Counselling in PA34

Photo of Birte Nachtwey, Psychotherapist, COSRT General
Birte Nachtwey
Psychotherapist, COSRT General
Serves Area
Are you a couple or individual who would like to improve their relationship and/or sexuality? Couple therapy and sex therapy can help you sort things and initiate the changes you want. They are often closely connected. Couple therapy deals with all kinds of problems: different levels of desire for sex and/or closeness, bad communication, fears, hostility, affairs... Sex therapy addresses issues like: erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, difficulities to or lack of orgasm, pain or vaginal spasm during intercourse, desire problems, sex addiction, sexual abuse, problems with gender identity, sexual orientation or preferences.
Are you a couple or individual who would like to improve their relationship and/or sexuality? Couple therapy and sex therapy can help you sort things and initiate the changes you want. They are often closely connected. Couple therapy deals with all kinds of problems: different levels of desire for sex and/or closeness, bad communication, fears, hostility, affairs... Sex therapy addresses issues like: erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, difficulities to or lack of orgasm, pain or vaginal spasm during intercourse, desire problems, sex addiction, sexual abuse, problems with gender identity, sexual orientation or preferences.
01496 733314 View 01496 733314
Photo of Lynn Christine Johnstone, Counsellor, PNCPS Acc.
Lynn Christine Johnstone
Counsellor, PNCPS Acc.
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
I have a passion for working with people and assisting them to work through ongoing issues so that they can for-fill their full potential and live their best life. Attachment is at the core of all of my work, looking at how attachment styles influence a persons way of being. Attachment relates to all aspects of who we are, how we develop and how we form and interact in relationships. Gaining an understanding of attachment, raising awareness of why we behave in certain ways and react to specific situations can help us change and stop repeating negative behaviours & patterns.
I have a passion for working with people and assisting them to work through ongoing issues so that they can for-fill their full potential and live their best life. Attachment is at the core of all of my work, looking at how attachment styles influence a persons way of being. Attachment relates to all aspects of who we are, how we develop and how we form and interact in relationships. Gaining an understanding of attachment, raising awareness of why we behave in certain ways and react to specific situations can help us change and stop repeating negative behaviours & patterns.
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Photo of Dr Fiona McClean, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Fiona McClean
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
I'm a HCPC registered clinical psychologist, accredited EMDR practitioner and am Level 2 IFS (Internal Family Systems) trained. My career spans over 2 decades in both the NHS and independent sector. My main focus is on helping people heal from childhood trauma and become their best selves. I have a particular interest in working with neurodivergent individuals, who have often experienced more than their fair share of these. Although my main modalities are EMDR and IFS, my broad training enables me to work flexibly by drawing upon the best psychological theory and models for your circumstances and personality.
I'm a HCPC registered clinical psychologist, accredited EMDR practitioner and am Level 2 IFS (Internal Family Systems) trained. My career spans over 2 decades in both the NHS and independent sector. My main focus is on helping people heal from childhood trauma and become their best selves. I have a particular interest in working with neurodivergent individuals, who have often experienced more than their fair share of these. Although my main modalities are EMDR and IFS, my broad training enables me to work flexibly by drawing upon the best psychological theory and models for your circumstances and personality.
01546 799267 View 01546 799267
Photo of Michelle Yvonne Wakerell, Counsellor
Michelle Yvonne Wakerell
Counsellor
Serves Area
Thank you for visiting my page. As a Counsellor, Psychotherapist and Clinical Hypnotherapist, I have come to understand over the years that we all have amazing potential and untapped resources within us to make the changes we want. All we need is an open mind, willingness to learn and the courage to try new ways of thinking and behaving. I can help and support you to do this.
Thank you for visiting my page. As a Counsellor, Psychotherapist and Clinical Hypnotherapist, I have come to understand over the years that we all have amazing potential and untapped resources within us to make the changes we want. All we need is an open mind, willingness to learn and the courage to try new ways of thinking and behaving. I can help and support you to do this.
01838 320263 View 01838 320263

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Kai Meredith Goodman - kmgrelationshiptherapy, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
kmgrelationshiptherapy
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
I'm Kai, an individual and relationship therapist, specialising in gender, sexual, erotic and relationship diversity (GSERD). Issues that you want to bring to therapy can be focussed on this diversity, but I also work with a range of other issues, and your GSER diversity may not be the primary focus. However, working with someone who is sensitive and alert to the complexities of diverse expression can still be useful, and foster a feeling of safety and understanding in the therapeutic relationship.
I'm Kai, an individual and relationship therapist, specialising in gender, sexual, erotic and relationship diversity (GSERD). Issues that you want to bring to therapy can be focussed on this diversity, but I also work with a range of other issues, and your GSER diversity may not be the primary focus. However, working with someone who is sensitive and alert to the complexities of diverse expression can still be useful, and foster a feeling of safety and understanding in the therapeutic relationship.
01688 320316 View 01688 320316
Photo of Alison Litster, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Alison Litster
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Changing anything starts with the decision to try! That's not always easy, especially if psychological issues persist. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy aims to effectively address this as a specialised psychological approach. My extensive experience in psychological and psychiatric care assures you of a confidential & professional ear at all times. You have everything to gain by putting yourself first! Don't overthink it, ask and get supported to gain a fresh perspective to feel better within yourself.
Changing anything starts with the decision to try! That's not always easy, especially if psychological issues persist. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy aims to effectively address this as a specialised psychological approach. My extensive experience in psychological and psychiatric care assures you of a confidential & professional ear at all times. You have everything to gain by putting yourself first! Don't overthink it, ask and get supported to gain a fresh perspective to feel better within yourself.
01546 799033 View 01546 799033

Online Therapists

Photo of Rabya Mahmood, Psychotherapist, MSc, PNCPS Acc.
Rabya Mahmood
Psychotherapist, MSc, PNCPS Acc.
Online Only
Taking the first step into seeking help for your own mental health can be extremely daunting. You might feel like you are alone in your struggles or have no one to listen to you. These difficulties can impact every aspect of your life and prevent you from living in healthy and fulfilling way. Talking therapy can help you express the way you truly feel and give you the safe space to make sense of what is happening. It can be a place where you can discover different ways to cope, manage and address those issues which will lead to positive changes.
Taking the first step into seeking help for your own mental health can be extremely daunting. You might feel like you are alone in your struggles or have no one to listen to you. These difficulties can impact every aspect of your life and prevent you from living in healthy and fulfilling way. Talking therapy can help you express the way you truly feel and give you the safe space to make sense of what is happening. It can be a place where you can discover different ways to cope, manage and address those issues which will lead to positive changes.
0131 381 7065 View 0131 381 7065
Photo of Lilian Yee Lam Lee, Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Music Therap.
Lilian Yee Lam Lee
Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Music Therap.
Have you ever felt the weight of wanting to help a loved one but not knowing how? Or maybe you’ve felt alone or disappointed as you navigate a challenging journey. Whether you're supporting an older family member with dementia, a child with additional needs, or facing mental health challenges yourself, these moments can feel isolating. I’m here to walk alongside you and offer a pathway of support through music therapy - a therapeutic space where you can feel truly heard and understood.
Have you ever felt the weight of wanting to help a loved one but not knowing how? Or maybe you’ve felt alone or disappointed as you navigate a challenging journey. Whether you're supporting an older family member with dementia, a child with additional needs, or facing mental health challenges yourself, these moments can feel isolating. I’m here to walk alongside you and offer a pathway of support through music therapy - a therapeutic space where you can feel truly heard and understood.
01506 353989 View 01506 353989
Photo of Neliona Moutsou, Counsellor, MBACP
Neliona Moutsou
Counsellor, MBACP
1 Endorsed
A warm welcome and thank you for visiting my profile. I am Neliona, a trauma and anxiety counsellor based in the city centre of Edinburgh. In a welcoming, safe, compassionate,nurturing environment, I will be your companion through this tough process of putting the pieces of your life and your self back together. One piece at a time we can work together towards healing, self love and wholeness. In my years of experience I have worked with anxiety, trauma, depression, grief, abuse, work related stress and personal growth. I have had extensive experience in working with anxiety and trauma and have made these two my areas of expertise.
A warm welcome and thank you for visiting my profile. I am Neliona, a trauma and anxiety counsellor based in the city centre of Edinburgh. In a welcoming, safe, compassionate,nurturing environment, I will be your companion through this tough process of putting the pieces of your life and your self back together. One piece at a time we can work together towards healing, self love and wholeness. In my years of experience I have worked with anxiety, trauma, depression, grief, abuse, work related stress and personal growth. I have had extensive experience in working with anxiety and trauma and have made these two my areas of expertise.
0131 510 3987 View 0131 510 3987
Photo of Rebecca Shannon, Counsellor, MA, MBACP Accred
Rebecca Shannon
Counsellor, MA, MBACP Accred
1 Endorsed
Counselling is a process that is different for everyone, and I am happy to work with you over the long term or short term, depending on your needs. I like to work collaboratively, exploring together the challenges you face. We can work together find ways to address the past, present and move forward into the future in a positive and healthy way. Being able to untangle some of the problems that trouble us can help lead to better relationships with others and ourselves, and ultimately a healthier, happier outlook. These problems and issues can sometimes feel unmanageable on your own, and this is where counselling can help.
Counselling is a process that is different for everyone, and I am happy to work with you over the long term or short term, depending on your needs. I like to work collaboratively, exploring together the challenges you face. We can work together find ways to address the past, present and move forward into the future in a positive and healthy way. Being able to untangle some of the problems that trouble us can help lead to better relationships with others and ourselves, and ultimately a healthier, happier outlook. These problems and issues can sometimes feel unmanageable on your own, and this is where counselling can help.
01244 987368 View 01244 987368
Photo of Manjeet Dhokia - Manjeet Dhokia at MKD Counselling, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Manjeet Dhokia at MKD Counselling
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Online Only
I truly understand that life can be incredibly challenging at times when we are facing adversities. In therapy, we can gently explore the roots of your difficulties at your own pace. We can examine how cultural conditioning and past experiences, including any trauma that may be impacting you in the present, and how your unique life journey has shaped your thoughts and feelings. Developing self-compassion is a key part of healing, and I'll be there to support you in cultivating that kindness toward yourself. You are the expert on your own life, and I'm here to walk alongside you, offering support and guidance.
I truly understand that life can be incredibly challenging at times when we are facing adversities. In therapy, we can gently explore the roots of your difficulties at your own pace. We can examine how cultural conditioning and past experiences, including any trauma that may be impacting you in the present, and how your unique life journey has shaped your thoughts and feelings. Developing self-compassion is a key part of healing, and I'll be there to support you in cultivating that kindness toward yourself. You are the expert on your own life, and I'm here to walk alongside you, offering support and guidance.
01506 538429 View 01506 538429
Photo of Sara Szabo - Sara Szabo, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Sara Szabo
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
You might feel stuck, unhappy or in distress. You might have experienced something difficult, or you are not even sure what is wrong. Maybe you feel your problem is too small to bring it to therapy. I offer a safe space where together we can work to make sense of your experience. I'm an integrative practitioner, which allows me to tailor the process depending on individual needs. I draw on a range of approaches such as transactional analysis, psychodynamic and person-centred models to provide the support you require in exploring the issues with which you’re having difficulties.
You might feel stuck, unhappy or in distress. You might have experienced something difficult, or you are not even sure what is wrong. Maybe you feel your problem is too small to bring it to therapy. I offer a safe space where together we can work to make sense of your experience. I'm an integrative practitioner, which allows me to tailor the process depending on individual needs. I draw on a range of approaches such as transactional analysis, psychodynamic and person-centred models to provide the support you require in exploring the issues with which you’re having difficulties.
0131 381 6001 View 0131 381 6001
Photo of Robyn Ross, Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Robyn Ross
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Online Only
Hello and thank you for visiting. I am a fully qualified person-centred and EMDR therapist originally from the US, offering a warm, empathic approach to help my clients safely explore and heal whatever is holding them back or causing distress. I am originally from the US and have had the privilege to work with diverse populations. I utilise a culturally sensitive approach and consider it an honour to work with each client, regardless of race, religion, ethnicity, ability, gender or sexual orientation. Particular areas of experience include trauma, depression, anxiety/panic attacks, attachment, identity and self-esteem.
Hello and thank you for visiting. I am a fully qualified person-centred and EMDR therapist originally from the US, offering a warm, empathic approach to help my clients safely explore and heal whatever is holding them back or causing distress. I am originally from the US and have had the privilege to work with diverse populations. I utilise a culturally sensitive approach and consider it an honour to work with each client, regardless of race, religion, ethnicity, ability, gender or sexual orientation. Particular areas of experience include trauma, depression, anxiety/panic attacks, attachment, identity and self-esteem.
01236 918823 View 01236 918823
Photo of Nick Kartsanis, Counsellor, MCOSCA
Nick Kartsanis
Counsellor, MCOSCA
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Being human is hard, but you don't have to go it alone. I will give you the time and space to explore the difficulties you face at a pace which is comfortable for you, to help you live a life more satisfying, meaningful, and free. I can help you understand yourself better, be more present and more purposeful in your life, and improve your relationship with yourself and others.
Being human is hard, but you don't have to go it alone. I will give you the time and space to explore the difficulties you face at a pace which is comfortable for you, to help you live a life more satisfying, meaningful, and free. I can help you understand yourself better, be more present and more purposeful in your life, and improve your relationship with yourself and others.
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Photo of Ian Burke - Clinical Forensic Psychology , Psychologist, PsychD
Clinical Forensic Psychology
Psychologist, PsychD
Edinburgh EH16
Clinical Forensic Psychology is a child focused psychology practice specialising in the assessment and treatment of children and young people presenting with emotional and mental health difficulties related to experiences of trauma. In addition, I also provide treatment for children who are struggling with a wide range of emotional and behavioural difficulties. If you think I can help you or your child please get in contact with me for a no obligation discussion. You can find my website at www.clinicalforensic.com
Clinical Forensic Psychology is a child focused psychology practice specialising in the assessment and treatment of children and young people presenting with emotional and mental health difficulties related to experiences of trauma. In addition, I also provide treatment for children who are struggling with a wide range of emotional and behavioural difficulties. If you think I can help you or your child please get in contact with me for a no obligation discussion. You can find my website at www.clinicalforensic.com
01764 915909 View 01764 915909
Photo of Lisa Wyllie - Uniquely Minded Counselling, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Uniquely Minded Counselling
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Waitlist for new clients
Hello, I'm Lisa, a Queer and neurodivergent psychotherapist working with individuals (adults only) and relationships/families. I know first hand how daunting it can be to chose a therapist, particularly for people from minority groups who typically experience discrimination, so I hope my profile gives you a sense of how I work and if we'd be well suited. I aim to establish a nurturing therapeutic relationship with you characterised by transparency, authenticity, trust and just a dash of humour! My availability is: Monday 12.30 - 8pm, Tuesday 12.30 - 8pm, Thursday 12.30 - 8pm, Friday 12.30 -6.30pm.
Hello, I'm Lisa, a Queer and neurodivergent psychotherapist working with individuals (adults only) and relationships/families. I know first hand how daunting it can be to chose a therapist, particularly for people from minority groups who typically experience discrimination, so I hope my profile gives you a sense of how I work and if we'd be well suited. I aim to establish a nurturing therapeutic relationship with you characterised by transparency, authenticity, trust and just a dash of humour! My availability is: Monday 12.30 - 8pm, Tuesday 12.30 - 8pm, Thursday 12.30 - 8pm, Friday 12.30 -6.30pm.
07380 531744 View 07380 531744
Photo of Carolina Isabel Riera Quintero - Child and Brain, Psychologist, PsychD, CPsychol
Child and Brain
Psychologist, PsychD, CPsychol
Has your child anxiety? Sensory or motor issues? Struggles at school? Can you cope with these? Have you had any assessment and/without medication but it seems not to be enough? Your child might have ADHD, Dyslexia, development delay or something else, but solutions offered do not improve their quality of life? Primitive reflexes integration therapy can help. Neuroscience techniques are developing quickly nowadays, and therapies based on neuroplasticity stimulation are under science research giving great results.
Has your child anxiety? Sensory or motor issues? Struggles at school? Can you cope with these? Have you had any assessment and/without medication but it seems not to be enough? Your child might have ADHD, Dyslexia, development delay or something else, but solutions offered do not improve their quality of life? Primitive reflexes integration therapy can help. Neuroscience techniques are developing quickly nowadays, and therapies based on neuroplasticity stimulation are under science research giving great results.
0131 381 0268 View 0131 381 0268
Photo of Nicola Warren, Counsellor, BACP
Nicola Warren
Counsellor, BACP
2 Endorsed
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected from the person you want to be? Life’s challenges - like anxiety, low self-esteem, grief, depression, or the effects of domestic abuse - can leave you feeling lost or unsure how to move forward. I offer a warm, supportive space where you can explore your feelings, gain clarity, and rebuild your confidence. Using evidence-based tools from CBT, I help you manage difficult emotions, challenge unhelpful thoughts, and better understand yourself.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected from the person you want to be? Life’s challenges - like anxiety, low self-esteem, grief, depression, or the effects of domestic abuse - can leave you feeling lost or unsure how to move forward. I offer a warm, supportive space where you can explore your feelings, gain clarity, and rebuild your confidence. Using evidence-based tools from CBT, I help you manage difficult emotions, challenge unhelpful thoughts, and better understand yourself.
0141 673 0748 View 0141 673 0748
Photo of Fiona Masson - Fiona Masson - Anxiety Specialist (CBT and SFBT), Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
I work from a CBT and Solution Focused approach but incorporate many ideas and tools from other fantastic therapies (such as mindfulness, hypnosis & active imagination). I am passionate about individualised therapy, making sure that the therapy fits your needs and not the other way around. I know from experience that simply talking about your problems is not enough, so I teach you practical tools and strategies to get you through this difficult time and out the other side. Good therapy is not just about moving away from problems, it’s also about building a better future and arming yourself with the right tools to finally get there!
I work from a CBT and Solution Focused approach but incorporate many ideas and tools from other fantastic therapies (such as mindfulness, hypnosis & active imagination). I am passionate about individualised therapy, making sure that the therapy fits your needs and not the other way around. I know from experience that simply talking about your problems is not enough, so I teach you practical tools and strategies to get you through this difficult time and out the other side. Good therapy is not just about moving away from problems, it’s also about building a better future and arming yourself with the right tools to finally get there!
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Photo of Donna McDonald, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Donna McDonald
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Airdrie ML6
I believe in having a holistic approach when referring to someone’s wellbeing and recognising each person as an individual. What helps one person may not help another. I do believe we all need a variety of good resources that we can turn to. These resources should be diverse enough for you to use wherever you are and whenever you need something. Whether you are struggling with trauma, bereavement, depression or existential difficulties, the biggest resource you have is truly knowing yourself and listening to your inner voice and developing a sense of peace within.
I believe in having a holistic approach when referring to someone’s wellbeing and recognising each person as an individual. What helps one person may not help another. I do believe we all need a variety of good resources that we can turn to. These resources should be diverse enough for you to use wherever you are and whenever you need something. Whether you are struggling with trauma, bereavement, depression or existential difficulties, the biggest resource you have is truly knowing yourself and listening to your inner voice and developing a sense of peace within.
01236 918766 View 01236 918766

Nearby Searches for PA34

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How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in PA34

< 10

Counsellors in PA34 who prioritize treating:

100% Trauma and PTSD
75% Anger Management
75% Peer Relationships
75% Self Esteem
75% Life Transitions
50% Relationship Issues
50% Depression

Average years in practice

17 Years

Gender breakdown

100% Female

How Counsellors in PA34 see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in PA34?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.