Photo of Mayessi Maria Georgia Svoronou, Psychotherapist in Mayfair, London, England
Mayessi Maria Georgia Svoronou
Psychotherapist, MA, BACP
Verified Verified
Mayfair, London W1G
I offer psychodynamic therapy in a safe and empathetic environment around Oxford Circus.
Through a safe and confidential environment one can address issues and construct meaning around intricate and challenging experiences. Taking the first step, and asking for help is a significant step toward reflecting, understanding and thinking about one's internal world.
I offer psychodynamic therapy in a safe and empathetic environment around Oxford Circus.
Through a safe and confidential environment one can address issues and construct meaning around intricate and challenging experiences. Taking the first step, and asking for help is a significant step toward reflecting, understanding and thinking about one's internal world.
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Photo of Gina Phillips, Counsellor in Mayfair, London, England
Gina Phillips
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Mayfair, London W1B
As an integrative counsellor, my approach incorporates humanistic, person-centred, psychodynamic and CBT modalities, which are tailored to a client's individual needs.
I am an experienced BACP accredited counsellor with an Advanced Diploma in Integrative Counselling and a Post Graduate Certificate in CBT. I believe that the most important aspect of counselling is a strong therapeutic relationship between counsellor and client. I aim to provide a warm, safe, supportive, non-judgemental space, which allows you to challenge established ways of thinking and being. Working collaboratively I aim to help you evaluate your needs to gain a deeper understanding and practical tools to enable you to make empowered choices.
As an integrative counsellor, my approach incorporates humanistic, person-centred, psychodynamic and CBT modalities, which are tailored to a client's individual needs.
I am an experienced BACP accredited counsellor with an Advanced Diploma in Integrative Counselling and a Post Graduate Certificate in CBT. I believe that the most important aspect of counselling is a strong therapeutic relationship between counsellor and client. I aim to provide a warm, safe, supportive, non-judgemental space, which allows you to challenge established ways of thinking and being. Working collaboratively I aim to help you evaluate your needs to gain a deeper understanding and practical tools to enable you to make empowered choices.
020 4538 1064 View 020 4538 1064
Photo of Yoni Pinkas, Psychotherapist in Mayfair, London, England
Yoni Pinkas
Psychotherapist, BPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mayfair, London E17
In a psychodynamic approach I aim to help you think about unconscious thoughts and feelings, early experiences and relationships.
I'm a BPC registered psychotherapist with over 15 years experience working with people from diverse backgrounds, privately and in the NHS. I work extensively with people going through crisis and significant life changes, and have expertise working with issues of identity, culture, immigration, reolcation and masculinity. People tend to see me when they are struggling with their mood, low self-esteem, anger, loneliness, anxiety and stress. You might be having difficulties in relationships, in your career, with sexuality or addiction, or are troubled by earlier experiences or feel stuck and want to think about your life more broadly.
In a psychodynamic approach I aim to help you think about unconscious thoughts and feelings, early experiences and relationships.
I'm a BPC registered psychotherapist with over 15 years experience working with people from diverse backgrounds, privately and in the NHS. I work extensively with people going through crisis and significant life changes, and have expertise working with issues of identity, culture, immigration, reolcation and masculinity. People tend to see me when they are struggling with their mood, low self-esteem, anger, loneliness, anxiety and stress. You might be having difficulties in relationships, in your career, with sexuality or addiction, or are troubled by earlier experiences or feel stuck and want to think about your life more broadly.
020 4538 2919 View 020 4538 2919
Photo of Iana Trichkova, Psychotherapist in Mayfair, London, England
Iana Trichkova
Psychotherapist, MSc, BACP
Verified Verified
Mayfair, London W1S
I am a professionally qualified Integrative counsellor based in South London and I offer short and long term counselling and psychotherapy. My aim is to provide a safe, confidential and compassionate space where you can explore what troubles you without fear of being judged or rejected. For me counselling is a collaborative process which facilitates increased understanding and self-awareness, greater self-acceptance and more fulfilling relationships with others and life in general. I practice an integration of several theoretical approaches: Person Centred, Humanistic, Existential, Psychodynamic /Psychoanalytic.
I am a professionally qualified Integrative counsellor based in South London and I offer short and long term counselling and psychotherapy. My aim is to provide a safe, confidential and compassionate space where you can explore what troubles you without fear of being judged or rejected. For me counselling is a collaborative process which facilitates increased understanding and self-awareness, greater self-acceptance and more fulfilling relationships with others and life in general. I practice an integration of several theoretical approaches: Person Centred, Humanistic, Existential, Psychodynamic /Psychoanalytic.
07492 885917 View 07492 885917
Photo of Dr Joyline Gozho, Psychotherapist in Mayfair, London, England
Dr Joyline Gozho
Psychotherapist, PsychD, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Mayfair, London W1K
My practice is mainly psychodynamic, which means we are able to explore, on a much deeper level, the unconscious source of your difficulties.
Troubling thoughts, feelings, emotions, & repetitive behaviors can be safely explored & understood with the help of an experienced therapist. I work with individuals, couples and run groups. I help people who are experiencing a broad range of issues such as low mood, anxiety, low self esteem, anger, loneliness, rejection, infidelity, dependency, stuckness, eating disorders, abusive relationships, & seeking meaning in life. I use the psychodynamic model & CBT when necessary. Apart from being a therapist, I am a Lecturer at Birkbeck Uni on the MSc in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy course. Please visit www.citysanctuarytherapy.com
My practice is mainly psychodynamic, which means we are able to explore, on a much deeper level, the unconscious source of your difficulties.
Troubling thoughts, feelings, emotions, & repetitive behaviors can be safely explored & understood with the help of an experienced therapist. I work with individuals, couples and run groups. I help people who are experiencing a broad range of issues such as low mood, anxiety, low self esteem, anger, loneliness, rejection, infidelity, dependency, stuckness, eating disorders, abusive relationships, & seeking meaning in life. I use the psychodynamic model & CBT when necessary. Apart from being a therapist, I am a Lecturer at Birkbeck Uni on the MSc in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy course. Please visit www.citysanctuarytherapy.com
020 3962 1808 View 020 3962 1808
Photo of Fathiya Farah, Counsellor in Mayfair, London, England
Fathiya Farah
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Mayfair, London W1J  (Online Only)
I am an integrative counsellor and my approach allows me to draw from different modalities such as Person Centred, Psychodynamic and Existentialism.
I am aware of the difficulty in making the decision to seek counselling and how overwhelming the process of finding the right counsellor can be. It can be a lonely journey when you are feeling overwhelmed, Counselling provides clients with the opportunity of having someone to explore and help to make sense of their emotions and thoughts. When we struggle with low self concept and shame, we may become stuck due to fear of being exposed (vulnerability). If this is not explored and understood its roots then it could manifest into other emotional issues such as anxiety and depression. Therapy can teach you helpful/healthy coping tools.
I am an integrative counsellor and my approach allows me to draw from different modalities such as Person Centred, Psychodynamic and Existentialism.
I am aware of the difficulty in making the decision to seek counselling and how overwhelming the process of finding the right counsellor can be. It can be a lonely journey when you are feeling overwhelmed, Counselling provides clients with the opportunity of having someone to explore and help to make sense of their emotions and thoughts. When we struggle with low self concept and shame, we may become stuck due to fear of being exposed (vulnerability). If this is not explored and understood its roots then it could manifest into other emotional issues such as anxiety and depression. Therapy can teach you helpful/healthy coping tools.
07429 128375 View 07429 128375
Photo of Laura Colquhoun, Psychotherapist in Mayfair, London, England
Laura Colquhoun
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Mayfair, London W1C
I practice integrative Therapy which means I draw from Psychodynamic, Psychoanalytic, Humanistic and Person-Centred schools giving me the ability to match theory to client.
Life can be difficult at times. We can feel depressed, anxious, stressed, worried or unable to cope. This can impact on all aspects of our lives; personal and professional. Sometimes all a client needs is someone to really listen to them and to accept what they are saying in a non-judgemental way. Therapy comes in all different shapes and sizes and I believe the mode of therapy should fit the client, we are all individuals after all. I put you, the client at the centre of the work and believe that together we can work collaboratively to help you mange your life more happily and successfully.
I practice integrative Therapy which means I draw from Psychodynamic, Psychoanalytic, Humanistic and Person-Centred schools giving me the ability to match theory to client.
Life can be difficult at times. We can feel depressed, anxious, stressed, worried or unable to cope. This can impact on all aspects of our lives; personal and professional. Sometimes all a client needs is someone to really listen to them and to accept what they are saying in a non-judgemental way. Therapy comes in all different shapes and sizes and I believe the mode of therapy should fit the client, we are all individuals after all. I put you, the client at the centre of the work and believe that together we can work collaboratively to help you mange your life more happily and successfully.
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Photo of Dr. Jason Chan, Psychologist in Mayfair, London, England
Dr. Jason Chan
Psychologist, PsychD, CPsychol
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mayfair, London W1J
A Principal Clinical Psychologist with 16 years of experience of working in and leading NHS Psychology Services, and an expert in CBT, Psychodynamic psychotherapy, Emotion-focused therapy, EMDR, Acceptance-commitment Therapy and Mindfulness approaches. I offer incisive, experiential, and highly effective treatments designed to help you overcome your distress and effect lasting changes. Seeking help is a major life step. I commit to providing a safe, professional and personalized treatment experience to sensitively support and empower you, deepen your self-understanding and create positive changes for a life that you can truly value.
A Principal Clinical Psychologist with 16 years of experience of working in and leading NHS Psychology Services, and an expert in CBT, Psychodynamic psychotherapy, Emotion-focused therapy, EMDR, Acceptance-commitment Therapy and Mindfulness approaches. I offer incisive, experiential, and highly effective treatments designed to help you overcome your distress and effect lasting changes. Seeking help is a major life step. I commit to providing a safe, professional and personalized treatment experience to sensitively support and empower you, deepen your self-understanding and create positive changes for a life that you can truly value.
020 3962 0919 View 020 3962 0919
Photo of Anita Sarin, Psychotherapist in Mayfair, London, England
Anita Sarin
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Mayfair, London W1S
Contacting a therapist might seem daunting at first but therapy can provide a confidential and non-judgemental space to make sense of current concerns. Speaking in confidence can help you less burdened and enable you to work towards living a more fulfilling life.
Contacting a therapist might seem daunting at first but therapy can provide a confidential and non-judgemental space to make sense of current concerns. Speaking in confidence can help you less burdened and enable you to work towards living a more fulfilling life.
020 3974 2529 View 020 3974 2529
Photo of Chryssa Chalkia, Psychotherapist in Mayfair, London, England
Chryssa Chalkia
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Mayfair, London W1B
Are you currently facing the challenges of overwhelming stress, dissatisfaction, or a sense of being stuck in your personal or professional life? Are emotions or behaviours becoming harder to manage? Is the demands of work overshadowing your life? I specialize in helping individuals like you overcome obstacles, regain control, and achieve their goals. By using evidence based strategies and tailored support, we can unlock your full potential and foster a life of balance and success. Invest in your well-being and professional growth. Take the first step toward positive change; reach out, and let's explore a brighter future together.
Are you currently facing the challenges of overwhelming stress, dissatisfaction, or a sense of being stuck in your personal or professional life? Are emotions or behaviours becoming harder to manage? Is the demands of work overshadowing your life? I specialize in helping individuals like you overcome obstacles, regain control, and achieve their goals. By using evidence based strategies and tailored support, we can unlock your full potential and foster a life of balance and success. Invest in your well-being and professional growth. Take the first step toward positive change; reach out, and let's explore a brighter future together.
020 3962 0643 View 020 3962 0643
Photo of Rita Ngozi Odumosu, Counsellor in Mayfair, London, England
Rita Ngozi Odumosu
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mayfair, London W1W
As an Accredited member of BACP, I adopt high standards, attentively working with client issues , exploring, encouraging engagement and their ability to feel confident and safe. This is vital to aid client sense of trust in the therapist as well as transition into the work. Through exploration and understanding of key issues, I raise awareness and with joint effort of client and counsellor, resolve symptoms and achieve greater understanding and wellbeing. I work in a manner that ensures all clients are treated respectfully and equally regardless of race, gender, religion, presenting disability and issues.
As an Accredited member of BACP, I adopt high standards, attentively working with client issues , exploring, encouraging engagement and their ability to feel confident and safe. This is vital to aid client sense of trust in the therapist as well as transition into the work. Through exploration and understanding of key issues, I raise awareness and with joint effort of client and counsellor, resolve symptoms and achieve greater understanding and wellbeing. I work in a manner that ensures all clients are treated respectfully and equally regardless of race, gender, religion, presenting disability and issues.
020 3984 8871 View 020 3984 8871
Photo of Sophia Berouka, Psychotherapist in Mayfair, London, England
Sophia Berouka
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Mayfair, London W1J
My approach to psychotherapy involves trying to understand and address difficulties by increasing awareness of the more underlying aspects that lead to the development of symptoms. I will start by being curious and listening carefully at what brought you to therapy: the moments that marked your life, your relationship to others and the issues that may be making life hard for you. The specific words you use to describe your problems and the thoughts, feelings and memories that may come up during sessions are all important as they can open the way to understanding the more underlying concerns that lie behind symptoms.
My approach to psychotherapy involves trying to understand and address difficulties by increasing awareness of the more underlying aspects that lead to the development of symptoms. I will start by being curious and listening carefully at what brought you to therapy: the moments that marked your life, your relationship to others and the issues that may be making life hard for you. The specific words you use to describe your problems and the thoughts, feelings and memories that may come up during sessions are all important as they can open the way to understanding the more underlying concerns that lie behind symptoms.
020 3973 9225 View 020 3973 9225
Photo of Zrinka Ivkovic, Counsellor in Mayfair, London, England
Zrinka Ivkovic
Counsellor, MA
Verified Verified
Mayfair, London W1K
I have experience counselling people encountering temporary stressors or life-long behavioural and emotional challenges and/or those with mental health diagnoses. Relationship difficulties, life transitions, depression/low mood, trauma, and anxiety are just a few of the themes with which I have supported clients. I also have experience working with complex cases, including those with dual-diagnoses. The work that I do rests on a threshold of respect, compassion, and non-judgement. It is also collaborative: I offer an educated and human perspective to help bring heightened awareness to challenges, creating an opportunity for change.
I have experience counselling people encountering temporary stressors or life-long behavioural and emotional challenges and/or those with mental health diagnoses. Relationship difficulties, life transitions, depression/low mood, trauma, and anxiety are just a few of the themes with which I have supported clients. I also have experience working with complex cases, including those with dual-diagnoses. The work that I do rests on a threshold of respect, compassion, and non-judgement. It is also collaborative: I offer an educated and human perspective to help bring heightened awareness to challenges, creating an opportunity for change.
07479 270680 View 07479 270680
Photo of Dr Samina Khatun, Psychologist in Mayfair, London, England
Dr Samina Khatun
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Mayfair, London W1K
Dr Samina is a highly specialist counselling psychologist who treats people suffering from a wide spectrum of disorders. Her areas of expertise lie in the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of complex PTSD, depression and anxiety disorders, confidence and low self-esteem, relationship issues and trauma. She has over 10 years clinical experience within the NHS and private practice including the Priory in London Harley Street. Her integrative method will help you identify blocks and subconscious programming that are holding you back so that you can heal and shift into a more magnetic state and live your life with greater ease.
Dr Samina is a highly specialist counselling psychologist who treats people suffering from a wide spectrum of disorders. Her areas of expertise lie in the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of complex PTSD, depression and anxiety disorders, confidence and low self-esteem, relationship issues and trauma. She has over 10 years clinical experience within the NHS and private practice including the Priory in London Harley Street. Her integrative method will help you identify blocks and subconscious programming that are holding you back so that you can heal and shift into a more magnetic state and live your life with greater ease.
020 4538 3892 View 020 4538 3892
Photo of Beverley Blackman, Psychotherapist in Mayfair, London, England
Beverley Blackman
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Mayfair, London W1K
I have been working in psychotherapy since 2003. My background encompasses both private mental health sectors and NHS Mental Health Trusts, working both 1:1 and in groups, and includes working in a cutting-edge therapeutic community. I have seen a diverse range of clients from many differing backgrounds and cultures, and with a wide range of presenting problems. I continue to enjoy working with a wide variety of clients and presentations, from personal development goals to mental health spectrum based work. I also work as a clinical supervisor, and head up Beverley Blackman Associates (please see website for more details).
I have been working in psychotherapy since 2003. My background encompasses both private mental health sectors and NHS Mental Health Trusts, working both 1:1 and in groups, and includes working in a cutting-edge therapeutic community. I have seen a diverse range of clients from many differing backgrounds and cultures, and with a wide range of presenting problems. I continue to enjoy working with a wide variety of clients and presentations, from personal development goals to mental health spectrum based work. I also work as a clinical supervisor, and head up Beverley Blackman Associates (please see website for more details).
020 3962 1159 View 020 3962 1159
Photo of Ryan Powell, Counsellor in Mayfair, London, England
Ryan Powell
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mayfair, London W1S
I am trained in both couple’s therapy and individual therapy and also offer Supervision. As an Integrative Counsellor, I am here to walk beside you on your journey. My approach is empathetic and compassionate; however I will challenge my clients to help them achieve their goals. I have worked within the NHS and now within a university conducting short term solution focused therapy. I have created a successful private practice and I want the sessions to focus on my clients needs. I will provide the platform for you to discuss what you need to discuss and the safety of a confidential, caring and warm space.
I am trained in both couple’s therapy and individual therapy and also offer Supervision. As an Integrative Counsellor, I am here to walk beside you on your journey. My approach is empathetic and compassionate; however I will challenge my clients to help them achieve their goals. I have worked within the NHS and now within a university conducting short term solution focused therapy. I have created a successful private practice and I want the sessions to focus on my clients needs. I will provide the platform for you to discuss what you need to discuss and the safety of a confidential, caring and warm space.
020 4538 8657 View 020 4538 8657
Photo of Claudia Croppo, Psychotherapist in Mayfair, London, England
Claudia Croppo
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Mayfair, London W1W
Have you been feeling lonely and isolated? Have those feelings impacted the way you perceive and connect with the world and people around you? Sometimes you may feel that difficult experiences from your past still haunt you, leaving very little space in your mind to be in the present. And it may feel hard to recognise the way you have been feeling lately. The mood swing, anxious and depressing feelings feel hard to manage. It can be daunting having to deal with confusing feelings and sensations and so much on your won, when you are just trying to be true to yourself.
Have you been feeling lonely and isolated? Have those feelings impacted the way you perceive and connect with the world and people around you? Sometimes you may feel that difficult experiences from your past still haunt you, leaving very little space in your mind to be in the present. And it may feel hard to recognise the way you have been feeling lately. The mood swing, anxious and depressing feelings feel hard to manage. It can be daunting having to deal with confusing feelings and sensations and so much on your won, when you are just trying to be true to yourself.
07481 358493 View 07481 358493
Photo of Lee Martin Mbacp(Sen Accred) Emdr(Accred) Ma Ba(Hons) Pg-Dip, Psychotherapist in Mayfair, London, England
Lee Martin Mbacp(Sen Accred) Emdr(Accred) Ma Ba(Hons) Pg-Dip
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Snr. Accred
Verified Verified
Mayfair, London W1J  (Online Only)
Hello and Welcome, Life has indeed become complex. Many of us are now struggling with our mental health in ways that are no longer manageable. Our past and present hurts, our unprocessed feelings have risen to the surface. We find ourselves thinking, feeling and acting in ways that do not reflect who we want to be. Some of us have Grief, Trauma or Addiction that we just can’t seem to work through. As a Senior Accredited Psychotherapist with a Master Degree and EMDR Accredited, I've seen thousands come through my door, with various presenting issues and undergo genuine transformation, healing and leave with hope for the future.
Hello and Welcome, Life has indeed become complex. Many of us are now struggling with our mental health in ways that are no longer manageable. Our past and present hurts, our unprocessed feelings have risen to the surface. We find ourselves thinking, feeling and acting in ways that do not reflect who we want to be. Some of us have Grief, Trauma or Addiction that we just can’t seem to work through. As a Senior Accredited Psychotherapist with a Master Degree and EMDR Accredited, I've seen thousands come through my door, with various presenting issues and undergo genuine transformation, healing and leave with hope for the future.
01494 326461 View 01494 326461
Photo of Re-connect EFT Clinic, Psychotherapist in Mayfair, London, England
Re-connect EFT Clinic
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Mayfair, London W1K
As skilled practitioners specialising in the renowned Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), we offer compassionate expert guidance towards reconnection, healing and greater life success. Our practitioners have years of experience working with couples and families to help with a range of emotional, relational and sexual issues. We help them move towards safe and loving emotional connection from being stuck in destructive conflict patterns of attack-withdraw and blame-defend. We also work with individuals (including children and young people) to help with mental health, sexual and relational issues, addictions and interpersonal trauma.
As skilled practitioners specialising in the renowned Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), we offer compassionate expert guidance towards reconnection, healing and greater life success. Our practitioners have years of experience working with couples and families to help with a range of emotional, relational and sexual issues. We help them move towards safe and loving emotional connection from being stuck in destructive conflict patterns of attack-withdraw and blame-defend. We also work with individuals (including children and young people) to help with mental health, sexual and relational issues, addictions and interpersonal trauma.
020 3962 0906 View 020 3962 0906
Photo of Dr Yordan K. Zhekov, Counsellor in Mayfair, London, England
Dr Yordan K. Zhekov
Counsellor, PhD, MBACP
Verified Verified
Mayfair, London W1S
Are you feeling depressed, anxious, stressed or struggling with everyday life? Perhaps you are experiencing feelings you can't quite identify? Are you looking for help with various life challenging issues/situations? Have you got to the point where you can't go on alone and need someone else to help you? Whatever you are facing, you no longer have to do this alone, I am here to provide you with relevant support and address your needs. As an integrative counsellor I am using a compilation of therapeutic methods tailored to the individual's needs and goals providing an environment for enablement and empowerment of their achievement.
Are you feeling depressed, anxious, stressed or struggling with everyday life? Perhaps you are experiencing feelings you can't quite identify? Are you looking for help with various life challenging issues/situations? Have you got to the point where you can't go on alone and need someone else to help you? Whatever you are facing, you no longer have to do this alone, I am here to provide you with relevant support and address your needs. As an integrative counsellor I am using a compilation of therapeutic methods tailored to the individual's needs and goals providing an environment for enablement and empowerment of their achievement.
01923 936765 View 01923 936765

See more therapy options for Mayfair, London

Psychodynamic Counsellors

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.