Counselling in Arundel
Louisa Tait
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
Arundel BN18
Waitlist for new clients
I specialise in working with those who have experienced trauma as children, adolescents, and adults and subsequent PTSD and Complex PTSD if present. I can provide a safe space in which thoughts and feelings can be explored confidentially and without judgement. Through talking and creative exercises, difficult feelings can be acknowledged, understood, healing can start, and changes occur. I am a PhD student researching the connection between mind and body, I employ elements of this in my approach. This can help restore your confidence, connection with self, resilience, allow you to develop inner ease, and re-establish relationships.
I specialise in working with those who have experienced trauma as children, adolescents, and adults and subsequent PTSD and Complex PTSD if present. I can provide a safe space in which thoughts and feelings can be explored confidentially and without judgement. Through talking and creative exercises, difficult feelings can be acknowledged, understood, healing can start, and changes occur. I am a PhD student researching the connection between mind and body, I employ elements of this in my approach. This can help restore your confidence, connection with self, resilience, allow you to develop inner ease, and re-establish relationships.
Lucy M Brooks
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Arundel BN18
I am a registered Clinical Psychologist with a special interest in working with children, adolescents and their families. I work with families of young children as well as individual therapy for older children and adolescents. I offer assessment and interventions for many emotional and behavioural difficulties such as anxiety and mood disorders, eating difficulties, sleeping difficulties, social/ relationship issues, self esteem and resilience, coping with physical health problems, trauma, and attachment. My interventions aim to support the family and child or young person in making positive changes in their emotional well being.
I am a registered Clinical Psychologist with a special interest in working with children, adolescents and their families. I work with families of young children as well as individual therapy for older children and adolescents. I offer assessment and interventions for many emotional and behavioural difficulties such as anxiety and mood disorders, eating difficulties, sleeping difficulties, social/ relationship issues, self esteem and resilience, coping with physical health problems, trauma, and attachment. My interventions aim to support the family and child or young person in making positive changes in their emotional well being.
More Therapists Nearby
Victoria Clancy
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Chichester PO20
Hi, I am Vicky, I offer face to face and online psychotherapy; play and art therapy for children and young people in the Sussex area. I have a private room located in Oving, Chichester as well as working in schools and other locations in West Sussex. I also offer support for parents, teachers and professionals. I specialise in working with young people who are impacted by trauma, anxiety, depressive symptoms and behavioural difficulties. My website explains this in more detail: victoria@victoriaclancy.co.uk or you may prefer to give me a call or email to find out more: 07867 433 558, victoria@victoriaclancy.co.uk.
Hi, I am Vicky, I offer face to face and online psychotherapy; play and art therapy for children and young people in the Sussex area. I have a private room located in Oving, Chichester as well as working in schools and other locations in West Sussex. I also offer support for parents, teachers and professionals. I specialise in working with young people who are impacted by trauma, anxiety, depressive symptoms and behavioural difficulties. My website explains this in more detail: victoria@victoriaclancy.co.uk or you may prefer to give me a call or email to find out more: 07867 433 558, victoria@victoriaclancy.co.uk.
Online Therapists
Marta Benko
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London NW3
Supporting kids, YP, parents and adults with: mental health difficulties in the context of a physical illness (especially with endometriosis, asthma, CF, oncology, haematology, gastroenterology, dermatology, neurosurgery, and surgery), health anxiety, functional presentation/ medically unexplained symptom, relationship breakdown and divorce, children and young people, school avoidance/school anxiety, ex-pats and 3rd country children, mood difficulties (anxiety, panic attacks, fear and phobias, low mood) , stress , OCD, body repetitive behaviours (hair pulling, skin picking, nail biting) , sleep, non-underweight eating disorders.
Supporting kids, YP, parents and adults with: mental health difficulties in the context of a physical illness (especially with endometriosis, asthma, CF, oncology, haematology, gastroenterology, dermatology, neurosurgery, and surgery), health anxiety, functional presentation/ medically unexplained symptom, relationship breakdown and divorce, children and young people, school avoidance/school anxiety, ex-pats and 3rd country children, mood difficulties (anxiety, panic attacks, fear and phobias, low mood) , stress , OCD, body repetitive behaviours (hair pulling, skin picking, nail biting) , sleep, non-underweight eating disorders.
Shoshana Rose Stern
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
Edgware HA8
I have a broad range of experience, from working with non-verbal clients on the autistic spectrum, to those with learning disabilities, eating disorders, OCD and long term health conditions.
Hi, I am Shoshana. I am an Art Psychotherapist. Whether you are struggling to cope with current events or longer term unresolved feelings, I can help you explore the meaning of these emotions and how to process through them to become healthier and happier in yourself. By using art in the therapy, we can explore deep rooted causes for why we feel the way we do. Art helps us reach our unconscious voice that wants to be heard. Through developing a relationship in a safe and confidential space, I will help you explore what it is that you need to process.
I have a broad range of experience, from working with non-verbal clients on the autistic spectrum, to those with learning disabilities, eating disorders, OCD and long term health conditions.
Hi, I am Shoshana. I am an Art Psychotherapist. Whether you are struggling to cope with current events or longer term unresolved feelings, I can help you explore the meaning of these emotions and how to process through them to become healthier and happier in yourself. By using art in the therapy, we can explore deep rooted causes for why we feel the way we do. Art helps us reach our unconscious voice that wants to be heard. Through developing a relationship in a safe and confidential space, I will help you explore what it is that you need to process.
Dr Miriam Lobo
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Brighton BN2
I'm Dr Miriam Lobo, a Brighton and Hove, Senior Clinical Psychologist. I have more than 20 years of experience of providing psychological support both in the NHS and private practice. I have extensive experience of working with both adults, children, young people and families across the majority of mental health issues and diagnosis. From anxiety conditions, health issues, relationships issues, self harm, stress, OCD, depression, ASC, and longer term conditions. I have a specialised interest in ASC, Birth Trauma, sexual health, OCD and anxiety presentations. I split my time to work with both adults and young people and families.
I'm Dr Miriam Lobo, a Brighton and Hove, Senior Clinical Psychologist. I have more than 20 years of experience of providing psychological support both in the NHS and private practice. I have extensive experience of working with both adults, children, young people and families across the majority of mental health issues and diagnosis. From anxiety conditions, health issues, relationships issues, self harm, stress, OCD, depression, ASC, and longer term conditions. I have a specialised interest in ASC, Birth Trauma, sexual health, OCD and anxiety presentations. I split my time to work with both adults and young people and families.
Julia Belton
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Oxford OX2
They may also have issues related to diagnoses such as ASD, ADHD, OCD, or self- harm such as an eating disorder.
I am a Child and Adolescent Psychotherapist working in Oxford. I specialise in supporting young people, adults and families. As a former teacher I have a unique insight into how schools can support young people and if necessary I can facilitate communication between schools and families. For many years I have supported parents who face challenging situations, either individually, as a couple or in parent groups. I have over 20 years experience working with young people and adults both in schools and in private practice. Please get in touch for an informal chat or have a look at my website: juliabeltonpsychotherapy.co.uk.
They may also have issues related to diagnoses such as ASD, ADHD, OCD, or self- harm such as an eating disorder.
I am a Child and Adolescent Psychotherapist working in Oxford. I specialise in supporting young people, adults and families. As a former teacher I have a unique insight into how schools can support young people and if necessary I can facilitate communication between schools and families. For many years I have supported parents who face challenging situations, either individually, as a couple or in parent groups. I have over 20 years experience working with young people and adults both in schools and in private practice. Please get in touch for an informal chat or have a look at my website: juliabeltonpsychotherapy.co.uk.
Amanda Jane Morris. Counsellor Supervisor- Bacp Accred
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bromley BR1 (Online Only)
As a Senior Accredited Integrative Psychotherapist /Supervisor with over 10 years experience working with young people and adults. I offer a safe, confidential, collaborative space , (either online (GDPR safe) or face 2 face, for us to work together and find a way forward. I specialise in working with children and teenagers also SEN, often holding the sessions in their home environment as this enables them to relax more. Trained in CBT, Person-Centred and Psycho-dynamic, working with a range of issues such as stress, depression, anxiety, self harm, intrusive/suicidal thoughts, panic attacks, OCD, bereavement and more.
As a Senior Accredited Integrative Psychotherapist /Supervisor with over 10 years experience working with young people and adults. I offer a safe, confidential, collaborative space , (either online (GDPR safe) or face 2 face, for us to work together and find a way forward. I specialise in working with children and teenagers also SEN, often holding the sessions in their home environment as this enables them to relax more. Trained in CBT, Person-Centred and Psycho-dynamic, working with a range of issues such as stress, depression, anxiety, self harm, intrusive/suicidal thoughts, panic attacks, OCD, bereavement and more.
Amy Lyons
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London N2
Hi! I’m Amy. I’m a Chartered Clinical Psychologist. I was very lucky to really enjoy going to university to study psychology. I quickly knew it was the area I wanted to work in and so began my journey in training to be one, completing masters and doctorate degrees along the way! I’ve worked with lots of different people, including children and young people, older adults and people with intellectual disabilities, neurodevelopmental and neurological conditions. I have also worked with include both child and adult eating disorders, OCD, psychosis, stroke rehabilitation and people who have offended who are staying in hospital.
Hi! I’m Amy. I’m a Chartered Clinical Psychologist. I was very lucky to really enjoy going to university to study psychology. I quickly knew it was the area I wanted to work in and so began my journey in training to be one, completing masters and doctorate degrees along the way! I’ve worked with lots of different people, including children and young people, older adults and people with intellectual disabilities, neurodevelopmental and neurological conditions. I have also worked with include both child and adult eating disorders, OCD, psychosis, stroke rehabilitation and people who have offended who are staying in hospital.
Awawu Ola Ajala
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London N1
I have experience working with a range of mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, OCD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, personality disorder, eating disorder, trauma, PTSD and ASD.
Systemic Family Therapy is a branch of Psychotherapy that promotes change and emotional growth through the shared exploration of troubling experiences; it helps find possible solutions to difficult situations. In life individuals, couples, and families can face many stresses, worries, and changes that can be hard to manage. When difficulties do not resolve naturally or when it feels like close relationships are suffering, Systemic Psychotherapy can help. Systemic Psychotherapy can help to address a range of difficulties and it can be applied to work with both individuals as well as groups of people.
I have experience working with a range of mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, OCD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, personality disorder, eating disorder, trauma, PTSD and ASD.
Systemic Family Therapy is a branch of Psychotherapy that promotes change and emotional growth through the shared exploration of troubling experiences; it helps find possible solutions to difficult situations. In life individuals, couples, and families can face many stresses, worries, and changes that can be hard to manage. When difficulties do not resolve naturally or when it feels like close relationships are suffering, Systemic Psychotherapy can help. Systemic Psychotherapy can help to address a range of difficulties and it can be applied to work with both individuals as well as groups of people.
Jo Rosenberg
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
London N3
I work with children, adolescents, families, younger and older adults with a range of issues including low mood/ depression, anxiety, OCD, family problems, relationship issues, work related problems, families with autism and ADHD, and stress.
I offer therapy to those who may be experiencing emotional difficulties and who need some time and space to work through these challenges in order to find a way forward. I work with parents, families, adolescents, children and young adults. My experience includes most recently working at Barnet CAMHS, together with adult NHS settings, schools and organisations. My work is informed through the use of CBT, psychodynamic and person-centred therapy. Working collaboratively, I offer a warm, empathic approach in order to develop goals and strategies that may be most beneficial and effective to suit your needs.
I work with children, adolescents, families, younger and older adults with a range of issues including low mood/ depression, anxiety, OCD, family problems, relationship issues, work related problems, families with autism and ADHD, and stress.
I offer therapy to those who may be experiencing emotional difficulties and who need some time and space to work through these challenges in order to find a way forward. I work with parents, families, adolescents, children and young adults. My experience includes most recently working at Barnet CAMHS, together with adult NHS settings, schools and organisations. My work is informed through the use of CBT, psychodynamic and person-centred therapy. Working collaboratively, I offer a warm, empathic approach in order to develop goals and strategies that may be most beneficial and effective to suit your needs.
1st For CBT
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Swindon SN5
We aim to support people with anger management, PTSD, Depression, OCD and building self-esteem.
1st for CBT is a therapy service that uses Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) & Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) to tackle symptoms for a range of Mental Health conditions. CBT is an evidenced and skill-based therapy which looks at understanding the links between our thoughts (cognitions), feelings (emotions) and actions (behaviours). Our aim is to help and support all individuals live the life that they would like too, without the burden of negative thoughts and unhelpful behaviours getting in the way. We are proud to specialise in adapting CBT for developmental conditions such as autism and ADHD.
We aim to support people with anger management, PTSD, Depression, OCD and building self-esteem.
1st for CBT is a therapy service that uses Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) & Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) to tackle symptoms for a range of Mental Health conditions. CBT is an evidenced and skill-based therapy which looks at understanding the links between our thoughts (cognitions), feelings (emotions) and actions (behaviours). Our aim is to help and support all individuals live the life that they would like too, without the burden of negative thoughts and unhelpful behaviours getting in the way. We are proud to specialise in adapting CBT for developmental conditions such as autism and ADHD.
Sara Bentwood
Psychologist, PsychD, CPsychol
Verified Verified
London N20
I am a Clinical Psychologist with over 15 years NHS experience providing highly specialist psychological assessment, formulation and interventions to both children and adolescents, other family members including siblings and parents/carers, as well as adults. I have a great deal of experience working with psychological difficulties such as anxiety including OCD, panic attacks, phobias and social anxiety; depression, low self-esteem and poor body image; behaviour difficulties, anger management, school issues such as bullying and family difficulties as well as difficulties with feeding and sleep.
I am a Clinical Psychologist with over 15 years NHS experience providing highly specialist psychological assessment, formulation and interventions to both children and adolescents, other family members including siblings and parents/carers, as well as adults. I have a great deal of experience working with psychological difficulties such as anxiety including OCD, panic attacks, phobias and social anxiety; depression, low self-esteem and poor body image; behaviour difficulties, anger management, school issues such as bullying and family difficulties as well as difficulties with feeding and sleep.
Jackson Psychology Services - Dr Danielle Jackson
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Cranbrook TN18 (Online Only)
I have worked with people to help them manage a range of difficulties including depression, anxiety, OCD, panic and phobias as well as work-related stress, sleep problems, anger, low self-esteem, trauma, child sexual abuse, rape, relationship difficulties, Looked After Children and perinatal work. In most cases, I have been able to help them move towards recovery and improve their quality of life. I also offer adult ADHD assessments.
I have worked with people to help them manage a range of difficulties including depression, anxiety, OCD, panic and phobias as well as work-related stress, sleep problems, anger, low self-esteem, trauma, child sexual abuse, rape, relationship difficulties, Looked After Children and perinatal work. In most cases, I have been able to help them move towards recovery and improve their quality of life. I also offer adult ADHD assessments.
Laura Bertha
Psychologist, MSc, HCPC - Occup. Psych.
Verified Verified
Reading RG2
I raised a large family, so you can also ask for parenting advice (specifically concerning DHSD, autism, OCD or control of aggression).
I work together with my clients on their unique issues and goals. Singles, couples, families and groups. My specialties are in counseling, mindfulness, relaxation, meditation, business and leadership coaching, along with occupational psychology for companies and their managers. My practice is based in Reading and London, onsite or via Skype. The sessions range from 30 minutes to 12 hours, depending on your needs. I have over 30 years of experience and would love to help you grow, find balance and achieve success.
I raised a large family, so you can also ask for parenting advice (specifically concerning DHSD, autism, OCD or control of aggression).
I work together with my clients on their unique issues and goals. Singles, couples, families and groups. My specialties are in counseling, mindfulness, relaxation, meditation, business and leadership coaching, along with occupational psychology for companies and their managers. My practice is based in Reading and London, onsite or via Skype. The sessions range from 30 minutes to 12 hours, depending on your needs. I have over 30 years of experience and would love to help you grow, find balance and achieve success.
Dr Sophie Ann Bafunno-Clifton
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Brighton BN2 (Online Only)
I have worked alongside people of all ages, from a variety of backgrounds, experiencing a broad range of mental health difficulties. These include depression, anxiety, social anxiety, panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, workplace stress, attachment and relationship difficulties. I take an eclectic approach to therapy, drawing on multiple psychological theories (e.g. CBT, ACT, CFT, CAT, psycho-dynamic approaches) to build an individualised and holistic approach, empowering each individual to embark on recovery and achieve their therapeutic goals.
I have worked alongside people of all ages, from a variety of backgrounds, experiencing a broad range of mental health difficulties. These include depression, anxiety, social anxiety, panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, workplace stress, attachment and relationship difficulties. I take an eclectic approach to therapy, drawing on multiple psychological theories (e.g. CBT, ACT, CFT, CAT, psycho-dynamic approaches) to build an individualised and holistic approach, empowering each individual to embark on recovery and achieve their therapeutic goals.
Karen Eves
Psychotherapist, MA, BPC
Verified Verified
Southend-on-Sea SS2
Child, Adolescent and Family Psychodynamic Psychotherapist; fully qualified. I have been working with children, young people, and families for 20+ yrs. The young people I have worked with have faced a wide range of emotional, social, or psychological challenges. My experience includes depression/mood difficulties, anxiety/panic issues (OCD), school refusal or social withdrawal, self-injury, substance misuse, impulsivity, defiance, eating disorders, trauma/loss, sexual identity, body dysphoria, and neuro-diversity. Families use psychodynamic approaches when seeking in-depth therapy to achieve long-term change.
Child, Adolescent and Family Psychodynamic Psychotherapist; fully qualified. I have been working with children, young people, and families for 20+ yrs. The young people I have worked with have faced a wide range of emotional, social, or psychological challenges. My experience includes depression/mood difficulties, anxiety/panic issues (OCD), school refusal or social withdrawal, self-injury, substance misuse, impulsivity, defiance, eating disorders, trauma/loss, sexual identity, body dysphoria, and neuro-diversity. Families use psychodynamic approaches when seeking in-depth therapy to achieve long-term change.
Fleur Tavaré
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London SW4
I am an experienced, qualified BACP registered Integrative Psychotherapeutic Counsellor offering short-term and long-term support. I work with children and adolescents in person or online. I am warm, compassionate, empathic, accepting, playful, and curious and work in a child-centred way. I have extensive experience of working as a therapist in both primary and secondary schools, as well as experience of working with neurodivergent children. I work with young people experiencing a wide range of difficulties, including, but not limited to, depression, anxiety, bereavement, family breakdown, OCD, and attachment-related difficulties.
I am an experienced, qualified BACP registered Integrative Psychotherapeutic Counsellor offering short-term and long-term support. I work with children and adolescents in person or online. I am warm, compassionate, empathic, accepting, playful, and curious and work in a child-centred way. I have extensive experience of working as a therapist in both primary and secondary schools, as well as experience of working with neurodivergent children. I work with young people experiencing a wide range of difficulties, including, but not limited to, depression, anxiety, bereavement, family breakdown, OCD, and attachment-related difficulties.
Erin Hope Thompson (Online Sessions Available)
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London N21
I offer both in-person and online therapy. I have over ten years’ experience working in the mental health sector, helping people overcome and manage their difficulties, be it in their personal or professional lives. I specialise in working with anxiety, depression, OCD, bereavement, health difficulties, and relationship counselling. I work with both adults and young people and can incorporate a number of different therapeutic approaches, including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, systemic therapy, Acceptance and Commitment therapy, schema therapy, and compassion focused therapy.
I offer both in-person and online therapy. I have over ten years’ experience working in the mental health sector, helping people overcome and manage their difficulties, be it in their personal or professional lives. I specialise in working with anxiety, depression, OCD, bereavement, health difficulties, and relationship counselling. I work with both adults and young people and can incorporate a number of different therapeutic approaches, including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, systemic therapy, Acceptance and Commitment therapy, schema therapy, and compassion focused therapy.
San Vtgotsky Wong
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
London E14
Here are some of the most common problems I can help with: - ADHD - Autism - Specific Learning Difference (SPLD) - Speech disorder - Social disorder - Depression - Anxiety - Addictive - Relationship Difficulties - Grief and Trauma Management - Stress and Anger Management - Low Self Esteem - Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - Post Traumatic S.
I am San Vtgotsky Wong. I am a senior Psychotherapist and University Supervisor, working for children, youth and mental health for more than 19 years. I am very passionate about therapeutic interventions that vary from deep psychological interventions based on the client's history and memories, to an emphasis on the relationship between therapist and client, including their cultural context and systems. I am also very interested in using symbolic representations and meanings in the therapeutic setting to assist clients on their reflections and self-awareness. I have worked in a variety of settings including psychiatric h
Here are some of the most common problems I can help with: - ADHD - Autism - Specific Learning Difference (SPLD) - Speech disorder - Social disorder - Depression - Anxiety - Addictive - Relationship Difficulties - Grief and Trauma Management - Stress and Anger Management - Low Self Esteem - Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - Post Traumatic S.
I am San Vtgotsky Wong. I am a senior Psychotherapist and University Supervisor, working for children, youth and mental health for more than 19 years. I am very passionate about therapeutic interventions that vary from deep psychological interventions based on the client's history and memories, to an emphasis on the relationship between therapist and client, including their cultural context and systems. I am also very interested in using symbolic representations and meanings in the therapeutic setting to assist clients on their reflections and self-awareness. I have worked in a variety of settings including psychiatric h
See more therapy options for Arundel
Nearby Obsessive-Compulsive (OCD) Counsellors Searches for Arundel
- Billingshurst
- Bognor Regis
- Chichester
- Emsworth
- Haslemere
- Lancing
- Littlehampton
- Midhurst
- Petworth
- Portslade
- Shoreham-by-Sea
- Worthing
Obsessive-Compulsive (OCD) Counsellors
How long does OCD treatment take?
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is often treated on a weekly or twice-weekly schedule, depending on symptom severity and the client’s preferences. Some clients may start to see a noticeable improvement in symptoms in as little as six weeks, but it’s also possible, especially in more severe cases, for treatment to take several months to a year before significant progress is made.
What happens if OCD is not treated?
Some people with OCD, especially those with mild symptoms, may find that they are able to adapt reasonably well to life with the condition, even if their symptoms never resolve completely. However, many people, particularly those whose symptoms are severe at the outset, find that their obsessions and compulsions grow more intrusive with time, making it harder to maintain relationships, hold down a job, or navigate the world successfully.
Are there medications for OCD?
Medication can be used to treat OCD. The class of drugs most often prescribed are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, which include fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, and sertraline, among others. In cases of treatment-resistant OCD, other classes of medication, such as tricyclic antidepressants or atypical antipsychotics, may be prescribed. Medication is frequently used in conjunction with therapy.
Can OCD come back after treatment?
Yes. Major life transitions, periods of stress, or other factors can cause symptoms to return or, if they were never fully eradicated, to ramp back up in intensity. For some, these relapses are brief and do not require additional treatment; identifying specific triggers and practicing the skills learned in therapy can help speed their course. For others, returning to therapy for a brief period can help address the underlying stress and strengthen coping mechanisms.