Counselling in NN9

Photo of Gregory Hamlin, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Gregory Hamlin
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
We all have times in our lives when our thoughts and feelings can become overwhelming and we need someone to talk and think with. Sometimes something has happened in life, like a break up or bereavement and other times you might not be sure where these difficult feelings are coming from. Therapy offers a safe and confidential space to discuss anything on your mind, helping you to gain more self-understanding and work through whatever is troubling you.
We all have times in our lives when our thoughts and feelings can become overwhelming and we need someone to talk and think with. Sometimes something has happened in life, like a break up or bereavement and other times you might not be sure where these difficult feelings are coming from. Therapy offers a safe and confidential space to discuss anything on your mind, helping you to gain more self-understanding and work through whatever is troubling you.
020 8106 0865 View 020 8106 0865
Photo of Emma Fanthom, Counsellor, MBACP
Emma Fanthom
Counsellor, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Life can be weird; sometimes things just don’t make sense. Are you feeling overwhelmed by life. Are you pleasing others and leaving the real you behind? Whether you’re struggling with worry, anxiety, ADHD, trauma, loss, family issues or you just want a space to vent and offload; I’m here to listen and help you untangle the knots, connect the dots and start to make sense of your life. I give you the space you need to say what’s on your mind. We will work together, to unpick and unravel your thoughts, feelings or worries. I will help you find a way forward, so you wont feel like you are facing things alone.
Life can be weird; sometimes things just don’t make sense. Are you feeling overwhelmed by life. Are you pleasing others and leaving the real you behind? Whether you’re struggling with worry, anxiety, ADHD, trauma, loss, family issues or you just want a space to vent and offload; I’m here to listen and help you untangle the knots, connect the dots and start to make sense of your life. I give you the space you need to say what’s on your mind. We will work together, to unpick and unravel your thoughts, feelings or worries. I will help you find a way forward, so you wont feel like you are facing things alone.
01536 857538 View 01536 857538
Photo of Cara Thompson, Counsellor, MBACP
Cara Thompson
Counsellor, MBACP
2 Endorsed
Are you (or your child) facing difficult life situations, feeling in pain or are low and distressed? Or maybe there are issues and areas in your life that you wish to change or develop? Life can be really challenging, but seeking counselling can help you gain further insight into your situations, choices and sense of who you are so that you can find the best way forward for you. As a BACP registered person-centred counsellor, I can offer you a warm,relaxed, confidential space where you can explore whatever thoughts and feelings you choose to, all at your own pace and without fear of judgement.
Are you (or your child) facing difficult life situations, feeling in pain or are low and distressed? Or maybe there are issues and areas in your life that you wish to change or develop? Life can be really challenging, but seeking counselling can help you gain further insight into your situations, choices and sense of who you are so that you can find the best way forward for you. As a BACP registered person-centred counsellor, I can offer you a warm,relaxed, confidential space where you can explore whatever thoughts and feelings you choose to, all at your own pace and without fear of judgement.
07446 389606 View 07446 389606
Photo of Janette Houghton, Psychotherapist
Janette Houghton
Psychotherapist
1 Endorsed
I am a Psychotherapist and Supervisor and work with people, both neurotypical and neurodiverse, to resolve whatever challenges they are facing. I am trained in proven, effective techniques to deal with a wide range of issues including addiction, phobias and trauma as well as anxiety, depression and many others. I am trained in hypnotherapy which is an invaluable tool for bringing about permanent change. Client: "Janette has liberated me from the pain and misery that has dogged me for decades and am beginning to enjoy life."
I am a Psychotherapist and Supervisor and work with people, both neurotypical and neurodiverse, to resolve whatever challenges they are facing. I am trained in proven, effective techniques to deal with a wide range of issues including addiction, phobias and trauma as well as anxiety, depression and many others. I am trained in hypnotherapy which is an invaluable tool for bringing about permanent change. Client: "Janette has liberated me from the pain and misery that has dogged me for decades and am beginning to enjoy life."
07478 066131 View 07478 066131
Photo of Lorna Mitchell, Counsellor, MBACP
Lorna Mitchell
Counsellor, MBACP
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Have you ever wondered why you behave the way that you do or why you react to things differently to others? Would you like to understand yourself better, or perhaps have a safe space to explore difficult emotions. Perhaps you want to learn how to cope better with your intense emotions, or communicate better with others. Maybe you feel different, or that you don't know who you really are. I can help you. I have years of experience working with those who struggle with difficult emotions.
Have you ever wondered why you behave the way that you do or why you react to things differently to others? Would you like to understand yourself better, or perhaps have a safe space to explore difficult emotions. Perhaps you want to learn how to cope better with your intense emotions, or communicate better with others. Maybe you feel different, or that you don't know who you really are. I can help you. I have years of experience working with those who struggle with difficult emotions.
01832 770719 View 01832 770719
Photo of Jackie Sawford - Jackie Sawford Counselling, Counsellor, ACC-AC
Jackie Sawford Counselling
Counsellor, ACC-AC
Serves Area
You may have visited this webpage because you, or a friend or loved one, is feeling unhappy, overwhelmed by life, struggling with a particular life event, or emotional issue, or simply feeling ‘stuck’. You may want support to explore those things that matter most to you, or to go deeper, with help, to enable healing from past or present experiences or hurts. My name is Jackie and I am a registered and accredited person centred counsellor in private practice with over 17 years experience in a role I am passionate about. I am here to walk alongside you in your journey of therapeutic discovery back to wellbeing and health.
You may have visited this webpage because you, or a friend or loved one, is feeling unhappy, overwhelmed by life, struggling with a particular life event, or emotional issue, or simply feeling ‘stuck’. You may want support to explore those things that matter most to you, or to go deeper, with help, to enable healing from past or present experiences or hurts. My name is Jackie and I am a registered and accredited person centred counsellor in private practice with over 17 years experience in a role I am passionate about. I am here to walk alongside you in your journey of therapeutic discovery back to wellbeing and health.
01536 907356 View 01536 907356
Photo of Krishanna Robinson, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Krishanna Robinson
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Serves Area
Through my private practice of providing a confidential counselling service, my approach is pure person-centred in working to cover a wide range of concerns involving any maladaptive coping mechanisms, emotional dysregulation, attachment issues, and patterns of relating. During sessions, I work to create a warm, inviting space free from my own needs or expectations, allowing for you to unpack any thoughts into a judgement-free space. Through this work together, we can allow for the greatest chance of a brighter understanding and for a more meaningful, connected, authentic self to emerge.
Through my private practice of providing a confidential counselling service, my approach is pure person-centred in working to cover a wide range of concerns involving any maladaptive coping mechanisms, emotional dysregulation, attachment issues, and patterns of relating. During sessions, I work to create a warm, inviting space free from my own needs or expectations, allowing for you to unpack any thoughts into a judgement-free space. Through this work together, we can allow for the greatest chance of a brighter understanding and for a more meaningful, connected, authentic self to emerge.
01536 857365 View 01536 857365
Photo of Chalene Long, Psychotherapist, SNCPS Acc.
Chalene Long
Psychotherapist, SNCPS Acc.
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am a Senior Accredited Psychotherapist, Hypnotherapist, and Clinical Supervisor with over 15 years of experience. As a senior accredited member of the NCPS and NHS, I offer a wide range of therapeutic services, including hypno-psychotherapy, counselling, and clinical supervision. I am a trauma-informed therapist who utilises an integrative approach, drawing on Transactional Analysis, IFS, CBT, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Person-centred strategies and more. My goal is to guide you towards a healthier mind, helping you cultivate self-awareness, overcome past traumas, and embrace a more authentic, fulfilling life.
I am a Senior Accredited Psychotherapist, Hypnotherapist, and Clinical Supervisor with over 15 years of experience. As a senior accredited member of the NCPS and NHS, I offer a wide range of therapeutic services, including hypno-psychotherapy, counselling, and clinical supervision. I am a trauma-informed therapist who utilises an integrative approach, drawing on Transactional Analysis, IFS, CBT, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Person-centred strategies and more. My goal is to guide you towards a healthier mind, helping you cultivate self-awareness, overcome past traumas, and embrace a more authentic, fulfilling life.
07588 733712 View 07588 733712
Photo of Lauren Sayers - Serendipity Psychology Services Ltd, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Serendipity Psychology Services Ltd
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Serendipity Psychology is a team of professionally registered, highly qualified psychologists, psychotherapists, counsellors and occupational therapists working across Northamptonshire, Milton Keynes, Leicestershire, Coventry & Warwickshire and many other areas of the UK. Our team aspire to deliver exceptional, personalised psychological treatment and care throughout the time you need us. We offer a range of specialist support and pathways of care, including a neurodivergence pathway for the assessment and support of ASD and ADHD, and a lower-fee pathway for those who may struggle to access independent therapy because of the cost.
Serendipity Psychology is a team of professionally registered, highly qualified psychologists, psychotherapists, counsellors and occupational therapists working across Northamptonshire, Milton Keynes, Leicestershire, Coventry & Warwickshire and many other areas of the UK. Our team aspire to deliver exceptional, personalised psychological treatment and care throughout the time you need us. We offer a range of specialist support and pathways of care, including a neurodivergence pathway for the assessment and support of ASD and ADHD, and a lower-fee pathway for those who may struggle to access independent therapy because of the cost.
01538 712306 View 01538 712306
Photo of Beverley Heeley, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Beverley Heeley
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Serves Area
Whatever you’re experiencing, and however you imagine your future goals, I can help you get there. Creating a sense of safety is at the heart of my work — I believe meaningful therapeutic change begins with a space where clients feel genuinely accepted, supported. I work with a very broad range of issues, from anxiety, self-harm and concerns around sexuality, to anger and abuse. I also have specific areas of interest which include trauma (I’m a trauma survivor myself), low mood/depression, suicidal thoughts, anxiety and neurodivergence.
Whatever you’re experiencing, and however you imagine your future goals, I can help you get there. Creating a sense of safety is at the heart of my work — I believe meaningful therapeutic change begins with a space where clients feel genuinely accepted, supported. I work with a very broad range of issues, from anxiety, self-harm and concerns around sexuality, to anger and abuse. I also have specific areas of interest which include trauma (I’m a trauma survivor myself), low mood/depression, suicidal thoughts, anxiety and neurodivergence.
01536 907308 View 01536 907308
Photo of Nikki Roberts - Know Your Own Mind, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Know Your Own Mind
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
You’ve already shown courage by reaching out. I work with people living with trauma, PTSD, chronic pain, loss, ADHD, ASD, dyslexia, recent diagnoses and the impact of abuse. Life can feel heavy, but you don’t have to carry it alone. I offer a calm, confidential space where you can speak freely and feel genuinely heard. I’m not a one‑size‑fits‑all therapist, but if others have let you down, I’ll walk beside you. I’ve been there too, and I’ll help you move toward the strongest version of yourself.
You’ve already shown courage by reaching out. I work with people living with trauma, PTSD, chronic pain, loss, ADHD, ASD, dyslexia, recent diagnoses and the impact of abuse. Life can feel heavy, but you don’t have to carry it alone. I offer a calm, confidential space where you can speak freely and feel genuinely heard. I’m not a one‑size‑fits‑all therapist, but if others have let you down, I’ll walk beside you. I’ve been there too, and I’ll help you move toward the strongest version of yourself.
01536 907165 View 01536 907165
Photo of Dr Jules Prentice, Psychotherapist, PhD, MUKCP
Dr Jules Prentice
Psychotherapist, PhD, MUKCP
Online Only
I am an integrative psychotherapist who specialises in working with individuals and couples with relationship or intimacy concerns. The type of issues I support include sexual dysfunction or problematic sexual behaviours, communication problems, affairs and betrayals, sexual assault or abuse, chronic stress and loneliness.
I am an integrative psychotherapist who specialises in working with individuals and couples with relationship or intimacy concerns. The type of issues I support include sexual dysfunction or problematic sexual behaviours, communication problems, affairs and betrayals, sexual assault or abuse, chronic stress and loneliness.
01536 857746 View 01536 857746

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Will Griffiths, Counsellor, MBACP
Will Griffiths
Counsellor, MBACP
Therapy can be hard. I get it; I've been there, but it doesn't have to be. I work collaboratively, so you don’t have to know what to do, or what to say. We’ll work through whatever you’re facing, at your pace. I’ve been on both sides of the counselling room, so I know how tough it can be just getting started, but I believe by working collaboratively, you can get what you need from therapy. You don’t have to have all the answers, you just have to turn up, and be willing to talk things through. I want to get to know you, and understand your story, to figure out how I can help you work through whatever you’re dealing with.
Therapy can be hard. I get it; I've been there, but it doesn't have to be. I work collaboratively, so you don’t have to know what to do, or what to say. We’ll work through whatever you’re facing, at your pace. I’ve been on both sides of the counselling room, so I know how tough it can be just getting started, but I believe by working collaboratively, you can get what you need from therapy. You don’t have to have all the answers, you just have to turn up, and be willing to talk things through. I want to get to know you, and understand your story, to figure out how I can help you work through whatever you’re dealing with.
01296 938004 View 01296 938004
Photo of Lisa Dvorjetz - Northampton Therapy Rooms, Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Northampton Therapy Rooms
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
1 Endorsed
Welcome to the Northampton Therapy Rooms! We have a network of highly experienced counsellors, psychotherapists, CBT therapists, and psychologists who offer tailored support for your mental health and well-being. Sometimes you might not know what kind of therapy will work best for you, so we will match you with one of our therapists who we believe will be a good fit.
Welcome to the Northampton Therapy Rooms! We have a network of highly experienced counsellors, psychotherapists, CBT therapists, and psychologists who offer tailored support for your mental health and well-being. Sometimes you might not know what kind of therapy will work best for you, so we will match you with one of our therapists who we believe will be a good fit.
020 4530 8485 View 020 4530 8485
Photo of Pamela Parker, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Pamela Parker
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Serves Area
This service offers psychological assessment and therapy for adolescents and adults. People seek help for a range of reasons including anxiety, low mood, relationship issues, low self esteem or distress following traumatic events. A comprehensive assessment is always undertaken as a first step. This ensures clients have a good understanding of the process of therapy and can discuss in advance what approaches might be most useful for them. ​ I draw on a range of evidence based approaches including EMDR, CBT and systemic practice.
This service offers psychological assessment and therapy for adolescents and adults. People seek help for a range of reasons including anxiety, low mood, relationship issues, low self esteem or distress following traumatic events. A comprehensive assessment is always undertaken as a first step. This ensures clients have a good understanding of the process of therapy and can discuss in advance what approaches might be most useful for them. ​ I draw on a range of evidence based approaches including EMDR, CBT and systemic practice.
01353 885207 View 01353 885207
Photo of Deeann Press, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Deeann Press
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Please don't struggle alone - I can help you. We can explore together all the difficulties that you are battling with. Dark and negative thoughts can be shared and worked through. I have a high success rate of dealing with issues from anxiety, depression, confidence, anger, addiction, emotional/physical/sexual abuse, relationship issues, bullying, friendship problems, bereavement, school/work problems, stress and many, many more. If you feel you are living in your own mind, together we can change this - there is light at the end of the tunnel.
Please don't struggle alone - I can help you. We can explore together all the difficulties that you are battling with. Dark and negative thoughts can be shared and worked through. I have a high success rate of dealing with issues from anxiety, depression, confidence, anger, addiction, emotional/physical/sexual abuse, relationship issues, bullying, friendship problems, bereavement, school/work problems, stress and many, many more. If you feel you are living in your own mind, together we can change this - there is light at the end of the tunnel.
01582 349523 View 01582 349523
Photo of Charlie Harris, Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Charlie Harris
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Admitting you might need the help of a counsellor can be incredibly hard and taking that first step requires lots of courage - I am pleased you are here. I work with adults and young people (18 and over) on issues relating to anxiety, depression, grief and loss, racial identity. I spent over 20 years in the video games industry at a senior level so I understand the pressures of working in a high pressure environment with long working hours and potentially toxic working practices.
Admitting you might need the help of a counsellor can be incredibly hard and taking that first step requires lots of courage - I am pleased you are here. I work with adults and young people (18 and over) on issues relating to anxiety, depression, grief and loss, racial identity. I spent over 20 years in the video games industry at a senior level so I understand the pressures of working in a high pressure environment with long working hours and potentially toxic working practices.
01536 907387 View 01536 907387
Photo of Caroline Anne Ingram - Caroline Ingram, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Caroline Ingram
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Bedford MK40
I am a BACP-registered psychodynamic counsellor specialising in anxiety and depression and working with adults (18+) and offering both short-term and long-term therapy. Alongside my private practice, I work as a therapist for Barnardo’s and have contributed to several charitable organisations throughout my career. I hold a degree in Psychology and Management, a Masters in Personnel Management, and professional qualifications in psychodynamic counselling and trauma.
I am a BACP-registered psychodynamic counsellor specialising in anxiety and depression and working with adults (18+) and offering both short-term and long-term therapy. Alongside my private practice, I work as a therapist for Barnardo’s and have contributed to several charitable organisations throughout my career. I hold a degree in Psychology and Management, a Masters in Personnel Management, and professional qualifications in psychodynamic counselling and trauma.
01234 862082 View 01234 862082
Photo of Alina Craciun, Counsellor, MBACP
Alina Craciun
Counsellor, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Choosing a counsellor is a daunting task. Most of us use the same language to describe what we do and how we do it, making it even harder to decide. I have been there, and I learnt that choosing a few counsellors to have an initial meeting with, is a good place to start. This way, you get a flavour of how your work with that person will look like. I invite you to book a free exploratory session with me and decide afterwards if we are a good fit.
Choosing a counsellor is a daunting task. Most of us use the same language to describe what we do and how we do it, making it even harder to decide. I have been there, and I learnt that choosing a few counsellors to have an initial meeting with, is a good place to start. This way, you get a flavour of how your work with that person will look like. I invite you to book a free exploratory session with me and decide afterwards if we are a good fit.
01280 736302 View 01280 736302
Photo of Adriana Cracknell, Counsellor, MBACP
Adriana Cracknell
Counsellor, MBACP
Bedford MK40
Welcome to my profile, I am a highly experienced Counsellor of 26 years, which accounts for my knowledge and intuition. Specialising in Sexual Abuse/Assault, Trauma/PTSD, Couples Therapy, Family Therapy, LGBTQ+ & Young People - to reduce confusion, be heard and enable choice. I create a space where we connect as equals, and explore together at your pace. My belief is that therapy needs to be with someone you can feel comfortable and safe with. I look forward to hearing from you for a chat, to assess your needs and see how I can be of assistance to you.
Welcome to my profile, I am a highly experienced Counsellor of 26 years, which accounts for my knowledge and intuition. Specialising in Sexual Abuse/Assault, Trauma/PTSD, Couples Therapy, Family Therapy, LGBTQ+ & Young People - to reduce confusion, be heard and enable choice. I create a space where we connect as equals, and explore together at your pace. My belief is that therapy needs to be with someone you can feel comfortable and safe with. I look forward to hearing from you for a chat, to assess your needs and see how I can be of assistance to you.
01234 395407 View 01234 395407

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in NN9

10+

Average cost per session

£65

Counsellors in NN9 who prioritize treating:

92% Stress
75% Relationship Issues
75% Anxiety
75% Trauma and PTSD
67% Depression
67% Bereavement
58% ADHD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aviva
67% Cigna and Evernorth
67% Bupa

How Counsellors in NN9 see their clients

92% In Person and Online
8% Online Only

Gender breakdown

92% Female
8% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in NN9?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.