Counselling in London

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Photo of Meral Mehmet, Psychotherapist in London, England
Meral Mehmet
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
London SW19  (Online Only)
Hello, I am Meral. You may have arrived at this page because you are wanting to feel different. Whether or not you have in mind where you would like to start, let us figure it out together. Anxiety and depression can often take the lead in our lives. The impact of external stressors and of our internal world including thoughts, feelings and behaviours can serve to perpetuate unwanted maintenance cycles. Together we can explore and better understand what you may be experiencing. Through my expertise I can guide you in acquiring tools and techniques to promote self-empowerment, choice and desired change.
Hello, I am Meral. You may have arrived at this page because you are wanting to feel different. Whether or not you have in mind where you would like to start, let us figure it out together. Anxiety and depression can often take the lead in our lives. The impact of external stressors and of our internal world including thoughts, feelings and behaviours can serve to perpetuate unwanted maintenance cycles. Together we can explore and better understand what you may be experiencing. Through my expertise I can guide you in acquiring tools and techniques to promote self-empowerment, choice and desired change.
020 3376 8295 View 020 3376 8295
Photo of Ivan Charatan Counselling and Psychotherapy, Psychotherapist in London, England
Ivan Charatan Counselling and Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
London E17
All human beings go through challenging times. Sometimes it might be a small thing you want to discuss. Or, you might be experiencing anxiety or depression or other emotions that may feel disturbing or even unbearable. Possibly you might feel things are changing for you, and would like to share this with someone.
All human beings go through challenging times. Sometimes it might be a small thing you want to discuss. Or, you might be experiencing anxiety or depression or other emotions that may feel disturbing or even unbearable. Possibly you might feel things are changing for you, and would like to share this with someone.
01992 945312 View 01992 945312
Photo of Michelle Williams - The Blackbird Clinic, Psychologist in London, England
Michelle Williams - The Blackbird Clinic
Psychologist, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
London EC2M
Anxiety and burnout can make you feel stuck, but there is hope. I believe that recovery from adversity stimulates you to grow and to fulfil your full potential. My job is to help you to get back on your feet as quickly as possible and give you the tools to feel confident about your future. We will be a good fit if you are interested in: - a collaborative approach to therapy; - evidence-based treatment in an easily understandable and accessible way; - a professional who challenges you and is engaged and doesn’t sit back and nod; - open mind.
Anxiety and burnout can make you feel stuck, but there is hope. I believe that recovery from adversity stimulates you to grow and to fulfil your full potential. My job is to help you to get back on your feet as quickly as possible and give you the tools to feel confident about your future. We will be a good fit if you are interested in: - a collaborative approach to therapy; - evidence-based treatment in an easily understandable and accessible way; - a professional who challenges you and is engaged and doesn’t sit back and nod; - open mind.
07999 979821 View 07999 979821
Photo of Lindsay Smith, Psychologist in London, England
Lindsay Smith
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London SE16
People consult me for many reasons. They may have problems in their relationships, feel trapped or overwhelmed by negative emotions, or by thoughts and feelings that spiral out of control. They may feel like they hide their vulnerabilities behind a mask, or struggle to find their place in the world and their purpose in life. I specialise in working with clients with complex emotional and social difficulties, including people with attachment problems and relationship issues, and people with previous traumatic experiences. My clients say I am open-minded, non-judgmental, straight-forward and good-humoured.
People consult me for many reasons. They may have problems in their relationships, feel trapped or overwhelmed by negative emotions, or by thoughts and feelings that spiral out of control. They may feel like they hide their vulnerabilities behind a mask, or struggle to find their place in the world and their purpose in life. I specialise in working with clients with complex emotional and social difficulties, including people with attachment problems and relationship issues, and people with previous traumatic experiences. My clients say I am open-minded, non-judgmental, straight-forward and good-humoured.
020 3871 8573 View 020 3871 8573
Photo of Richard Adam, Psychotherapist in London, England
Richard Adam
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London E2
We can all face challenging times in our lives. Whether we are feeling stuck, lost, sad, confused or have yet to come to terms with the weight of our past. ​I provide a safe, non-judgemental and supportive set of conditions to foster a collaborative exploratory and reflective space. This can enable a greater self-awareness and self-understanding, which can lead to making different choices. The sessions are client-led, which means the content and pace of work is set by you and guided by me.
We can all face challenging times in our lives. Whether we are feeling stuck, lost, sad, confused or have yet to come to terms with the weight of our past. ​I provide a safe, non-judgemental and supportive set of conditions to foster a collaborative exploratory and reflective space. This can enable a greater self-awareness and self-understanding, which can lead to making different choices. The sessions are client-led, which means the content and pace of work is set by you and guided by me.
020 3667 9453 View 020 3667 9453
Photo of Dr Chloe Foster, Psychologist in London, England
Dr Chloe Foster
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London E17
Not accepting new clients
I am a clinical psychologist with expertise in treating anxiety disorders using Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT). I specialise in treating obsessive compulsive disorder, emetophobia (vomit phobia) and other phobias, generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety, health anxiety, body dysmorphic disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. I use my in-depth knowledge of anxiety disorders and extensive experience in CBT to support those I work with to bring change to their lives, even if they have struggled with anxiety for many years.
I am a clinical psychologist with expertise in treating anxiety disorders using Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT). I specialise in treating obsessive compulsive disorder, emetophobia (vomit phobia) and other phobias, generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety, health anxiety, body dysmorphic disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. I use my in-depth knowledge of anxiety disorders and extensive experience in CBT to support those I work with to bring change to their lives, even if they have struggled with anxiety for many years.
020 4538 5880 View 020 4538 5880
Photo of Dr Anna Wachowska Psychologist, Psychologist in London, England
Dr Anna Wachowska Psychologist
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
London N20  (Online Only)
I am a Counselling Psychologist and I work in an integrative and holistic way, accounting for both the mind and the body, drawing on different therapeutic approaches in order to meet my client’s needs. However, I tend to use the psychodynamic perspective centrally in my practice, focusing on making key links between the past and the present; this also means that I take into special consideration attachment based wounds, the unconscious factors contributing to the development and maintenance of difficulties as well as the ways in which we relate to ourselves and to others.
I am a Counselling Psychologist and I work in an integrative and holistic way, accounting for both the mind and the body, drawing on different therapeutic approaches in order to meet my client’s needs. However, I tend to use the psychodynamic perspective centrally in my practice, focusing on making key links between the past and the present; this also means that I take into special consideration attachment based wounds, the unconscious factors contributing to the development and maintenance of difficulties as well as the ways in which we relate to ourselves and to others.
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Photo of Barbara Thorpe-Tracey, Psychotherapist in London, England
Barbara Thorpe-Tracey
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London N1
It’s not unusual to feel unsettled and lost in uncertain times. Sometimes troubled relationships at home or work or from the past can bring low or anxious feelings that may prompt you to step back and ask yourself who you really are and what is the way forward. As an Existential Psychotherapist I can be with you to explore how is it for you to be you right now in the world in which you find yourself. What possibilities are open to you? What are your anxious feelings really telling you? How can you be OK with the feelings and situations that make you uncomfortable, or not knowing what the future holds?
It’s not unusual to feel unsettled and lost in uncertain times. Sometimes troubled relationships at home or work or from the past can bring low or anxious feelings that may prompt you to step back and ask yourself who you really are and what is the way forward. As an Existential Psychotherapist I can be with you to explore how is it for you to be you right now in the world in which you find yourself. What possibilities are open to you? What are your anxious feelings really telling you? How can you be OK with the feelings and situations that make you uncomfortable, or not knowing what the future holds?
020 4538 6665 View 020 4538 6665
Photo of Stephanie M D Gerra, Psychotherapist in London, England
Stephanie M D Gerra
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London EC1R
Psychotherapy and counselling are immensely helpful tools when life challenges us beyond what we can cope with: the sudden loss of a job, the breakup of a relationship or the loss of a loved one. But even when we are not dealing with something that big and may simply feel adrift, or like we are struggling to reconnect to a sense of enthusiasm either professionally or personally, psychotherapy and counselling can help us to see these crises as opportunities for growth and change; portals to go beyond the limitations set by old patterns which no longer serve us, so that we may evolve into a better version of ourselves.
Psychotherapy and counselling are immensely helpful tools when life challenges us beyond what we can cope with: the sudden loss of a job, the breakup of a relationship or the loss of a loved one. But even when we are not dealing with something that big and may simply feel adrift, or like we are struggling to reconnect to a sense of enthusiasm either professionally or personally, psychotherapy and counselling can help us to see these crises as opportunities for growth and change; portals to go beyond the limitations set by old patterns which no longer serve us, so that we may evolve into a better version of ourselves.
020 7383 5083 View 020 7383 5083
Photo of Sandra Miller, Psychotherapist in London, England
Sandra Miller
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW1W  (Online Only)
I provide long, medium and short term Counselling & Psychotherapy in a safe and confidential space. I work as an Integrative practitioner which means that I draw from a variety of psychological theories and techniques, guided by what clients inform me they find helpful, as well as by research findings and theory. I can support you with various issues such as anxiety, low mood, depression, panic, stress, relationship problems and interpersonal difficulties, or any other life changes and goals you wish to achieve. You can approach me if you're unsure about anything personal and just want to talk to a therapist about it..
I provide long, medium and short term Counselling & Psychotherapy in a safe and confidential space. I work as an Integrative practitioner which means that I draw from a variety of psychological theories and techniques, guided by what clients inform me they find helpful, as well as by research findings and theory. I can support you with various issues such as anxiety, low mood, depression, panic, stress, relationship problems and interpersonal difficulties, or any other life changes and goals you wish to achieve. You can approach me if you're unsure about anything personal and just want to talk to a therapist about it..
020 8154 5432 View 020 8154 5432
Photo of Alice Kentridge, Psychotherapist in London, England
Alice Kentridge
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
London E8
I am an experienced psychodynamic psychotherapist offering individual therapy in Hackney. I am BACP accredited and provide both short-term and open-ended therapy. I offer a calm, thoughtful, and non-judgmental space in which to explore, make connections, and get support with difficult feelings. I have experience with a wide range of issues and a particular focus on working with clients around issues of gender, sexuality and relationship diversity. I currently work in the NHS as a psychotherapist in Sexual Health and have also worked in university counseling and community services.
I am an experienced psychodynamic psychotherapist offering individual therapy in Hackney. I am BACP accredited and provide both short-term and open-ended therapy. I offer a calm, thoughtful, and non-judgmental space in which to explore, make connections, and get support with difficult feelings. I have experience with a wide range of issues and a particular focus on working with clients around issues of gender, sexuality and relationship diversity. I currently work in the NHS as a psychotherapist in Sexual Health and have also worked in university counseling and community services.
020 4538 8740 View 020 4538 8740
Photo of Selina Rainford, Counsellor in London, England
Selina Rainford
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW19  (Online Only)
As an Integrative Therapist, my primary role is to provide support to individuals who are seeking guidance in addressing their current needs. With 8 years of experience in training and working with diverse client groups, I have gained valuable understanding. In addition to acquiring professional therapeutic qualifications to enhance my practice, I am well versed in assisting a number of client presentations such as: Trauma • Sexual Abuse • Alcohol & Substance misuse • Depression • Anxiety • PTSD • Family & Relationship issues • Sexuality/LGBTQ support • Anger & Behavioural struggles, among other client presentations.
As an Integrative Therapist, my primary role is to provide support to individuals who are seeking guidance in addressing their current needs. With 8 years of experience in training and working with diverse client groups, I have gained valuable understanding. In addition to acquiring professional therapeutic qualifications to enhance my practice, I am well versed in assisting a number of client presentations such as: Trauma • Sexual Abuse • Alcohol & Substance misuse • Depression • Anxiety • PTSD • Family & Relationship issues • Sexuality/LGBTQ support • Anger & Behavioural struggles, among other client presentations.
020 4530 8326 View 020 4530 8326
Photo of Magdalena Jagielska, Counsellor in London, England
Magdalena Jagielska
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW15
I am qualified and experienced BACP registered therapeutic counsellor/psychotherapist with 15 years of experience working with adults, teenagers and childrens.My clients come to see me with a range of issues. Many are associated with relationship problems, some are struggling through divorce, anxiety, depression , anger, cultural issues, commitment issues and bullying. Some clients want to work on their self-esteem and confidence related issues. Some clients wish to work through childhood trauma. While others wish to work through bereavement and loss.
I am qualified and experienced BACP registered therapeutic counsellor/psychotherapist with 15 years of experience working with adults, teenagers and childrens.My clients come to see me with a range of issues. Many are associated with relationship problems, some are struggling through divorce, anxiety, depression , anger, cultural issues, commitment issues and bullying. Some clients want to work on their self-esteem and confidence related issues. Some clients wish to work through childhood trauma. While others wish to work through bereavement and loss.
020 3097 1572 View 020 3097 1572
Photo of Edinson Zapata Castrillon, Counsellor in London, England
Edinson Zapata Castrillon
Counsellor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London SE1
I'm a counsellor who brings calm and peacefulness into the chaotic and hectic situations of modern times. I am able to maintain the calm and serenity required when dealing with issues and experiences that could bring painful feelings and overwhelming emotions. I use a Person-Centred approach to counselling. I believe that everyone has the innate ability to resolve their psycho-emotional issues and decide on the best direction to take in order to live a happy and fulfilling life. I can create the right environment so that each individual can explore the best way to achieve this for themselves.
I'm a counsellor who brings calm and peacefulness into the chaotic and hectic situations of modern times. I am able to maintain the calm and serenity required when dealing with issues and experiences that could bring painful feelings and overwhelming emotions. I use a Person-Centred approach to counselling. I believe that everyone has the innate ability to resolve their psycho-emotional issues and decide on the best direction to take in order to live a happy and fulfilling life. I can create the right environment so that each individual can explore the best way to achieve this for themselves.
020 4538 7827 View 020 4538 7827
Photo of Sophie Singh, Counsellor in London, England
Sophie Singh
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, BACP
Verified Verified
London E18
We all need help from time to time, and you shouldn't be embarrassed for asking for it. I am a down to earth and compassionate person, who understands what it is like to need a boost. In my years I have truly heard it all, and my biggest goal is to empower rather than judge my clients. One of my favourite quotes comes from Marisa Peer who explains that “to be happy you have to make peace with your past, love the present and feel so excited about the future”. No problem is too big to solve and I have witnessed counselling change the lives of so many people and I know I can help change yours too.
We all need help from time to time, and you shouldn't be embarrassed for asking for it. I am a down to earth and compassionate person, who understands what it is like to need a boost. In my years I have truly heard it all, and my biggest goal is to empower rather than judge my clients. One of my favourite quotes comes from Marisa Peer who explains that “to be happy you have to make peace with your past, love the present and feel so excited about the future”. No problem is too big to solve and I have witnessed counselling change the lives of so many people and I know I can help change yours too.
020 4538 2847 View 020 4538 2847
Photo of Sinéad Long, Counsellor in London, England
Sinéad Long
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW6
Psychotherapeutic counselling with a warm and relatable BACP registered qualified therapist. I offer humanistic, psychodynamic based integrative therapy informed by a relational approach. What is this like in practise? Essentially, supported by a safe environment and without judgment, we can explore anything you need to (you might not know what - that is welcome too).
Psychotherapeutic counselling with a warm and relatable BACP registered qualified therapist. I offer humanistic, psychodynamic based integrative therapy informed by a relational approach. What is this like in practise? Essentially, supported by a safe environment and without judgment, we can explore anything you need to (you might not know what - that is welcome too).
01373 486987 View 01373 486987
Photo of Nia Gkizounidi, Psychotherapist in London, England
Nia Gkizounidi
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
London E10  (Online Only)
Sometimes when our difficulties overwhelm us, we cannot pinpoint what prevents us from growing. Using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) we aim to collaboratively gain an understanding of how our problems affects us and use personalised techniques to work towards what is valuable to us. As a fully qualified Greek/English speaking BABCP Accredited Cognitive Behavioural psychotherapist my aim is to support people in having a beneficial therapeutic experience by building resilience, confidence, flexibility, and strength to overcome struggles.
Sometimes when our difficulties overwhelm us, we cannot pinpoint what prevents us from growing. Using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) we aim to collaboratively gain an understanding of how our problems affects us and use personalised techniques to work towards what is valuable to us. As a fully qualified Greek/English speaking BABCP Accredited Cognitive Behavioural psychotherapist my aim is to support people in having a beneficial therapeutic experience by building resilience, confidence, flexibility, and strength to overcome struggles.
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Photo of Montserrat Gonzalez Perez, Psychologist in London, England
Montserrat Gonzalez Perez
Psychologist, PhD, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
London E10
I work with adults and adolescents who would like to understand themselves better and who may need some help with managing their emotions and their day to day lives, improving their relationships, anxiety levels, getting relief from symptoms of past experiences and improving their self esteem and confidence.
I work with adults and adolescents who would like to understand themselves better and who may need some help with managing their emotions and their day to day lives, improving their relationships, anxiety levels, getting relief from symptoms of past experiences and improving their self esteem and confidence.
020 3909 6498 View 020 3909 6498
Photo of Michelle Bativala, Psychotherapist in London, England
Michelle Bativala
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London SW19
Anxiety and Depression can creep up on us at any time, sometimes you don't stop to notice the signs and triggers until you feel at a crisis point and life feels heavy, grey and without any positivity or colour. Counselling can offer a space and someone to listen and help you manage the effects of depression and find out more about the root of anxiety and how to notice triggers.
Anxiety and Depression can creep up on us at any time, sometimes you don't stop to notice the signs and triggers until you feel at a crisis point and life feels heavy, grey and without any positivity or colour. Counselling can offer a space and someone to listen and help you manage the effects of depression and find out more about the root of anxiety and how to notice triggers.
01260 544548 View 01260 544548
Photo of Jill Twentyman, Psychotherapist in London, England
Jill Twentyman
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
London SW8
You might be anxious or depressed or hampered by repetitive and intrusive thoughts or feelings that prevent you enjoying life. You might be experiencing stress because of work or personal circumstances. You might have sexual problems or have lost the closeness and intimacy you once had with your partner. You might be worried about a dependency, addiction or a compulsive behaviour that has increasingly adverse consequences. You might feel lonely or isolated or be in conflict with family or friends. You might just have a specific problem that requires some thought or exploration. You might live in the shadow of unresolved trauma.
You might be anxious or depressed or hampered by repetitive and intrusive thoughts or feelings that prevent you enjoying life. You might be experiencing stress because of work or personal circumstances. You might have sexual problems or have lost the closeness and intimacy you once had with your partner. You might be worried about a dependency, addiction or a compulsive behaviour that has increasingly adverse consequences. You might feel lonely or isolated or be in conflict with family or friends. You might just have a specific problem that requires some thought or exploration. You might live in the shadow of unresolved trauma.
020 3835 5518 View 020 3835 5518

See more therapy options for London

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in London

3,000+

Average cost per session

£75

Counsellors in London who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
84% Self Esteem
81% Relationship Issues
79% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD
63% Bereavement

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Aviva
65% AXA PPP
58% Vitality

How Counsellors in London see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
24% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in London?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.