours, develop effective coping tools, and create meaningful, lasting change. Whether you feel stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure of the next step, I offer a safe, supportive space to explore what’s going on and work towards the life you deserve.
As a qualified Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (MBACP) with over 700 client hours and 4 years’ post-qualification experience. I specialise in helping people overcome anxiety, low mood, self-esteem issues, and perfectionism. My approach is collaborative, warm, and practical, using evidence-based strategies to help you identify unhelpful thoughts and behaviours, develop effective coping tools, and create meaningful, lasting change. Whether you feel stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure of the next step, I offer a safe, supportive space to explore what’s going on and work towards the life you deserve.
0141 673 9105 View 0141 673 9105
Photo of Anne Marie McKinley, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Anne Marie McKinley
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Serves Area
I began to work as a Trauma Therapist treating labour, birth and life events alongside PTSD responses to birth in men and women, as a midwife and trauma therapist. In private practice, I am working with life concerns such as depression, abuse, PTSD, dissociative conditions, and relationship stresses in any of life's circumstances. I work with all general life issues. Young teens, Couple therapy, Relationship stresses GBH, sexual or other abuse, rape, and lifelong bullying are frequent concerns in therapy. I work with clients online and in person, using EMDR, Rewind, and Trauma-focused CBT, tailoring therapy with a plan to engage.
I began to work as a Trauma Therapist treating labour, birth and life events alongside PTSD responses to birth in men and women, as a midwife and trauma therapist. In private practice, I am working with life concerns such as depression, abuse, PTSD, dissociative conditions, and relationship stresses in any of life's circumstances. I work with all general life issues. Young teens, Couple therapy, Relationship stresses GBH, sexual or other abuse, rape, and lifelong bullying are frequent concerns in therapy. I work with clients online and in person, using EMDR, Rewind, and Trauma-focused CBT, tailoring therapy with a plan to engage.
028 2502 2464 View 028 2502 2464
Photo of Wendy Sneddon, Counsellor, MBACP
Wendy Sneddon
Counsellor, MBACP
Falkirk FK2
There are moments in people's lives when external events feel overwhelming. You may be feeling low and unhappy yet not able to understand why. You may have experienced a bereavement or a life changing event in your life and just need space to talk. I will actively listen, reflect and provide a supportive, caring and non-judgemental space to enable you to collect your thoughts and talk about anything that is troubling you. The sessions will give you space and time to think about yourself and your needs.
There are moments in people's lives when external events feel overwhelming. You may be feeling low and unhappy yet not able to understand why. You may have experienced a bereavement or a life changing event in your life and just need space to talk. I will actively listen, reflect and provide a supportive, caring and non-judgemental space to enable you to collect your thoughts and talk about anything that is troubling you. The sessions will give you space and time to think about yourself and your needs.
01324 468293 View 01324 468293
Photo of Laura Ramsay, Counsellor, MBACP
Laura Ramsay
Counsellor, MBACP
Glasgow G61
Hi, I'm Laura, a person-centred pluralistic therapist. I offer a safe, welcoming, compassionate space for you to embark on your therapy journey within. I work with the belief that you are the expert in your own story. You may be struggling with unexpected life changes, anxiety, intrusive thoughts, low self-esteem, relationship issues, or perhaps you just feel that something is 'off' and want to explore that feeling in more depth. Together we will explore the themes in your life which may be limiting your personal growth and sense of fulfilment.
Hi, I'm Laura, a person-centred pluralistic therapist. I offer a safe, welcoming, compassionate space for you to embark on your therapy journey within. I work with the belief that you are the expert in your own story. You may be struggling with unexpected life changes, anxiety, intrusive thoughts, low self-esteem, relationship issues, or perhaps you just feel that something is 'off' and want to explore that feeling in more depth. Together we will explore the themes in your life which may be limiting your personal growth and sense of fulfilment.
0141 673 8793 View 0141 673 8793
Photo of Janet Cameron, Counsellor, MBACP
Janet Cameron
Counsellor, MBACP
Renfrew PA4
Hello I am Janet and I am an Integrative Therapist. If you have found your way to my page i imagine you are possibly feeling a little overwhelmed so i will tell you about my practice and what i offer. I provide a safe space to feel seen and heard and offer unconditional positive regard. Our work together will help you to access your own inner resources to empower you to have a better understanding and awareness of why you may currently feel stuck, identify where you ideally would like to be and how i can help you get there to allow you to lead a more fulfilling life and reach your full potential.
Hello I am Janet and I am an Integrative Therapist. If you have found your way to my page i imagine you are possibly feeling a little overwhelmed so i will tell you about my practice and what i offer. I provide a safe space to feel seen and heard and offer unconditional positive regard. Our work together will help you to access your own inner resources to empower you to have a better understanding and awareness of why you may currently feel stuck, identify where you ideally would like to be and how i can help you get there to allow you to lead a more fulfilling life and reach your full potential.
0141 673 3171 View 0141 673 3171
Photo of Gemma Moore - Gemma Moore Counselling, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Gemma Moore Counselling
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Edinburgh EH14
You may be wondering "Would I feel comfortable talking to this person?" And "Will she understand me without judging me?" If you’ve found yourself asking these questions, you’re not alone. Choosing the right counsellor can feel a bit daunting. People often come to therapy when things feel difficult to manage on their own anymore. They might be carrying a lot internally, struggling to make sense of how they feel, or simply needing a space where they can be heard without judgement. For some, it’s a specific life event; for others, it’s a more general sense that something isn't right.
You may be wondering "Would I feel comfortable talking to this person?" And "Will she understand me without judging me?" If you’ve found yourself asking these questions, you’re not alone. Choosing the right counsellor can feel a bit daunting. People often come to therapy when things feel difficult to manage on their own anymore. They might be carrying a lot internally, struggling to make sense of how they feel, or simply needing a space where they can be heard without judgement. For some, it’s a specific life event; for others, it’s a more general sense that something isn't right.
View

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Alloa

10+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in Alloa who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Complex PTSD
91% Self Esteem
82% Relationship Issues
82% Depression
73% Bereavement

Average years in practice

6 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

50% Cigna and Evernorth
50% Bupa
50% Aviva

How Counsellors in Alloa see their clients

82% In Person and Online
18% Online Only

Gender breakdown

91% Female
9% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Alloa?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.