Counselling in Brighton

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Photo of Christian Bayley, Psychotherapist in Brighton, England
Christian Bayley
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Brighton BN1
My therapeutic approach is best described as ‘Integrative’ which means that I bring together different schools of thought such as Psychodynamic, Gestalt, Humanistic, Existential and the Transpersonal. This enables me to draw upon a wide range of therapeutic styles which I tailor to your specific individual needs. I take a holistic approach which means I provide support that looks at the whole person, not just your mental health needs; I also consider your physical, emotional, social/sexual and spiritual wellbeing as an individual. Therapy can be an intimidating experience, especially if you are not sure where to start.
My therapeutic approach is best described as ‘Integrative’ which means that I bring together different schools of thought such as Psychodynamic, Gestalt, Humanistic, Existential and the Transpersonal. This enables me to draw upon a wide range of therapeutic styles which I tailor to your specific individual needs. I take a holistic approach which means I provide support that looks at the whole person, not just your mental health needs; I also consider your physical, emotional, social/sexual and spiritual wellbeing as an individual. Therapy can be an intimidating experience, especially if you are not sure where to start.
01273 121235 View 01273 121235
Photo of Paul Marshall, Counsellor in Brighton, England
Paul Marshall
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Brighton BN2
Whether it be anxiety or depression, problems with relationships, bereavement or trauma, my role is to be alongside you in order to support you to overcome the difficulties you are facing. My work is with people from all walks of life and backgrounds who come to therapy with a diverse range of issues. As a counsellor I have experience in education, employment and voluntary settings; I have also worked as a Gas Engineer, Teacher and Stand-up Comedian.
Whether it be anxiety or depression, problems with relationships, bereavement or trauma, my role is to be alongside you in order to support you to overcome the difficulties you are facing. My work is with people from all walks of life and backgrounds who come to therapy with a diverse range of issues. As a counsellor I have experience in education, employment and voluntary settings; I have also worked as a Gas Engineer, Teacher and Stand-up Comedian.
01273 894612 View 01273 894612
Photo of Steve Broome, Counsellor in Brighton, England
Steve Broome
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Brighton BN1
Starting counselling can feel like a daunting journey. I am here to provide you with the support you need to help you process your thoughts and feelings, and explore how you might move forward in your life. I am non-judgemental, accepting of you and your experiences, and here to listen to and work with whatever is on your mind. While counselling can be challenging at times, it can also come as a huge relief and be experienced as liberating and growthful.
Starting counselling can feel like a daunting journey. I am here to provide you with the support you need to help you process your thoughts and feelings, and explore how you might move forward in your life. I am non-judgemental, accepting of you and your experiences, and here to listen to and work with whatever is on your mind. While counselling can be challenging at times, it can also come as a huge relief and be experienced as liberating and growthful.
01273 934723 View 01273 934723
Photo of Sue Burchett, Counsellor in Brighton, England
Sue Burchett
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Brighton BN2
When we are facing difficulties in life, a compassionate, caring and confidential space to talk can be so helpful. I offer clients a safe and non-judgemental space for you to be discuss whatever is troubling you. You may be feeling anxious or depressed, especially due to Covid-19, and need some support. You may be feeling overwhelmed and need to find a sense of clarity about what you are thinking and how you are feeling. Counselling offers a regular space for you to explore and untangle what's troubling you so you can make sense of it and make any changes that are necessary for you to move forward with your life.
When we are facing difficulties in life, a compassionate, caring and confidential space to talk can be so helpful. I offer clients a safe and non-judgemental space for you to be discuss whatever is troubling you. You may be feeling anxious or depressed, especially due to Covid-19, and need some support. You may be feeling overwhelmed and need to find a sense of clarity about what you are thinking and how you are feeling. Counselling offers a regular space for you to explore and untangle what's troubling you so you can make sense of it and make any changes that are necessary for you to move forward with your life.
01273 099427 View 01273 099427
Photo of Joanne Walker, Counsellor in Brighton, England
Joanne Walker
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Brighton BN2
At times we can struggle with our circumstances and relationships. This may result in feeling confused and overwhelmed. Traumas past and present impact upon our quality of life and coping mechanisms can fail or become unhelpful. Counselling allows some time and space to focus on your issues and it can provide insight and clarity. It's an opportunity for honest open communication, without the fear of judgement and negative repercussions. This self-exploration tends to aid growth and healing, ultimately resulting in change and acceptance. I support you rather than diagnose or label, being alongside you through life's challenges.
At times we can struggle with our circumstances and relationships. This may result in feeling confused and overwhelmed. Traumas past and present impact upon our quality of life and coping mechanisms can fail or become unhelpful. Counselling allows some time and space to focus on your issues and it can provide insight and clarity. It's an opportunity for honest open communication, without the fear of judgement and negative repercussions. This self-exploration tends to aid growth and healing, ultimately resulting in change and acceptance. I support you rather than diagnose or label, being alongside you through life's challenges.
07474 173880 View 07474 173880
Photo of Giovanni Felice Pace, Psychologist in Brighton, England
Giovanni Felice Pace
Psychologist, MSc, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Brighton BN2
Not accepting new clients
Hello, I'm Giovanni, a Chartered Psychologist and UKCP Psychotherapist. I firmly believe that the therapeutic relationship is the main vessel of real change. Therapy is a journey to be embarked safely, and it can help you with your pain. Together, we can try to explore that pain or uncertainty that hinders the possibility you have to live a full and meaningful life. We will work together towards your objectives, it doesn't matter how far they seem now or how painful is to think about them.
Hello, I'm Giovanni, a Chartered Psychologist and UKCP Psychotherapist. I firmly believe that the therapeutic relationship is the main vessel of real change. Therapy is a journey to be embarked safely, and it can help you with your pain. Together, we can try to explore that pain or uncertainty that hinders the possibility you have to live a full and meaningful life. We will work together towards your objectives, it doesn't matter how far they seem now or how painful is to think about them.
07480 487332 View 07480 487332
Photo of Blanca Balaguer , Counsellor in Brighton, England
Blanca Balaguer
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Brighton BN2
Whether you are feeling stuck, anxious, depressed, bereaved or unsure about your emotions, together we can unpack, at your own pace, what’s on your mind in a confidential, safe space. For me, therapy is about making sense of our experiences, the relationship we have with ourselves and with others, the choices we make, and how we can find hope to live the life we truly want.
Whether you are feeling stuck, anxious, depressed, bereaved or unsure about your emotions, together we can unpack, at your own pace, what’s on your mind in a confidential, safe space. For me, therapy is about making sense of our experiences, the relationship we have with ourselves and with others, the choices we make, and how we can find hope to live the life we truly want.
01323 921855 View 01323 921855
Photo of Sarah Jack, Counsellor in Brighton, England
Sarah Jack
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Brighton BN2  (Online Only)
I've been counselling since 1989, and have extensive experience of working with sexual abuse and trauma, parenting and attachment difficulties, identity and relationship issues, depression and anxiety, bereavement and loss. I don’t claim to be an ‘expert’ in any of these areas because everyone's response is different and what matters is you and your own unique experience of these difficulties. I am committed to collaborating with you to find the resilient, hopeful part of yourself that becomes expert in managing your challenges and is motivated by the smallest signs of progress towards your preferred future.
I've been counselling since 1989, and have extensive experience of working with sexual abuse and trauma, parenting and attachment difficulties, identity and relationship issues, depression and anxiety, bereavement and loss. I don’t claim to be an ‘expert’ in any of these areas because everyone's response is different and what matters is you and your own unique experience of these difficulties. I am committed to collaborating with you to find the resilient, hopeful part of yourself that becomes expert in managing your challenges and is motivated by the smallest signs of progress towards your preferred future.
01273 121296 View 01273 121296
Photo of Laura Hordern, Counsellor in Brighton, England
Laura Hordern
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Brighton BN2
You may be experiencing a whole range of emotions that has brought you here. Whatever happens next, just know that it is ok to feel whatever you are feeling, and you don't have to go through it alone. I believe that building a strong relationship between yourself, the client, and me, the counsellor, based on trust, openness, and honesty, is key to affecting change and growth within yourself, and it is at the heart of the work that we will do together. You are the expert in your own life, and I am here to help facilitate your own understanding of yourself in a space that is safe and free of judgement.
You may be experiencing a whole range of emotions that has brought you here. Whatever happens next, just know that it is ok to feel whatever you are feeling, and you don't have to go through it alone. I believe that building a strong relationship between yourself, the client, and me, the counsellor, based on trust, openness, and honesty, is key to affecting change and growth within yourself, and it is at the heart of the work that we will do together. You are the expert in your own life, and I am here to help facilitate your own understanding of yourself in a space that is safe and free of judgement.
01273 092083 View 01273 092083
Photo of Carl Harrison, Counsellor in Brighton, England
Carl Harrison
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brighton BN1  (Online Only)
Any number of issues could be the reason you're reading this now: anxiety, depression, bereavement.  Perhaps you feel stuck, unsure what to do, or don't think you can change. Maybe you're feeling overwhelmed with, 'everything'.  Perhaps now is the right time for you to be truly listened to. If this is the case then I can offer you my help.
Any number of issues could be the reason you're reading this now: anxiety, depression, bereavement.  Perhaps you feel stuck, unsure what to do, or don't think you can change. Maybe you're feeling overwhelmed with, 'everything'.  Perhaps now is the right time for you to be truly listened to. If this is the case then I can offer you my help.
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Photo of Dr Simon Lovat, Counsellor in Brighton, England
Dr Simon Lovat
Counsellor, PhD, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brighton BN1
Choosing to engage with therapy can feel like a big step, and it’s important to find the right therapist for you. You may be struggling with an issue; you may find yourself in a repeating pattern of behaviour; or you may wish to explore existential issues in order to find greater meaning in your life. I offer a safe, confidential space where you can explore whatever you bring without judgement. I work psycho-dynamically. Put simply, this means that we will explore together the ways in which you have dealt with experiences and relationships in the past so that we can impact the ways in which you deal with them in the future.
Choosing to engage with therapy can feel like a big step, and it’s important to find the right therapist for you. You may be struggling with an issue; you may find yourself in a repeating pattern of behaviour; or you may wish to explore existential issues in order to find greater meaning in your life. I offer a safe, confidential space where you can explore whatever you bring without judgement. I work psycho-dynamically. Put simply, this means that we will explore together the ways in which you have dealt with experiences and relationships in the past so that we can impact the ways in which you deal with them in the future.
01273 092959 View 01273 092959
Photo of Matt Thomas, Counsellor in Brighton, England
Matt Thomas
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Brighton BN2
Hi, I’m Matt, a BACP registered Humanistic Therapist. I am available for face to face sessions in Brighton and Hove and also work online and over the phone. Experiencing difficult feelings and struggling emotionally at times is a natural part of life. I can help with this. The problems may not go away but I can help make them feel smaller and lighter by helping you explore them at a pace you are comfortable with, in a safe, non-judgmental space. I believe everyone experiences the world uniquely and everything is valid.
Hi, I’m Matt, a BACP registered Humanistic Therapist. I am available for face to face sessions in Brighton and Hove and also work online and over the phone. Experiencing difficult feelings and struggling emotionally at times is a natural part of life. I can help with this. The problems may not go away but I can help make them feel smaller and lighter by helping you explore them at a pace you are comfortable with, in a safe, non-judgmental space. I believe everyone experiences the world uniquely and everything is valid.
01273 092099 View 01273 092099
Photo of david J jordan, Counsellor in Brighton, England
david J jordan
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Brighton BN2
My therapeutic philosophy is grounded in the belief that the past shapes our present, in particular experiences from our early formative years. Exploring the impact of these experiences can help to understand why we feel stuck or why we continue to repeat unhelpful patterns and behaviours in our intimate relationships, our friendships or our professional lives. Humanistic therapy helps to discover what is truly important to you and what is not, and thereby helps you make better and more informed choices.
My therapeutic philosophy is grounded in the belief that the past shapes our present, in particular experiences from our early formative years. Exploring the impact of these experiences can help to understand why we feel stuck or why we continue to repeat unhelpful patterns and behaviours in our intimate relationships, our friendships or our professional lives. Humanistic therapy helps to discover what is truly important to you and what is not, and thereby helps you make better and more informed choices.
01273 092208 View 01273 092208
Photo of Maria Tribe, Psychotherapist in Brighton, England
Maria Tribe
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Brighton BN1
Whether you are managing a life event or would like some help improving your emotional health, I provide a safe space to explore present or historical issues, to look at specific problems, psychological patterns, or to manage life in general. My specialism is EMDR for PTSD/ complex trauma, which includes depression, anxiety disorders, relational issues and problems with emotional regulation. I work for the NHS as a psychotherapist at The Royal Sussex County Hospital, and for 2 years was the young person's therapist for survivors of sexual violence/ abuse at Survivors Network
Whether you are managing a life event or would like some help improving your emotional health, I provide a safe space to explore present or historical issues, to look at specific problems, psychological patterns, or to manage life in general. My specialism is EMDR for PTSD/ complex trauma, which includes depression, anxiety disorders, relational issues and problems with emotional regulation. I work for the NHS as a psychotherapist at The Royal Sussex County Hospital, and for 2 years was the young person's therapist for survivors of sexual violence/ abuse at Survivors Network
01273 037913 View 01273 037913
Photo of Miriam Unsworth Counselling and Psychotherapy, Counsellor in Brighton, England
Miriam Unsworth Counselling and Psychotherapy
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Brighton BN2
I'm an experienced integrative therapist and work flexibly and dynamically with adults, couples, families and trainee counsellors. Early relationships and life events may have shaken your ability to fully value yourself or others. You might be bereaved, struggling with a relationship, experiencing depression or anxiety. I'm objective and compassionate, offering support to connect with frightening or buried feelings. Letting go of strategies that no longer work for you, without pressure or expectation, can help you to find your own truth and a sense of who you really are.
I'm an experienced integrative therapist and work flexibly and dynamically with adults, couples, families and trainee counsellors. Early relationships and life events may have shaken your ability to fully value yourself or others. You might be bereaved, struggling with a relationship, experiencing depression or anxiety. I'm objective and compassionate, offering support to connect with frightening or buried feelings. Letting go of strategies that no longer work for you, without pressure or expectation, can help you to find your own truth and a sense of who you really are.
01273 358797 View 01273 358797
Photo of Lauenna Luddington, Counsellor in Brighton, England
Lauenna Luddington
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brighton BN1  (Online Only)
I support students aged 16+, as well as adults affected by their time at school, including ex boarders. Being a student can be a hugely stressful experience. What should be an exciting and stimulating time can turn into a nightmare with low mood and self esteem; fear and anxiety. Sometimes, the impact is more subtle, and surviving difficult school experiences can force us to adapt in ways that can become unhelpful later in life. Our time at school can go on to influence us for many years to come. I have supported many adults affected by their school experiences, and struggling with the impact on their current lives.
I support students aged 16+, as well as adults affected by their time at school, including ex boarders. Being a student can be a hugely stressful experience. What should be an exciting and stimulating time can turn into a nightmare with low mood and self esteem; fear and anxiety. Sometimes, the impact is more subtle, and surviving difficult school experiences can force us to adapt in ways that can become unhelpful later in life. Our time at school can go on to influence us for many years to come. I have supported many adults affected by their school experiences, and struggling with the impact on their current lives.
01458 552284 View 01458 552284
Photo of David Robert Cuff, Counsellor in Brighton, England
David Robert Cuff
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Brighton BN1
I am an experientially informed, person centred, psychotherapeutic counsellor with a faith in the human potential to develop in a positive direction. I believe we have our own path to cut through the woods in our unique life journey. The body keeps the score, and we are wiser than we think. I take a non-discriminatory, LGBTQI+ affirmative, experiential, Person Centred approach. I believe neurodiversity is a difference and not a disorder. I take a non-judgemental, relational, holistic approach, alive to all aspects of self and factors outside. For me, it's not about what's wrong with a person, it's about what has happened to them.
I am an experientially informed, person centred, psychotherapeutic counsellor with a faith in the human potential to develop in a positive direction. I believe we have our own path to cut through the woods in our unique life journey. The body keeps the score, and we are wiser than we think. I take a non-discriminatory, LGBTQI+ affirmative, experiential, Person Centred approach. I believe neurodiversity is a difference and not a disorder. I take a non-judgemental, relational, holistic approach, alive to all aspects of self and factors outside. For me, it's not about what's wrong with a person, it's about what has happened to them.
01273 034568 View 01273 034568
Photo of Babi Abis, Psychotherapist in Brighton, England
Babi Abis
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Brighton BN1
If you are dealing with symptoms of Trauma, addiction, anxiety, Depression, problems in your relationships, or maybe you just feel a bit sad, directionless, unmotivated, Psychotherapy is for you. In therapy you are held in a safe and confidential space in which you are gently facilitated to explore your feelings, make sense of your current difficulties and find clarity around dynamics in relationships with other people. Talking with a qualified and experienced Psychotherapist could really support you in making the changes and shifts that you need to overcome fears, anxiety, stuckness and all the hurdles that sometimes hurt our soul
If you are dealing with symptoms of Trauma, addiction, anxiety, Depression, problems in your relationships, or maybe you just feel a bit sad, directionless, unmotivated, Psychotherapy is for you. In therapy you are held in a safe and confidential space in which you are gently facilitated to explore your feelings, make sense of your current difficulties and find clarity around dynamics in relationships with other people. Talking with a qualified and experienced Psychotherapist could really support you in making the changes and shifts that you need to overcome fears, anxiety, stuckness and all the hurdles that sometimes hurt our soul
020 8103 3443 View 020 8103 3443
Photo of Timothy Park, Counsellor in Brighton, England
Timothy Park
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Brighton BN2
Hi, I’m Tim and I can help if you struggle with addiction or if anxiety and depression seem to dominate your life. My approach is rooted in the understanding that you have the capacity to change and that therapy is an important part of this process. I offer you an empathic, authentic and non-judgemental space that is focuses on you achieving your therapy goals.
Hi, I’m Tim and I can help if you struggle with addiction or if anxiety and depression seem to dominate your life. My approach is rooted in the understanding that you have the capacity to change and that therapy is an important part of this process. I offer you an empathic, authentic and non-judgemental space that is focuses on you achieving your therapy goals.
01273 121315 View 01273 121315
Photo of George Dickinson, Counsellor in Brighton, England
George Dickinson
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Brighton BN1
In my practice, the therapeutic relationship is a space where difficult life experiences can be worked through. I take an integrative approach, in which I encourage you to be curious about how your difficulties relate to previous experiences and your expectations for yourself and others. This often brings up feelings that can seem unwelcome and I work with you to help you understand unwanted emotions and connect to your body. My approach aims to deepen your self-awareness in the here-and-now as this helps you to understand and feel compassion for yourself, and be okay in who you are.
In my practice, the therapeutic relationship is a space where difficult life experiences can be worked through. I take an integrative approach, in which I encourage you to be curious about how your difficulties relate to previous experiences and your expectations for yourself and others. This often brings up feelings that can seem unwelcome and I work with you to help you understand unwanted emotions and connect to your body. My approach aims to deepen your self-awareness in the here-and-now as this helps you to understand and feel compassion for yourself, and be okay in who you are.
01273 092819 View 01273 092819

See more therapy options for Brighton

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Brighton

400+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in Brighton who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
83% Self Esteem
82% Relationship Issues
77% Stress
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Bereavement

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

62% Aviva
59% AXA PPP
44% Vitality

How Counsellors in Brighton see their clients

78% In Person and Online
22% Online Only

Gender breakdown

72% Female
26% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Brighton?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.