Counselling in London

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Photo of Bukola James, Counsellor in London, England
Bukola James
Counsellor
Verified Verified
London NW6  (Online Only)
I am a qualified integratively trained Counsellor. I am experienced in dealing with adults, young people and teens on issues such as anxiety, depression, OCD, Self-harming, suicidal ideations, spirituality, family relationship difficulties, peer problems at school, Trauma related to sexual assaults/abuse, romantic relationship problems, self-esteem. I work in private practice with adults and teens. I have also worked successfully with teenagers and young people in a school setting on issues such as above and have helped them achieve desired outcomes as I have been able to successfully gain their trust.
I am a qualified integratively trained Counsellor. I am experienced in dealing with adults, young people and teens on issues such as anxiety, depression, OCD, Self-harming, suicidal ideations, spirituality, family relationship difficulties, peer problems at school, Trauma related to sexual assaults/abuse, romantic relationship problems, self-esteem. I work in private practice with adults and teens. I have also worked successfully with teenagers and young people in a school setting on issues such as above and have helped them achieve desired outcomes as I have been able to successfully gain their trust.
020 3319 1372 View 020 3319 1372
Photo of Lirona Rosenthal, Psychologist in London, England
Lirona Rosenthal
Psychologist, MA, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London SE23  (Online Only)
I have 15 years of experience in private practice, Working as an integrative psychologist, combining therapy approaches to fit my client’s needs best. With a background in theater and sports, I am an active, creative and engaging therapist. ​Please check out my website for info about me: www.lironarosenthal.com
I have 15 years of experience in private practice, Working as an integrative psychologist, combining therapy approaches to fit my client’s needs best. With a background in theater and sports, I am an active, creative and engaging therapist. ​Please check out my website for info about me: www.lironarosenthal.com
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Photo of Swani Yip, Counsellor in London, England
Swani Yip
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
London SE1
I imagine you’re here because life feels just too much for you right now. I am sorry you’re struggling but you don’t have to do this on your own. Do contact me. I counsel people who feel anxious, lost or stuck. We’ll explore together these difficulties and look for new solutions, so you can move forward with your life feeling lighter and more empowered. I hold a holistic approach, with the core idea that wellbeing is attained through a balance across our physical, emotional, intellectual, environmental and spiritual health. I try to include all of these dimensions so you can bring as much of yourself as you want into our sessions.
I imagine you’re here because life feels just too much for you right now. I am sorry you’re struggling but you don’t have to do this on your own. Do contact me. I counsel people who feel anxious, lost or stuck. We’ll explore together these difficulties and look for new solutions, so you can move forward with your life feeling lighter and more empowered. I hold a holistic approach, with the core idea that wellbeing is attained through a balance across our physical, emotional, intellectual, environmental and spiritual health. I try to include all of these dimensions so you can bring as much of yourself as you want into our sessions.
020 3960 5347 View 020 3960 5347
Photo of Sonia T Piergiovanni, Psychotherapist in London, England
Sonia T Piergiovanni
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
London E18
As a therapist, my goal is to help you learn more about yourself in order to live with more clarity and thereby to better your life. I am an Integrative counsellor psychotherapist accredited member of the BACP (British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy). I work with adolescents, young adults (18-25-year-olds), and adults on a weekly basis. I have worked in private practice and in educational settings for over 10 years. I provide a confidential and non-judgmental space which can help your self-exploration. I speak English and Italian and I can work in both languages.
As a therapist, my goal is to help you learn more about yourself in order to live with more clarity and thereby to better your life. I am an Integrative counsellor psychotherapist accredited member of the BACP (British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy). I work with adolescents, young adults (18-25-year-olds), and adults on a weekly basis. I have worked in private practice and in educational settings for over 10 years. I provide a confidential and non-judgmental space which can help your self-exploration. I speak English and Italian and I can work in both languages.
07428 980526 View 07428 980526
Photo of Hadar Thomas, Psychotherapist in London, England
Hadar Thomas
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
London NW10
I am a warm, empathic, qualified Person-Centred counsellor and psychotherapist and NLP Practitioner. I offer a non-judgemental, open and genuine environment, where a client can feel at ease, to learn about themselves. I aim to understand the client's experience from their perspective.
I am a warm, empathic, qualified Person-Centred counsellor and psychotherapist and NLP Practitioner. I offer a non-judgemental, open and genuine environment, where a client can feel at ease, to learn about themselves. I aim to understand the client's experience from their perspective.
020 4530 8410 View 020 4530 8410
Photo of Kenneth Day, Psychotherapist in London, England
Kenneth Day
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
London W5
Waitlist for new clients
Seeking therapy can be a scary decision. I do believe however that the issues prompting you to come to me have the potential to enable you to move into a new level of self-understanding. A key principle of my particular therapy - Psychosynthesis, suggests that the symptoms of our problems can indicate a deeper meaning or potential trying to emerge in our lives. Our work together will try to discover what that might be. To achieve this I offer a focused approach for a specific issue in short-term work or we can go into more depth for work in the longer term.
Seeking therapy can be a scary decision. I do believe however that the issues prompting you to come to me have the potential to enable you to move into a new level of self-understanding. A key principle of my particular therapy - Psychosynthesis, suggests that the symptoms of our problems can indicate a deeper meaning or potential trying to emerge in our lives. Our work together will try to discover what that might be. To achieve this I offer a focused approach for a specific issue in short-term work or we can go into more depth for work in the longer term.
01748 901820 View 01748 901820
Photo of Dylan Lopich, Psychologist in London, England
Dylan Lopich
Psychologist, MA, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London SW1W
Hi, my name is Dylan and I am a Chartered Clinical Psychologist specialising in adult psychotherapy. I have 11 years experience in private practice working with people who suffer from anxiety, depression, bereavement and loss, stress, trauma, disconnection, and relationship difficulties. I offer a friendly and down-to-earth approach to therapy, providing a safe, confidential and non-judgemental space to talk. With training and experience in the main evidence-based psychotherapies, I am able to work in a flexible and collaborative way, tailoring therapy to the specific needs of the person I see.
Hi, my name is Dylan and I am a Chartered Clinical Psychologist specialising in adult psychotherapy. I have 11 years experience in private practice working with people who suffer from anxiety, depression, bereavement and loss, stress, trauma, disconnection, and relationship difficulties. I offer a friendly and down-to-earth approach to therapy, providing a safe, confidential and non-judgemental space to talk. With training and experience in the main evidence-based psychotherapies, I am able to work in a flexible and collaborative way, tailoring therapy to the specific needs of the person I see.
020 3962 0865 View 020 3962 0865
Photo of Therapeia Services, Psychotherapist in London, England
Therapeia Services
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London W2
Throughout our lives, we often experience times of feeling overwhelmed. There are times when the reason is clear, and we know where to seek assistance, but there are also times when it is less clear. Relief and healing are what the soul and psyche seek at these times. Instead of telling you what to do, I am here to value your uniqueness, however different it may seem to you and the world at large. My practice is based on honesty, integrity, and self-acceptance.
Throughout our lives, we often experience times of feeling overwhelmed. There are times when the reason is clear, and we know where to seek assistance, but there are also times when it is less clear. Relief and healing are what the soul and psyche seek at these times. Instead of telling you what to do, I am here to value your uniqueness, however different it may seem to you and the world at large. My practice is based on honesty, integrity, and self-acceptance.
020 3984 9982 View 020 3984 9982
Photo of Suzanne Lunn, Psychotherapist in London, England
Suzanne Lunn
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London SW1W
If you want to improve your relationships with yourself and others, or your sexual life, then I can help. I offer a confidential, warm, empathic and non-judgemental space to explore your problems and help you work towards feeling happier. I work with individuals to address a range of issues including low self esteem, anxiety, dating challenges, body image, low desire, ‘sex addiction’, recovery from abuse and sexual function problems. I also work with couples on issues such as communication, sex, open relationships, infidelity and divorce. I identify as a heterosexual woman and practise in an LGBTQ+ affirmative and kink-friendly way.
If you want to improve your relationships with yourself and others, or your sexual life, then I can help. I offer a confidential, warm, empathic and non-judgemental space to explore your problems and help you work towards feeling happier. I work with individuals to address a range of issues including low self esteem, anxiety, dating challenges, body image, low desire, ‘sex addiction’, recovery from abuse and sexual function problems. I also work with couples on issues such as communication, sex, open relationships, infidelity and divorce. I identify as a heterosexual woman and practise in an LGBTQ+ affirmative and kink-friendly way.
020 3597 6612 View 020 3597 6612
Photo of duskin2dawn Counselling.co.uk, Counsellor in London, England
duskin2dawn Counselling.co.uk
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
London W4
Are you beginning adult life and struggling with anxiety, low mood or negative thoughts which affect you daily? Are you overwhelmed by a recent trauma or bereavement and struggling to make sense of it? Do you feel sad, confused, insecure and angry about life? Do you self harm, have body image issues or bouts of disorderly eating? I love the privilege of working with young people. I can help process and resolve your difficult emotional experiences. I specialise in working with young adults at the onset of their careers and those in educational settings from diverse backgrounds. I also work with older adolescents in college.
Are you beginning adult life and struggling with anxiety, low mood or negative thoughts which affect you daily? Are you overwhelmed by a recent trauma or bereavement and struggling to make sense of it? Do you feel sad, confused, insecure and angry about life? Do you self harm, have body image issues or bouts of disorderly eating? I love the privilege of working with young people. I can help process and resolve your difficult emotional experiences. I specialise in working with young adults at the onset of their careers and those in educational settings from diverse backgrounds. I also work with older adolescents in college.
020 4538 7543 View 020 4538 7543
Photo of Bettina Salzmann, Psychotherapist in London, England
Bettina Salzmann
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW14
I am an experienced CBT therapist and integrative counsellor/psychotherapist working in private practice for Anxiety, Trauma, Personality Disorder, Depression, family mediation.I use mindfulness with my clients to help them to become more aware of the present moment and in acknowledging feelings and thoughts as they come and go.It’s been accepted as a useful therapy for anxiety and depression for years, and research suggests it's effective when practising reflection on yourself, switching off your auto pilot in order to discover your real feelings, and this can have an positive influence on our well being.
I am an experienced CBT therapist and integrative counsellor/psychotherapist working in private practice for Anxiety, Trauma, Personality Disorder, Depression, family mediation.I use mindfulness with my clients to help them to become more aware of the present moment and in acknowledging feelings and thoughts as they come and go.It’s been accepted as a useful therapy for anxiety and depression for years, and research suggests it's effective when practising reflection on yourself, switching off your auto pilot in order to discover your real feelings, and this can have an positive influence on our well being.
01748 900742 View 01748 900742
Photo of Dr Georgia Halls, Willow Psychology Service, Psychologist in London, England
Dr Georgia Halls, Willow Psychology Service
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London E14  (Online Only)
Are you feeling anxious, stressed, overwhelmed? Maybe you've recently had a big life change, or you have been struggling with anxiety and/or stress for a while but now feel it is the time to get some extra support. Do you want space to be listened to, understand what is going on for you and how to change things? My priority is to help you feel comfortable, listened to and for me to follow your pace.
Are you feeling anxious, stressed, overwhelmed? Maybe you've recently had a big life change, or you have been struggling with anxiety and/or stress for a while but now feel it is the time to get some extra support. Do you want space to be listened to, understand what is going on for you and how to change things? My priority is to help you feel comfortable, listened to and for me to follow your pace.
020 8138 0279 View 020 8138 0279
Photo of Jonathan Banes, Psychologist in London, England
Jonathan Banes
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London N8  (Online Only)
I work with young people and adults who are experiencing high levels of stress and anxiety; sometimes feeling overwhelmed, low in mood or lacking in confidence. You may have had upsetting experiences that you are trying to process, or finding it difficult to get on with people close to you? Some of my clients are feeling overwhelmed at work, and looking for support. When we meet, I will listen carefully to try to understand why you may be struggling and what changes you would like to make. After the assessment we will make a clear plan of what you would like to achieve and what a successful outcome from therapy looks like.
I work with young people and adults who are experiencing high levels of stress and anxiety; sometimes feeling overwhelmed, low in mood or lacking in confidence. You may have had upsetting experiences that you are trying to process, or finding it difficult to get on with people close to you? Some of my clients are feeling overwhelmed at work, and looking for support. When we meet, I will listen carefully to try to understand why you may be struggling and what changes you would like to make. After the assessment we will make a clear plan of what you would like to achieve and what a successful outcome from therapy looks like.
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Photo of Songul Guler, Psychotherapist in London, England
Songul Guler
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London N16
Hello, and welcome to my side. My main focus areas are anxiety, depression and PTSD in one-to-one therapy. As a family and couple therapist, I also offer systemic therapy in which I provide a reflexive, curious, non-judgmental, and confidential space for you to explore your patterns of relationship that has been an issue over time and the area of concern you like to make a difference in your relationship. I have helped thousands of people who wanted to address their struggles with mental, psychological, emotional state and relationship issues in the last 20 years with positive outcomes.
Hello, and welcome to my side. My main focus areas are anxiety, depression and PTSD in one-to-one therapy. As a family and couple therapist, I also offer systemic therapy in which I provide a reflexive, curious, non-judgmental, and confidential space for you to explore your patterns of relationship that has been an issue over time and the area of concern you like to make a difference in your relationship. I have helped thousands of people who wanted to address their struggles with mental, psychological, emotional state and relationship issues in the last 20 years with positive outcomes.
020 3974 2089 View 020 3974 2089
Photo of Dr Claudia Chisari, Psychologist in London, England
Dr Claudia Chisari
Psychologist, PhD, CPsychol
Verified Verified
London WC2B
I am a Chartered Psychologist and Psychotherapist with 10 years experience of supporting people with chronic/persistent pain, particularly pelvic pain conditions like Vulvodynia, Vaginismus, Endometriosis, UTIs. I have a PhD in Vulvodynia at King's College London, and a specialism in developing treatments in Pelvic pain through my practise, Bloume Health. I also support couples and partners of those who experience these issues, individually and/or together.
I am a Chartered Psychologist and Psychotherapist with 10 years experience of supporting people with chronic/persistent pain, particularly pelvic pain conditions like Vulvodynia, Vaginismus, Endometriosis, UTIs. I have a PhD in Vulvodynia at King's College London, and a specialism in developing treatments in Pelvic pain through my practise, Bloume Health. I also support couples and partners of those who experience these issues, individually and/or together.
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Photo of Shinobu Matsuo, Psychotherapist in London, England
Shinobu Matsuo
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London EC4R
I am an experienced psychodynamic psychotherapist working in the City of London offering therapy in both English and Japanese. I have over ten years experience with people suffering with anxiety, stress, depression, a loss or bereavement, issues with relationships, issues with sexuality or problems at work. I also have extensive experience working with people who have issues with alcohol and drugs. I trained at WPF Therapy, an organisation renowned for its rigorous approach to professional training and clinical practice.
I am an experienced psychodynamic psychotherapist working in the City of London offering therapy in both English and Japanese. I have over ten years experience with people suffering with anxiety, stress, depression, a loss or bereavement, issues with relationships, issues with sexuality or problems at work. I also have extensive experience working with people who have issues with alcohol and drugs. I trained at WPF Therapy, an organisation renowned for its rigorous approach to professional training and clinical practice.
020 3962 0214 View 020 3962 0214
Photo of Francine Bear, Psychologist in London, England
Francine Bear
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London E17  (Online Only)
I am currently offering online therapy. I have ten years of experience working in mental health and in supporting people to identify, better understand and work through any difficulties, challenges or points of ‘stuckness’ they may be experiencing in their lives. Therapy is often about exploring different perspectives and developing the skills and tools we need to help navigate life’s challenges to allow us to move forward. I am flexible and collaborative in my approach to therapy because, in my experience, therapy is most helpful to people when it is tailored to their specific needs and the hopes they may have for the process.
I am currently offering online therapy. I have ten years of experience working in mental health and in supporting people to identify, better understand and work through any difficulties, challenges or points of ‘stuckness’ they may be experiencing in their lives. Therapy is often about exploring different perspectives and developing the skills and tools we need to help navigate life’s challenges to allow us to move forward. I am flexible and collaborative in my approach to therapy because, in my experience, therapy is most helpful to people when it is tailored to their specific needs and the hopes they may have for the process.
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Photo of Christelle Ntow, Psychotherapist in London, England
Christelle Ntow
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW7  (Online Only)
I am an Integrative therapist trained in working with individuals and couples. I understand what it feels like to feel isolated and alone with your problems, I also understand what it feels like to be weary of seeking external support and the worry that may come with trying to find the ‘right’ therapist. I have a passion for supporting people from all walks of life, and together we can work towards you learning more about yourself and being able to use that knowledge to improve the way you manage difficult situations and emotions.
I am an Integrative therapist trained in working with individuals and couples. I understand what it feels like to feel isolated and alone with your problems, I also understand what it feels like to be weary of seeking external support and the worry that may come with trying to find the ‘right’ therapist. I have a passion for supporting people from all walks of life, and together we can work towards you learning more about yourself and being able to use that knowledge to improve the way you manage difficult situations and emotions.
01708 206816 View 01708 206816
Photo of Parviz G Zadeh, Counsellor in London, England
Parviz G Zadeh
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London NW11  (Online Only)
I have a degree in Clinical Psychology and a PGDip in counselling & Psychotherapy, and over 17 years post qualification experience. As well as a private practice, I work at Edgware Community Hospital. I work with clients with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, trauma and loss. I also focus on cultural identity, as well as loneliness in big cities. My role is not to advise you, rather to work with you and support you to discover your own solutions. I'd like to help you achieve personal growth, self-awareness and development, through a better understanding of yourself, your thought processes, feelings, and behaviours.
I have a degree in Clinical Psychology and a PGDip in counselling & Psychotherapy, and over 17 years post qualification experience. As well as a private practice, I work at Edgware Community Hospital. I work with clients with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, trauma and loss. I also focus on cultural identity, as well as loneliness in big cities. My role is not to advise you, rather to work with you and support you to discover your own solutions. I'd like to help you achieve personal growth, self-awareness and development, through a better understanding of yourself, your thought processes, feelings, and behaviours.
020 3962 2375 View 020 3962 2375
Photo of Vilyana Tsekova, Psychotherapist in London, England
Vilyana Tsekova
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
London EC1A
How I Can Help: In my therapeutic practice, I specialise in offering support to assist my clients in developing their psychological resilience. I understand that life can present us with overwhelming and distressing moments, and my approach is rooted in helping you navigate these challenges. Whether you are experiencing burnout, struggling with anxiety, depression, dealing with difficult emotions and stress, or confronting significant life hurdles, I firmly believe in your ability to overcome obstacles and thrive.
How I Can Help: In my therapeutic practice, I specialise in offering support to assist my clients in developing their psychological resilience. I understand that life can present us with overwhelming and distressing moments, and my approach is rooted in helping you navigate these challenges. Whether you are experiencing burnout, struggling with anxiety, depression, dealing with difficult emotions and stress, or confronting significant life hurdles, I firmly believe in your ability to overcome obstacles and thrive.
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See more therapy options for London

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in London

3,000+

Average cost per session

£75

Counsellors in London who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
84% Self Esteem
81% Relationship Issues
79% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD
63% Bereavement

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Aviva
65% AXA PPP
58% Vitality

How Counsellors in London see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
24% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in London?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.