Counselling in PH8

Photo of Emma Ryland - Emma Ryland Positive About Neurodiversity, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Emma Ryland Positive About Neurodiversity
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Serves Area
It’s a big step to come to therapy, especially if you’ve had a lifetime of feeling different and not understood or heard. Maybe you experience anxiety and it’s starting to impact your life? Perhaps you have poor self-esteem and would like to set better boundaries? Have you or someone you care about recently received an autism or ADHD diagnosis and you’re having complicated feelings, not sure what to do now? Are you keen to please others but really harsh on yourself? I regularly work with people who answer 'yes' to these types of question.
It’s a big step to come to therapy, especially if you’ve had a lifetime of feeling different and not understood or heard. Maybe you experience anxiety and it’s starting to impact your life? Perhaps you have poor self-esteem and would like to set better boundaries? Have you or someone you care about recently received an autism or ADHD diagnosis and you’re having complicated feelings, not sure what to do now? Are you keen to please others but really harsh on yourself? I regularly work with people who answer 'yes' to these types of question.
01764 915850 View 01764 915850
Photo of Shona Moncrieff, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Shona Moncrieff
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am a pluralistically trained therapist which allows me to use a variety of theories and techniques to tailor therapy to support your needs. I believe that you are the expert on your life and in your story, and you already possess the inner strength that will assist you in overcoming the things that challenge you - you may only need reminding! Taking the first step in seeking how to make changes in your life takes courage. My role is to support and guide you in this process through psychoeducation and a safe, informal, non-judgmental space where you are always welcomed and encouraged to come as you are and with however you feel!
I am a pluralistically trained therapist which allows me to use a variety of theories and techniques to tailor therapy to support your needs. I believe that you are the expert on your life and in your story, and you already possess the inner strength that will assist you in overcoming the things that challenge you - you may only need reminding! Taking the first step in seeking how to make changes in your life takes courage. My role is to support and guide you in this process through psychoeducation and a safe, informal, non-judgmental space where you are always welcomed and encouraged to come as you are and with however you feel!
01567 235153 View 01567 235153

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Caroline Cassidy, Counsellor, MBACP
Caroline Cassidy
Counsellor, MBACP
Dundee DD1
Hi I’m Caroline, I’m a BACP registered counsellor working with both individual adults and children and young people. I did my Postgraduate training in Person-Centred Counselling at Aberdeen University before going on to gain an additional specialist certificate in Counselling Children and Young People. I chose the person-centred approach as the foundation for my training and practice because I believe that simple talk therapy is incredibly powerful and that most of us aren’t often given this space in life where we are simply listened to, heard and understood.
Hi I’m Caroline, I’m a BACP registered counsellor working with both individual adults and children and young people. I did my Postgraduate training in Person-Centred Counselling at Aberdeen University before going on to gain an additional specialist certificate in Counselling Children and Young People. I chose the person-centred approach as the foundation for my training and practice because I believe that simple talk therapy is incredibly powerful and that most of us aren’t often given this space in life where we are simply listened to, heard and understood.
01382 919332 View 01382 919332
Photo of Caroline Millar - Limitless Counselling (Caroline), Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Limitless Counselling (Caroline)
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Dundee DD1
Limited immediate start places available for in person and online sessions. Hi, I'm Caroline Millar, a qualified and compassionate counsellor offering both face-to-face sessions in Dundee and online therapy for clients seeking flexibility. I focus on your unique needs, helping you explore and make sense of your emotions in a safe, confidential space. I support individuals dealing with anxiety, stress, relationship challenges, low self-esteem, and life transitions. I believe that with the right support, everyone has the capacity to heal and grow. Whether you're struggling with
Limited immediate start places available for in person and online sessions. Hi, I'm Caroline Millar, a qualified and compassionate counsellor offering both face-to-face sessions in Dundee and online therapy for clients seeking flexibility. I focus on your unique needs, helping you explore and make sense of your emotions in a safe, confidential space. I support individuals dealing with anxiety, stress, relationship challenges, low self-esteem, and life transitions. I believe that with the right support, everyone has the capacity to heal and grow. Whether you're struggling with
01382 919400 View 01382 919400
Photo of Chris Williamson - The Edinburgh Gardener Counselling Service, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
The Edinburgh Gardener Counselling Service
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I’m Chris, a person-centred counsellor based in Leith, with my practice overlooking the Shore. I welcome clients from across the UK for both face-to-face and online sessions. As a queer person and active member of the LGBT community, my personal journey has granted me valuable insight into the challenges of identity and acceptance. Having experienced prejudice and exclusion myself, I am deeply passionate about creating a safe, non-judgemental space where everyone feels seen, heard, and supported. My commitment is to offer a therapeutic environment where all aspects of you are welcomed and respected, regardless of your background.
I’m Chris, a person-centred counsellor based in Leith, with my practice overlooking the Shore. I welcome clients from across the UK for both face-to-face and online sessions. As a queer person and active member of the LGBT community, my personal journey has granted me valuable insight into the challenges of identity and acceptance. Having experienced prejudice and exclusion myself, I am deeply passionate about creating a safe, non-judgemental space where everyone feels seen, heard, and supported. My commitment is to offer a therapeutic environment where all aspects of you are welcomed and respected, regardless of your background.
0131 381 7761 View 0131 381 7761
Photo of Dr Tim Hardie, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Sport Psych.
Dr Tim Hardie
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Sport Psych.
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you feeling stuck, lost, or overwhelmed? Perhaps you're struggling with low self-worth, navigating personal challenges, or feel that things just aren't working anymore. Seeking support for these challenges is a powerful first step. As a HCPC registered psychologist, I provide a safe and welcoming space for people to explore these issues. My approach is to work collaboratively with you, integrating multiple evidence-based therapies to unravel the patterns and experiences shaping your present. Together, we can foster self-awareness, build skills to create meaningful change, and reconnect to what matters in your life.
Are you feeling stuck, lost, or overwhelmed? Perhaps you're struggling with low self-worth, navigating personal challenges, or feel that things just aren't working anymore. Seeking support for these challenges is a powerful first step. As a HCPC registered psychologist, I provide a safe and welcoming space for people to explore these issues. My approach is to work collaboratively with you, integrating multiple evidence-based therapies to unravel the patterns and experiences shaping your present. Together, we can foster self-awareness, build skills to create meaningful change, and reconnect to what matters in your life.
01786 232307 View 01786 232307
Photo of Lesley Barker, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Lesley Barker
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Forfar DD8
Welcome. My name is Lesley Barker. I am a registered member of the BACP and pre accredited Counsellor and Psychotherapist with the IACP, qualified to work with adults. I previously worked as a physiotherapist for 27 years, specialising in critical care and cardiac rehabilitation. I worked closely with clients, carers and families affected by chronic illness. This has given me a deep appreciation of the powerful connection between body, mind and emotion - and the importance of psychological support in physical and emotional healing.
Welcome. My name is Lesley Barker. I am a registered member of the BACP and pre accredited Counsellor and Psychotherapist with the IACP, qualified to work with adults. I previously worked as a physiotherapist for 27 years, specialising in critical care and cardiac rehabilitation. I worked closely with clients, carers and families affected by chronic illness. This has given me a deep appreciation of the powerful connection between body, mind and emotion - and the importance of psychological support in physical and emotional healing.
01575 520217 View 01575 520217
Photo of Arlene Struthers-Lake, Counsellor, UKCP Trainee
Arlene Struthers-Lake
Counsellor, UKCP Trainee
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
I offer individual adults, couples and relationship counselling in Stirling and online. I offer a calm, compassionate, relational space to explore anxiety, relationship difficulties, and those feeling stuck, working at a pace that feels right for you, without pressure. Many people come to therapy feeling overwhelmed, misunderstood, or unsure where to start. Shaped by my lived experience of late-diagnosed dyslexia and ADHD, I have a particular interest in supporting late-diagnosed or self-identifying neurodivergent clients, couples navigating difference and communication challenges.
I offer individual adults, couples and relationship counselling in Stirling and online. I offer a calm, compassionate, relational space to explore anxiety, relationship difficulties, and those feeling stuck, working at a pace that feels right for you, without pressure. Many people come to therapy feeling overwhelmed, misunderstood, or unsure where to start. Shaped by my lived experience of late-diagnosed dyslexia and ADHD, I have a particular interest in supporting late-diagnosed or self-identifying neurodivergent clients, couples navigating difference and communication challenges.
01877 360532 View 01877 360532
Photo of Michael Vincent Brown, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Michael Vincent Brown
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Perth PH1
As a Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist I specialise in the treatment of anxiety and depression but also treat a range of other mental health difficulties such as PTSD, OCD, eating disorders and addictions. The CBT model is a self help approach with a strong evidence base. As an accredited therapist with over thirty years experience I have used CBT to help hundreds of people of all ages to transform their life.
As a Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist I specialise in the treatment of anxiety and depression but also treat a range of other mental health difficulties such as PTSD, OCD, eating disorders and addictions. The CBT model is a self help approach with a strong evidence base. As an accredited therapist with over thirty years experience I have used CBT to help hundreds of people of all ages to transform their life.
01207 263664 View 01207 263664
Photo of Jennifer Broadley, Psychotherapist, MHGI
Jennifer Broadley
Psychotherapist, MHGI
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
For sure, life can get complicated. Health, finances, relationships, career, family, fitness and unexpected change – more than ever before upsets in these areas can impact our ability to think clearly and move confidently through our day. Clients come to see me when they want fast, effective new outcomes for depression, anxiety, trauma, bereavement and relationship re-thinks.
For sure, life can get complicated. Health, finances, relationships, career, family, fitness and unexpected change – more than ever before upsets in these areas can impact our ability to think clearly and move confidently through our day. Clients come to see me when they want fast, effective new outcomes for depression, anxiety, trauma, bereavement and relationship re-thinks.
07798 792763 View 07798 792763
Photo of Julie Riddell, Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, BACP
Julie Riddell
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, BACP
Aberfeldy PH15
Welcome, I am Julie Riddell and I am a qualified counsellor & psychotherapist dedicated to supporting people through life’s challenges. My approach is warm, empathic, and non-judgemental, creating a safe space where together we can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences at your own pace. I work in a collaborative, respectful way with whatever you want to explore with experience of working with issues such as anxiety, depression, trauma, shame, guilt, grief as well as relationship and friendship issues.
Welcome, I am Julie Riddell and I am a qualified counsellor & psychotherapist dedicated to supporting people through life’s challenges. My approach is warm, empathic, and non-judgemental, creating a safe space where together we can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences at your own pace. I work in a collaborative, respectful way with whatever you want to explore with experience of working with issues such as anxiety, depression, trauma, shame, guilt, grief as well as relationship and friendship issues.
01887 441928 View 01887 441928
Photo of Douglas Sharp, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Douglas Sharp
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Serves Area
I am an experienced therapist & clinical supervisor. A safe space is important and necessary for us to bring vulnerabilities & challenges. Living inevitably means that we face challenges - some experiences get stuck and leave us struggling to cope, or to be at our best. Slowing down, understanding processes, and utilising awareness can help us to live in a healthier way. I aim to help people clear a path for better flow in life and work. I value a healthy baseline - moving & eating well, sleeping soundly, making contact with nourishing people, and living with awareness. I offer Gestalt and DBR (Deep Brain Reorienting) approaches.
I am an experienced therapist & clinical supervisor. A safe space is important and necessary for us to bring vulnerabilities & challenges. Living inevitably means that we face challenges - some experiences get stuck and leave us struggling to cope, or to be at our best. Slowing down, understanding processes, and utilising awareness can help us to live in a healthier way. I aim to help people clear a path for better flow in life and work. I value a healthy baseline - moving & eating well, sleeping soundly, making contact with nourishing people, and living with awareness. I offer Gestalt and DBR (Deep Brain Reorienting) approaches.
01383 669119 View 01383 669119
Photo of Dr Katie Davis, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Katie Davis
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Serves Area
What if. Two words that send your mind down a well-worn path. Words and images that pop into your head at any moment and no matter how hard you try to push it away you find yourself stuck; thinking, feeling and doing the same thing over and over. Maybe it’s reliving the past, maybe it’s worrying about the future, or feeling you need to do something right now or something bad will happen. “What if” is hard to live with. But when your mind is stuck in the “what if’s” your brain is telling you there is something you need to figure out, something you need to rebalance.
What if. Two words that send your mind down a well-worn path. Words and images that pop into your head at any moment and no matter how hard you try to push it away you find yourself stuck; thinking, feeling and doing the same thing over and over. Maybe it’s reliving the past, maybe it’s worrying about the future, or feeling you need to do something right now or something bad will happen. “What if” is hard to live with. But when your mind is stuck in the “what if’s” your brain is telling you there is something you need to figure out, something you need to rebalance.
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Photo of Ailie Scott Dickins, Counsellor, MBACP
Ailie Scott Dickins
Counsellor, MBACP
Serves Area
Hi I'm Ailie, a therapist based in Edinburgh and online. I work with clients to support deeper understanding of patterns and reflect on changes they want to make. I work with clients who are struggling with day to day anxiety and low mood and have a specialisation in CPTSD. I work with clients to feel calmer and more at peace within themselves. Nervous systems can be heightened and we can be acting from a place of fight, flight, freeze or fawn. I work with clients to bring them into a more regulated way of being.
Hi I'm Ailie, a therapist based in Edinburgh and online. I work with clients to support deeper understanding of patterns and reflect on changes they want to make. I work with clients who are struggling with day to day anxiety and low mood and have a specialisation in CPTSD. I work with clients to feel calmer and more at peace within themselves. Nervous systems can be heightened and we can be acting from a place of fight, flight, freeze or fawn. I work with clients to bring them into a more regulated way of being.
0131 381 7344 View 0131 381 7344
Photo of Fiona louise Singer, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Fiona louise Singer
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Dundee DD4
Hello and thank you for being curious about me and how we can work together to support change. Perhaps you have been feeling disconnected with life or body, anxious or depressed or just not reaching your full potential in life or love. Perhaps you have been touched by loss, illness or age-related change such as menopause or retirement. Counselling offers a safe, non- biased space to explore many of these issues and more. I am a qualified pluralistic counsellor with an integrative approach offering a wide range of interventions from different theoretical perspectives. for example, CBT, mindfulness. narrative therapy .
Hello and thank you for being curious about me and how we can work together to support change. Perhaps you have been feeling disconnected with life or body, anxious or depressed or just not reaching your full potential in life or love. Perhaps you have been touched by loss, illness or age-related change such as menopause or retirement. Counselling offers a safe, non- biased space to explore many of these issues and more. I am a qualified pluralistic counsellor with an integrative approach offering a wide range of interventions from different theoretical perspectives. for example, CBT, mindfulness. narrative therapy .
01382 919480 View 01382 919480
Photo of Claire Robertson - Heartwork Services, Counsellor, MBACP
Heartwork Services
Counsellor, MBACP
Dundee DD2
Life, as it turns out, is not without its challenges. Clients often come to visit me with a sense of loss anxiety or sadness. I love watching clients acquire a renewed sense of self-compassion and self-worth. My wish is to support you on your journey to discover that you have the tools required to overcome the challenges in your life. For me it is an honour and a privilege to support you to recognise that harnessing your strengths will allow you to have a more fulfilling and happy life.
Life, as it turns out, is not without its challenges. Clients often come to visit me with a sense of loss anxiety or sadness. I love watching clients acquire a renewed sense of self-compassion and self-worth. My wish is to support you on your journey to discover that you have the tools required to overcome the challenges in your life. For me it is an honour and a privilege to support you to recognise that harnessing your strengths will allow you to have a more fulfilling and happy life.
01382 919583 View 01382 919583
Photo of Sarah Higgins, Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Sarah Higgins
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Dundee DD4
Art/Psychotherapy, Children's Work and Supervision - Are you seeking a safe and creative space to explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences? Whether you're an adult facing life challenges or a child navigating emotions, psychotherapy can help you unlock new pathways to healing and personal growth.
Art/Psychotherapy, Children's Work and Supervision - Are you seeking a safe and creative space to explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences? Whether you're an adult facing life challenges or a child navigating emotions, psychotherapy can help you unlock new pathways to healing and personal growth.
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Photo of Daryl Anthony van Blerk - Mind Room Consultants, Psychologist, CPsychol
Mind Room Consultants
Psychologist, CPsychol
Serves Area
Your point of view will be our starting point. Your insights will be our steppingstones. I will listen to understand; build a relationship with you and discover how to best serve you. I will invest my passion, energy, enthusiasm, and creativity to ensure your success. I will encourage you to connect with your authentic self. I want to work with you to engineer your emotional health and wellbeing state, so it aligns with your core purpose. I am then able to hold you accountable to your own expectations.
Your point of view will be our starting point. Your insights will be our steppingstones. I will listen to understand; build a relationship with you and discover how to best serve you. I will invest my passion, energy, enthusiasm, and creativity to ensure your success. I will encourage you to connect with your authentic self. I want to work with you to engineer your emotional health and wellbeing state, so it aligns with your core purpose. I am then able to hold you accountable to your own expectations.
07403 935628 View 07403 935628
Photo of Morgan Mitchell Emdr, Counsellor, GMBPsS
Morgan Mitchell Emdr
Counsellor, GMBPsS
Perth PH1
Trauma can include life-threatening events or simply moments where you were overwhelmed and felt helpless. A troubling or terrifying event has an impact on the whole person – it is held in the body, changes ways of thinking, and often comes with an overwhelming set of emotional and behavioural responses. At times, these changes and responses are unhelpful and seriously affect people’s quality of life and their ability to move forward. Working together, we explore and come to understand your current responses. We identify tools that you can use to rebuild your life in a way that works for you.
Trauma can include life-threatening events or simply moments where you were overwhelmed and felt helpless. A troubling or terrifying event has an impact on the whole person – it is held in the body, changes ways of thinking, and often comes with an overwhelming set of emotional and behavioural responses. At times, these changes and responses are unhelpful and seriously affect people’s quality of life and their ability to move forward. Working together, we explore and come to understand your current responses. We identify tools that you can use to rebuild your life in a way that works for you.
0131 381 8084 View 0131 381 8084
Photo of Isabella Burns Msc, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Isabella Burns Msc
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Perth PH2
I am an experienced counsellor with over 10 years experience of working with adult individuals and couples. I work with clients who are experiencing difficulties in their lives, such as: anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, panic, relationship issues, gender identity, life changes. I provide a safe and confidential environment for clients online. Each person is unique and experiences life in different ways. If your particular problem isn't listed here, don't let this put you off contacting me. I can offer short or long term counselling.
I am an experienced counsellor with over 10 years experience of working with adult individuals and couples. I work with clients who are experiencing difficulties in their lives, such as: anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, panic, relationship issues, gender identity, life changes. I provide a safe and confidential environment for clients online. Each person is unique and experiences life in different ways. If your particular problem isn't listed here, don't let this put you off contacting me. I can offer short or long term counselling.
07990 873623 View 07990 873623

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in PH8

< 10

Counsellors in PH8 who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% ADHD
100% Anxiety
100% Obsessive-Compulsive (OCD)
100% Life Coaching
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Autism

Average years in practice

3 Years

Gender breakdown

100% Female

How Counsellors in PH8 see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in PH8?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.